Taxonomy of the Helicobacter Genus

Jay V. Solnick; Peter Vandamme

doi:10.1128/9781555818005.ch5

Chapter 5 : Taxonomy of the Helicobacter Genus

Authors: Jay V. Solnick¹, Peter Vandamme²

VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS

Affiliations: 1: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; 2: Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium

Content Type: Monograph

Publication Year: 2001

Category: Bacterial Pathogenesis

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555818005

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555818005.ch5

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:

Taxonomy of the Helicobacter Genus, Page 1 of 2

< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818005/9781555812133_Chap05-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818005/9781555812133_Chap05-2.gif

Abstract:

This chapter describes the taxonomic characteristics of the Helicobacter genus and discusses methods used to differentiate among Helicobacter species. It provides an overview of biochemical and other methods to differentiate Campylobacter and Arcobacter species. Biochemical methods include DNA-DNA hybridization, protein electrophoresis and cellular fatty acid analysis. A summary of the characteristics of cultivated Helicobacter species shows that discrimination between some species may rely on only one differential feature. There are currently 11 validated enterohepatic Helicobacter species and several others that await validation or further description. The Helicobacter Bird-A isolated was later classified as H. pametensis; the other closely related organisms are not formally named and are still referred to as Helicobacter sp. Bird-B and Bird-C because they are represented by only two isolates for one species and one for the other. At present, despite its panmictic population structure, a polyphasic approach to taxonomy that is based on level of whole-genome DNA-DNA hybridization clearly identifies H. pylori as a single species.

Citation: Solnick J, Vandamme P. 2001. Taxonomy of the Helicobacter Genus, p 39-51. In Mobley H, Mendz G, Hazell S (ed), Helicobacter pylori. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818005.ch5

Key Concept Ranking

16s rRNA Sequencing: 0.46744
Helicobacter pylori: 0.46308336
Gram-Negative Bacteria: 0.4137841
Horizontal Gene Transfer: 0.41011673

0.46744

Highlighted Text: Show | Hide

Full text loading...

Figures

Taxonomy of the Helicobacter Genus

[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818005.chap5-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818005.chap5-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Jay V., foaf_name=Jay V. Solnick, foaf_surname=Solnick, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818005.chap5-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818005.chap5-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818005.chap5-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Peter, foaf_name=Peter Vandamme, foaf_surname=Vandamme, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818005.chap5-aff2]]}]]

/content/10.1128/9781555818005.chap5.fig5-1

Figure 1

Phylogenetic tree for 18 validated Helicobacter species, 2 Candidatus species, and 9 additional provisional species, based on 16S rRNA sequence. The scale bar represents a 1% difference in nucleotide sequence as determined by measuring the length of horizontal lines connecting any two species. The tree was constructed from the differences matrix (see Table 4 ) using TREEVIEW ( 54 a).

10.1128/9781555818005/fig5-1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818005/fig5-1.gif

Figure 1

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555818005.chap5

1.Anonymous. 1985. Validation of the publication of newnames and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSB: list no. 17 Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 35: 223– 225.

2. Archer, J. R.,, S. Romero,, A. E. Ritchie,, M. E. Hamacher,, B. M. Steiner,, J. H. Bryner,, and R. F. Schell. 1988. Characterization of an unclassified microaerophilic bacterium associated with gastroenteritis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26: 101– 105.

3. Battles, J. K.,, J. C. Williamson,, K. M. Pike,, P. L. Gorelick,, J. M. Ward,, and M. A. Gonda. 1995. Diagnostic assay for Helicobacter hepaticus based on nucleotide sequence of its 16S rRNA gene. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 1344– 1347.

4. Bode, G.,, F. Mauch,, H. Ditschuneit,, and P. Malfertheiner. 1993. Identification of structures containing polyphosphate in Helicobacter pylori. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: 3029– 3033.

5. Brondson, M.,, C. Goodwin,, L. Sly,, T. Chilvers,, and F. Schoenknecht. 1991. Helicobacter nemestrinae sp. nov., a spiral bacterium found in the stomach of a pigtailed macaque ( Macaca nemestrina). Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41: 148– 153.

6. Chalk, P. A.,, A. D. Roberts,, and W. M. Blows. 1994. Metabolism of pyruvate and glucose by intact cells of Helicobacter pylori studied by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Microbiology 140: 2085– 2092.

7. Costas, M.,, S. L. W. On,, R. J. Owen,, B. Lopez-Urquijo,, and A. J. Lastovica. 1993. Differentiation of Helicobacter species by numerical analysis of their one-dimensional electrophoretic protein patterns. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 16: 396– 404.

