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Chapter 4 : Colonization of Medical Devices by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci

Authors: Friedrich Götz1, Georg Peters2
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Affiliations: 1: Universitat Tubingen, Mikrobielle Genetik, Waldhäuser Str. 70/8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; 2: Universität Münster, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Domagkstrasse 10, D-48149 MUnster, Germany
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2000

Category: Clinical Microbiology

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Abstract:

In 1981, intravenous catheters infected with staphylococci by perfusion were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to demonstrate the mode of adhesion. Bacterial cells, primarily those of staphylococci, followed by and , were shown to be attached to the inner surface of the catheter. The thickest bacterial layers were found in catheters infected by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Right heart flow-directed catheters removed from 18 critically ill patients after an average of 2.6 days after insertion were covered by a bacterial biofilm. In a neonatal intensive care unit, CoNS caused the majority of the nosocomial bacteremias. A study of arterial and central venous catheters removed from patients after 1 to 14 days revealed an extensive biofilm on all 42 arterial and 26 central venous catheters. By using special biofilm culture recovery methods, it was shown that 81% of the catheters were colonized by bacteria growing in slime-enclosed biofilms. It was speculated that the colonization represents a nidus for infection and bacteremia in these patients. Staphylococci also produced biofilm on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) endotracheal tubes used in neonates. Adherence of staphylococci to various intravascular catheter materials was investigated; these materials were composed of silicone elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane, and polyurethane coated with Hydromer, a coating that absorbs water and provides a hydrophilic sheath around the catheter. Production of slime is necessary for colonization and is also observed with many other pathogens, including .

Citation: Götz F, Peters G. 2000. Colonization of Medical Devices by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci, p 55-88. In Waldvogel F, Bisno A (ed), Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818067.ch4
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Colonization of Medical Devices by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
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Citation: Götz F, Peters G. 2000. Colonization of Medical Devices by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci, p 55-88. In Waldvogel F, Bisno A (ed), Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818067.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555818067.chap4.fig4-1
Figure 1

Scanning electron micrograph (magnification, × 5,000) of KH11. Massive colonization and slime production on cellulose acetate after 24 h of cultivation are shown.

10.1128/9781555818067/fig4-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818067/fig4-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Scanning electron micrograph (magnification, × 5,000) of KH11. Massive colonization and slime production on cellulose acetate after 24 h of cultivation are shown.

Citation: Götz F, Peters G. 2000. Colonization of Medical Devices by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci, p 55-88. In Waldvogel F, Bisno A (ed), Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818067.ch4
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Figure 2

Genetic organization of the operon involved in PIA biosynthesis. The genes are cotranscribed. The upstream located gene encodes a regulator protein. M, membrane localized; Sec, secreted; Hairpin, transcription terminator; Pr and Pi, promoters. (Adapted from references 52 and 64.)

10.1128/9781555818067/fig4-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818067/fig4-2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Genetic organization of the operon involved in PIA biosynthesis. The genes are cotranscribed. The upstream located gene encodes a regulator protein. M, membrane localized; Sec, secreted; Hairpin, transcription terminator; Pr and Pi, promoters. (Adapted from references 52 and 64.)

Citation: Götz F, Peters G. 2000. Colonization of Medical Devices by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci, p 55-88. In Waldvogel F, Bisno A (ed), Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818067.ch4
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Figure 3

Two-step model of staphylococcal biofilm formation. The first step in biofilm formation is the adherence of the bacterial cells to a surface. The second step is the imbedding of the cells in a thick slime matrix (biofilm). One type of slime has been identified as PIA. Within this biofilm, cells appear to have reduced physiological activity in an anoxic environment, and exhibit a decreased sensitivity to many antibiotics, compared with their planktonic counterparts.

10.1128/9781555818067/fig4-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818067/fig4-3.gif
Image of Figure 3
Figure 3

Two-step model of staphylococcal biofilm formation. The first step in biofilm formation is the adherence of the bacterial cells to a surface. The second step is the imbedding of the cells in a thick slime matrix (biofilm). One type of slime has been identified as PIA. Within this biofilm, cells appear to have reduced physiological activity in an anoxic environment, and exhibit a decreased sensitivity to many antibiotics, compared with their planktonic counterparts.

Citation: Götz F, Peters G. 2000. Colonization of Medical Devices by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci, p 55-88. In Waldvogel F, Bisno A (ed), Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818067.ch4
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Tables

Colonization of Medical Devices by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
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Citation: Götz F, Peters G. 2000. Colonization of Medical Devices by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci, p 55-88. In Waldvogel F, Bisno A (ed), Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818067.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555818067.chap4.tab4-1
Table 1

Biofilm formation by CoNS on catheters and other prosthetic devices

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10.1128/9781555818067/tab4-1.gif
Generic image for table
Table 1

Biofilm formation by CoNS on catheters and other prosthetic devices

Citation: Götz F, Peters G. 2000. Colonization of Medical Devices by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci, p 55-88. In Waldvogel F, Bisno A (ed), Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818067.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555818067.chap4.tab4-2
Table 2

CoNS colonize nearly any synthetic polymer

10.1128/9781555818067/tab4-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818067/tab4-2.gif
Generic image for table
Table 2

CoNS colonize nearly any synthetic polymer

Citation: Götz F, Peters G. 2000. Colonization of Medical Devices by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci, p 55-88. In Waldvogel F, Bisno A (ed), Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818067.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555818067.chap4.tab4-3
Table 3

Adherence of CoNS to polymers precoated with various blood compounds

10.1128/9781555818067/tab4-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818067/tab4-3.gif
Generic image for table
Table 3

Adherence of CoNS to polymers precoated with various blood compounds

Citation: Götz F, Peters G. 2000. Colonization of Medical Devices by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci, p 55-88. In Waldvogel F, Bisno A (ed), Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818067.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555818067.chap4.tab4-4
Table 4

Antibiotics tested to prevent biofilm formation or to cure staphylococcal foreign-body infection

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10.1128/9781555818067/tab4-4.gif
Generic image for table
Table 4

Antibiotics tested to prevent biofilm formation or to cure staphylococcal foreign-body infection

Citation: Götz F, Peters G. 2000. Colonization of Medical Devices by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci, p 55-88. In Waldvogel F, Bisno A (ed), Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818067.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555818067.chap4.tab4-5
Table 5

Synergistic and antagonistic activities of various antibiotic combinations in treatment of staphylococcal biofilm infections

10.1128/9781555818067/tab4-5_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818067/tab4-5.gif
Generic image for table
Table 5

Synergistic and antagonistic activities of various antibiotic combinations in treatment of staphylococcal biofilm infections

Citation: Götz F, Peters G. 2000. Colonization of Medical Devices by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci, p 55-88. In Waldvogel F, Bisno A (ed), Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818067.ch4

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