8. De Groote, D.,, L.-J. van Doorn,, R. Ducatelle,, A. Verschuuren,, F. Haesebrouck,, W. G. V. Quint,, K. Jalava,, and P. Vandamme. 1999. ‘ Candidatus Helicobacter suis,' a gastric Helicobacter from pigs, and its phylogenetic relatedness to other gastrospirilla. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49: 1769– 1777.

9. De Groote, D.,, L. J. van Doom,, R. Ducatelle,, A. Verschuuren,, K. Tilmant,, W. G. V. Quint,, F. Haesebrouck,, and P. Vandamme. 1999. Phylogenetic characterization of 'Candidatus Helicobacter bovis', a new gastric helicobacter in cattle. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49: 1707– 1715.

10. Dewhirst, F.,, C. Seymour,, G. Fräser,, B. J. Paster,, and J. Fox. 1994. Phylogeny of Helicobacter isolates from bird and swine feces and description of Helicobacter pametensis sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44: 553– 560.

11. Dewhirst, F. E.,, J. G. Fox,, E. N. Mendes,, B. J. Paster,, C. E. Gates,, C. A. Kirkbride,, and K. A. Eaton. 2000. "Flexispira rappini" strains represent at least ten Helicobacter taxa. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50: 1781– 1787.

12. Dewhirst, F. E.,, J. G. Fox,, and S. L. W. On. 2000. Proposal of minimal standards for describing new species of the genus Helicobacter. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50: 2231– 2237.

13. Drazek, E. S.,, A. Dubois,, and R. K. Holmes. 1994. Characterization and presumptive identification of Helicobacter pylori isolates from rhesus monkeys. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 1799– 1804.

14. Eaton, K.,, F. Dewhirst,, and M. Radin. 1993. Helicobacter acinonyx sp. nov., isolated from cheetahs with gastritis. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43: 99– 106.

15. Eckloff, B. W.,, R. P. Poszorski,, B. C. Kline,, and F. R. Cockerill. 1994. A comparison of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences from five isolates of Helicobacter pylori. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44: 320– 323.

16. Fennell, C. L.,, P. A. Totten,, T. C. Quinn,, D. L. Patton,, K. K. Holmes,, and W. E. Stamm. 1984. Characterization of Campylobacter-like organisms isolated from homosexual men. J. Infect. Dis. 149: 58– 66.

17. Fox, G. E.,, J. D. Wisotzkey,, and P. Jurtshuk, Jr. 1992. How close is close: 16S rRNA sequence identity may not be sufficient to guarantee species identity. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42: 166– 170.

18. Fox, J.,, F. Dewhirst,, J. Tully,, B. Paster,, L. Yan,, N. Taylor,, M. Collins,, P. Gorelick,, and J. Ward. 1994. Helicobacter hepaticus sp. nov., a microaerophilic bacterium isolated from livers and intestinal mucosal scrapings from mice. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 1238– 1245.

19. Fox, J.,, L. Yan,, F. Dewhirst,, B. J. Paster,, B. Shames,, J. Murphy,, A. Hayward,, J. Beicher,, and E. Mendes. 1995. Helicobacter bills sp. nov., a novel Helicobacter species isolated from bile, livers, and intestines of aged, inbred mice. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 445– 454.

20. Fox, J. G.,, C. C. Chien,, F. E. Dewhirst,, B. J. Paster,, Z. Shen,, P. L. Melito,, D. L. Woodward,, and F. G. Rodgers. 2000. Helicobacter canadensis sp. nov. isolated from humans with diarrhea: an example of an emerging pathogen. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 2546– 2549.

21. Fox, J. G.,, T. Chilvers,, C. S. Goodwin,, N. S. Taylor,, P. Edmonds,, L. J. Sly,, and D. Brenner. 1989. Campylobacter mustelae, a new species resulting from the elevation of Campylobacter pylori subsp. mustelae to species status. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39: 301– 303.

22. Fox, J. G.,, C. M. Harper,, S. Xu,, F. E. Dewhirst,, and B. J. Paster. 2000. Isolation and characterization of urease positive novel Helicobacter spp. isolated from gastric mucosa of white sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus). Gastroenterology 118: A2568.

23. Franklin, C.,, C. Beckwith,, R. Livingston,, L. Riley,, S. Gibson,, C. Besch-Williford,, and R. J. Hook. 1996. Isolation of a novel Helicobacter species, Helicobacter cholecystus sp. nov., from the gallbladders of Syrian hamsters with cholangiofibrosis and centrilobular pancreatitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 2952– 2958.

24. Franklin, C. L.,, L. K. Riley,, R. S. Livingston,, C. S. Beckwith,, R. R. Hook, Jr.,, C. L. Besch-Williford,, R. Hunziker,, and P. L. Gorelick. 1999. Enteric lesions in SCID mice infected with "Helicobacter typhlonicus," a novel urease-negative Helicobacter species. Lab. Anim. Sci. 49: 496– 505.

25. Germani, Y.,, C. Dauga,, P. Duval,, M. Huerre,, M. Levy,, G. Pialoux,, P. Sansonetti,, and P. A. Grimont. 1997. Strategy for the detection of Helicobacter species by amplification of 16S rRNA genes and identification of H. felis in a human gastric biopsy. Res. Microbiol. 148: 315– 326.

26. Goodwin, C. S.,, J. A. Armstrong,, T. Chilvers,, M. Peters,, M. D. Collins,, L. Sly,, W. McConnel,, and W. E. S. Harper. 1989. Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb, nov., respectively. Int. J. Syst. Bacterial. 39: 397– 405.

27. Goodwin, C. S.,, W. McConnell,, R. K. McCulloch,, C. McCullough,, R. Hill,, M. A. Bronsdon,, and G. Kasper. 1989. Cellular fatty acid composition of Campylobacter pylori from primates and ferrets compared with those of other Campylobacters. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 938– 943.

28. Goodwin, C. S.,, R. K. McCulloch,, J. A. Armstrong,, and S. H. Wee. 1985. Unusual cellular fatty acids and distinctive ultra-structure in a new spiral bacterium (Campylobacterpyloridis) from the human gastric mucosa. J. Med. Microbiol. 19: 257– 267.

29. Goto, K.,, H. Ohashi,, S. Ebukuro,, K. Itoh,, Y. Tohma,, A. Takakura,, S. Wakana,, M. Ito,, and T. Itob. 1998. Isolation and characterization of Helicobacter species from the stomach of the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus) with chronic gastritis. Curr. Microbiol. 37: 44– 51.

30. Hänninen, M.-L.,, I. Happonen,, S. Saari,, and K. Jalava. 1996. Culture and characteristics of Helicobacter bizzozeronii, a new canine gastric Helicobacter sp. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46: 160– 166.

31. Harrington, C. S.,, and S. L. On. 1999. Extensive 16S rRNA gene sequence diversity in Campylobacter hyointestinalis strains: taxonomic and applied implications. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49( Pt 3): l171– 1175.

32. Hazell, S. L.,, R. H. Andrews,, H. M. Mitchell,, and G. Daskalopoulous. 1997. Genetic relationship among isolates of Helicobacter pylori: evidence for the existence of a Helicobacter pylori species-complex. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 150: 27– 32.

33. Hook-Nikanne, J.,, M.-L. Solin,, T. U. Kosunen,, and M. Kaartinen. 1991. Comparison of partial 16S rRNA sequences of different Helicobacter pylori strains, Helicobacter mustelae and a gastric Campylobacter-like organism (GCLO). Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 14: 270– 274.

34. Hurtado, A.,, and R. J. Owen. 1997. A rapid identification scheme for Helicobacter pylori and other species of Helicobacter based on 23S rRNA gene polymorphisms. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 20: 222– 231.

35. Husmann, M.,, C. Gries,, P. Jehnichen,, T. Woelfel,, G. Gerken,, W. Ludwig,, and S. Bhakdi. 1994. Helicobacter sp. strain Mainz isolated from an AIDS patient with septic arthritis: case report and nonradioactive analysis of 16S rRNA sequence. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 3037– 3039.

36. Jakob, W.,, M. Stolte,, A. Valentin,, and H. D. Schröder. 1997. Demonstration of Helicobacter pylori-like organisms in the gastric mucosa of captive exotic carnivores. J. Comp. Pathol. 116: 21– 33.

37. Jalava, K.,, S. Hielm,, U. Hirvi,, and M. L. Hänninen. 1999. Evaluation of a molecular identification scheme based on 23S rRNA gene polymorphisms for differentiating canine and feline gastric Helicobacter spp. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 28: 269– 274.

38. Jalava, K.,, M. Kaartinen,, M. Utriainen,, I. Happonen,, and M. L. Hänninen. 1997. Helicobacter salomonis sp. nov., a canine gastric Helicobacter sp. related to Helicobacter felis and Helicobacter bizzozeronii. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47: 975– 982.

39. Jalava, K.,, S. L. W. On,, C. S. Harrington,, L. P. Andersen,, M.-L. Hänninen,, and P. A. R. Vandamme. 1999. "Helicobacter heilmannii," a human gastric pathogen, and H. bizzozeronii, a frequent canine gastric coloniser, represent the same species, abstr. HD5, p. 116. In 10th International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Related Organisms. Baltimore, Md.

40. Jalava, K.,, S. L. W. On,, P. A. Vandamme,, I. Happonen,, A. Sukura,, and M. L. Hänninen. 1998. Isolation and identification of Helicobacter spp. from canine and feline gastric mucosa. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 3998– 4006.

41. Lambert, M. A.,, C. M. Patton,, T. J. Barrett,, and C. W. Moss. 1987. Differentiation of Campylobacter and Campylobacter-like organisms by cellular fatty acid composition, J. Clin. Microbiol. 25: 706– 713.

42. Lee, A.,, M. Chen,, N. Coltro,, J. O'Rourke,, S. Hazell,, P. Hu,, and Y. Li. 1993. Long term infection of the gastric mucosa with Helicobacter species does induce atrophic gastritis in an animal model of Helicobacter pylori infection. Zentralbl. Bak-teriol. 280: 38– 50.

43. Lee, A.,, M. W. Phillips,, J. L. O'Rourke,, B. J. Paster,, F. E. Dewhirst,, G. J. Fräser,, J. G. Fox,, L. I. Sly,, P. J. Romaniuk,, T. J. Trust,, and S. Kouprach. 1992. Helicobacter muridarum sp. nov., a microaerophilic helical bacterium with a novel ultra-structure isolated from the intestinal musosa of rodents. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42: 27– 36.

44. Linton, D.,, J. P. Clewley,, A. Burnens,, R. J. Owen,, and J. Stanley. 1994. An intervening sequence (IVS) in the 16S rRNA gene of the eubacterium Helicobacter canis. Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 1954– 1958.

45. Marshall, B. J.,, and C. S. Goodwin. 1987. Revised nomenclature of C. pyloridis. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37: 68.

46. Marshall, B. J.,, and J. R. Warren. 1984. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet i: 1311– 1315.

47. McNulty, C. A.,, J. C. Dent,, A. Curry,, J. S. Uff,, G. A. Ford,, M. W. Gear,, and S. P. Wilkinson. 1989. New spiral bacterium in gastric mucosa. J. Clin. Pathol. 42: 585– 591.

48. Mendes, E.,, D. Queiroz,, F. Dewhirst,, B. Paster,, S. Moura,, and J. Fox. 1996. Helicobacter trogontum sp. nov., isolated from the rat intestine. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46: 916– 921.

49. Mendes, E. N.,, D. M. M. Queiroz,, G. A. Rocha,, S. B. Moura,, V. H. R. Leite,, and M. E. F. Fonseca. 1990. Ultrastructure of a spiral micro-organism from pig gastric mucosa ("Gastrospirillum suis"), J. Med. Microbiol. 33: 61– 66.

50. Morgner, A.,, N. Lehn,, L. P. Andersen,, C. Thiede,, M. Ben-nedsen,, K. Trebesius,, B. Neubauer,, A. Neubauer,, M. Stolte,, and E. Bayerdörffer. 2000. Helicobacter heilmannii-associated primary gastric low-grade MALT lymphoma: complete remission after curing the infection. Gastroenterology 118: 821– 882.

51. Moss, C. W.,, M. A. Lambert-Fair,, M. A. Nicholson,, and G. O. Guerrant. 1990. Isoprenoid quinones of Campylobacter cryaerophila, C. cinaedi, C. fennelliae, C. hyointestinalis, C. pylori, and "C. upsaliensis." J. Clin. Microbiol. 28: 395– 397.

52. Murray, R. G.,, and E. Stackebrandt. 1995. Taxonomic note: implementation of the provisional status Candidatus for incompletely described procaryotes. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45: 186– 187.

53. O'Rourke, J. L.,, B. Neilan,, and A. Lee. 1999. Phylogenetic relationship of Helicobacter heilmannii-like organisms originating from humans and animals, abstr. HE4, p. 118. In 10th International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Related Organisms, Baltimore, Md.

54. On, S. L. 1996. Identification methods for Campylobacters, helicobacters, and related organisms. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 9: 405– 422.

54a. Page, R. D. M. 1996. TREEVIEW: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comput. Applic. Biosci. 12: 357– 358.

55. Paster, B. J.,, A. Lee,, J. G. Fox,, F. E. Dewhirst,, L. A. Tordoff,, G. J. Fräser,, J. L. O'Rourke,, N. S. Taylor,, and R. Ferrero. 1991. Phylogeny of Helicobacter felis sp. nov., Helicobacter mustelae, and related bacteria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41: 31– 38.

56. Pearson, A. D.,, J. Bamforth,, L. Booth,, G. Holdstock,, A. Ireland,, C. Walker,, P. Hawtin,, and H. Millward-Sadler. 1984. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of spiral bacteria from the gastric antrum. Lancet ii: 1349– 1350.

57. Pearson, A. D., and Great Britain Public Health Laboratory Service. 1983. Campylobacter II: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Campylobacter Infections, Brussels, 6-9 September 1983. Public Health Laboratory Service, London, United Kingdom.

58. Phillips, M. W.,, and A. Lee. 1983. Isolation and characterization of a spiral bacterium from the crypts of rodent gastrointestinal tracts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45: 675– 683.

59. Robertson, B. R.,, J. L. O'Rourke,, P. Vandamme,, S. L. W. On,, and A. Lee. Helicobacter ganmani sp. nov., an anaerobic, urease negative Helicobacter species isolated from the intestines of laboratory mice. Submitted for publication.

60. Romaniuk, P. J.,, B. Zoltowska,, T. J. Trust,, D. J. Lane,, G. J. Olsen,, N. R. Pace,, and D. A. Stahl. 1987. Campylobacter pylori, the spiral bacterium associated with human gastritis, is not a true Campylobacter sp. J. Bacteriol 169: 2137– 2141.

61. Saunders, K. E.,, Z. Shen,, F. E. Dewhirst,, B. J. Paster,, C. A. Dangler,, and J. G. Fox. 1999. Novel intestinal Helicobacter species isolated from cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) with chronic colitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 146– 151.

62. Schauer, D. B.,, N. Ghori,, and S. Falkow. 1993. Isolation and characterization of "Flexispira rappini" from laboratory mice. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 2709– 2714.

63. Shen, Z.,, J. Fox,, F. Dewhirst,, B. Paster,, C. Foltz,, L. Van,, B. Shames,, and L. Perry. 1997. Helicobacter rodentium sp. nov., a urease negative Helicobacter species isolated from laboratory mice. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47: 627– 634.

64. Simmons, J. H.,, L. K. Riley,, C. L. Besch-Williford,, and C. L. Franklin. 2000. Helicobacter mesocricetorum sp. nov., a novel Helicobacter isolated from the feces of Syrian hamsters. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 1811– 1817.

65. Solnick, J. V.,, J. O'Rourke,, A. Lee,, B. Paster,, F. E. Dewhirst,, and L. S. Tompkins. 1993. An uncultured gastric spiral organism is a newly identified Helicobacter in humans. J. Infect. Dis. 168: 379– 385.

66. Solnick, J. V.,, and D. B. Schauer. 2001. Emergence of diverse Helicobacter species in the pathogenesis of gastric and enterohepatic diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14: 59– 97.

67. Sorlin, P.,, P. Vandamme,, J. Nortier,, B. Hoste,, C. Rossi,, S. Pavlof,, and M. J. Straelens. 1999. Recurrent "Flexispira rappini" bacteremia in an adult patient undergoing hemodialysis: case report. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 1319– 1323.

68. Stanley, J.,, D. Linton,, A. Burnens,, F. Dewhirst,, R. Owen,, A. Porter,, S. On,, and M. Costas. 1993. Helicobacter canis sp. nov., a new species from dogs: an integrated study of phenotype and genotype. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: 2495– 2504.

69. Stanley, J.,, D. Linton,, A. Burnens,, F. Dewhirst,, A. Porter,, R. Owen,, and M. Costas. 1994. Helicobacter pullorum, sp. nov.—genotype and phenotype of a new species isolated from poultry and from human patients with gastroenteritis. Microbiology 140: 3441– 3449.

70. Suerbaum, S.,, J. M. Smith,, K. Bapumia,, G. Morelli,, N. H. Smith,, E. Kunstmann,, I. Dyrek,, and M. Achtman. 1998. Free recombination within Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 12619– 12624.

71. Tee, W.,, K. Leder,, E. Karroum,, and M. Dyall-Smith. 1998. "Flexispira rappini" bacteremia in a child with pneumonia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 1679– 1682.

72. Tomb, J.-F.,, O. White,, A. R. Kerlavage,, R. A. Clayton,, G. G. Sutton,, R. D. Fleischmann,, K. A. Ketchum,, H. P. Klenk,, S. Gill,, B. A. Dougherty,, K. Nelson,, J. Quackenbush,, L. Zhou,, E. F. Kirkness,, S. Peterson,, B. Loftus,, D. Richardson,, R. Dodson,, H. G. Khalak,, A. Glodek,, K. McKenney,, L. M. Fitzegerald,, N. Lee,, M. D. Adams,, E. K. Hickey,, D. E. Berg,, J. D. Gocayne,, T. R. Utterback,, J. D. Peterson,, J. M. Kelley,, M. D. Cotton,, J. M. Weidman,, C. Fujii,, C. Bowman,, L. Watthey,, E. Wallin,, W. S. Hayes,, M. Borodovsky,, P. D. Karp,, H. O. Smith,, C. M. Fraser,, and J. C. Venter. 1997. The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 388: 539– 547.

73. Totten, P. A.,, C. L. Fennell,, F. C. Tenover,, J. M. Wezenberg,, P. L. Perine,, W. E. Stamm,, and K. K. Holmes. 1985. Campylobacter cinaedi (sp. nov.) and Campylobacter fennelliae (sp. nov.): two new Campylobacter species associated with enteric disease in homosexual men. J. Infect. Dis. 151: 131– 139.

74. Trivett-Moore, N. L.,, W. D. Rawlinson,, M. Yuen,, and G. L. Gilbert. 1997. Helicobacter westmeadii sp. nov., a new species isolated from blood cultures of two AIDS patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 1144– 1150.

75. Vandamme, P., 2000. Taxonomy of the family Campylobacteriaceae, p. 3– 26. In M. Blaser (ed.), Campylobacter. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

76. Vandamme, P.,, E. Falsen,, B. Pot,, K. Kersters,, and J. De Ley. 1990. Identification of Campylobacter cinaedi isolated from blood and feces of children and adult females. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28: 1016– 1020.

77. Vandamme, P.,, C. S. Harrington,, K. Jalava,, and S. L. W. On. 2000. Misidentifying helicobacters: the Helicobacter cinaedi example. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 2261– 2266.

78. Vandamme, P.,, B. Pot,, M. Gillis,, P. de Vos,, K. Kersters,, and J. Swings. 1996. Polyphasic taxonomy, a consensus approach to bacterial systematics. Microbiol Rev. 60: 407– 438.

79. Vandamme, P.,, B. Pot,, and K. Kersters. 1991. Differentiation of Campylobacters and Campylobacter-like organisms by numerical analysis of one-dimensional electrophoretic protein patterns. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 14: 57– 66.

80. van der Ven, A. J.,, B. J. Kullberg,, P. Vandamme,, and J. F. Meis. 1996. Helicobacter cinaedi bacteremia associated with localized pain but not with cellulitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 22: 710– 711.

81. Wayne, L. G.,, D. J. Brenner,, R. R. Colwell,, P. A. D. Grimont,, P. Kandler,, M. I. Krichevsky,, L. H. Moore,, W. E. C. Moore,, R. G. E. Murray,, E. Stackebrandt,, M. P. Starr,, and H. G. Trüper. 1987. Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37: 463– 464.

Tables

Taxonomy of the Helicobacter Genus

/content/10.1128/9781555818005.chap5.tab5-1

Table 1

Characteristics of cultivated Helicobacter species a

10.1128/9781555818005/tab5-1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818005/tab5-1.gif

Table 1

Characteristics of cultivated Helicobacter species a

/content/10.1128/9781555818005.chap5.tab5-2

Table 2

Gastric Helicobacter taxa

10.1128/9781555818005/tab5-2_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818005/tab5-2.gif

Table 2

Gastric Helicobacter taxa

/content/10.1128/9781555818005.chap5.tab5-4

Table 4

Distance matrix based on 16S rRNA comparisons

10.1128/9781555818005/tab5-4_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818005/tab5-4.gif

Table 4

Distance matrix based on 16S rRNA comparisons

/content/10.1128/9781555818005.chap5.tab5-3

Table 3

Enterohepatic Helicobacter taxa

10.1128/9781555818005/tab5-3_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818005/tab5-3.gif

Table 3

Enterohepatic Helicobacter taxa