Molecular Mimicry: Lessons from Experimental Models of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Miri Blank; Ilan Krause; Yehuda Shoenfeld

doi:10.1128/9781555818074.ch16

Chapter 16 : Molecular Mimicry: Lessons from Experimental Models of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Authors: Miri Blank¹, Ilan Krause¹, Yehuda Shoenfeld¹

VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS

Affiliations: 1: Research Unit of Autoimmune Diseases, Internal Medicine 'B,' Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel

Content Type: Monograph

Publication Year: 2000

Category: Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555818074

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555818074.ch16

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:

Molecular Mimicry: Lessons from Experimental Models of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Page 1 of 2

< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818074/9781555811945_Chap16-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818074/9781555811945_Chap16-2.gif

Abstract:

The immunogenicity of self-like microbial molecules is strikingly illustrated in several cases of murine and human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Several indirect arguments support the idea that microbial agents influence the course of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). An association between APS and pathogens was documented, such as hepatitis C virus, Salmonella lipopolysaccharide, and Mycoplasma penetrans, a rare bacterium that has so far only been found in human immunodeficiency virus (HlV)-infected persons and that was isolated from the blood and throat of a non-HIV-infected patient with primary APS. The molecular basis of antigen mimicry by anti-idiotypic antibodies was studied extensively. On the basis of Jerne's theory, after immunization with an autoantibody that carries a specific idiotype (Abl), naive mice develop an antiautoantibody (anti-Id; which is also known as Ab2) and then generate anti-anti-Id (Ab3) a few weeks later. Immunization of naive mice with anticardiolipin β2GPI-dependent MAbs and polyclonal antibodies or their corresponding scFv, such as Abl, resulted in the production in the inoculated mice of autoantibody directed to cardiolipin and to the cardiolipin β2GPI-dependent antibody Ab3. Studies on experimental lupus and experimental APS prove the existence of molecular mimicry between pathogens and the autoantigens involved in experimental lupus and APS. Recognition of multiple antigens and epitopes is evident in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, SLE, APS, rheumatoid arthritis, PBC, and probably most autoimmune diseases, with spreading of the named epitope leading to autoantibody spread.

Citation: Blank M, Krause I, Shoenfeld Y. 2000. Molecular Mimicry: Lessons from Experimental Models of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome, p 223-233. In Cunningham M, Fujinami R (ed), Molecular Mimicry, Microbes, and Autoimmunity. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818074.ch16

Key Concept Ranking

Bacterial Proteins: 0.78073853
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: 0.61995816
Immune Systems: 0.6068058
Major Histocompatibility Complex: 0.5801475

0.78073853

Highlighted Text: Show | Hide

Full text loading...

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555818074.chap16

1. Abu-Shakra, M.,, D. Buskila,, and Y. Shoenfeld. 1999. Molecular mimicry between host and pathogen: examples from parasites and implications. Immunol. Lett. 67: 147– 152.

2. Atkinson, P. M.,, G. W. Lampman,, B. C. Furie,, Y. Naparstek,, R. S. Schwartz,, B. D. Stellar,, and B. Furie. 1985. Homology of the NH 2-terminal amino acid sequences of the heavy and light chains of human monoclonal lupus autoantibodies containing the dominant 16/6 idiotype. J. Clin. Investig. 75: 1138– 1143.

3. Bakimer, R.,, P. Fishman,, M. Biann,, B. Sredni,, M. Djaldetti,, and Y. Shoenfeld. 1992. Induction of primary anti-phospholipid syndrome in mice by immunization with human monoclonal anti-cardiolipin antibody (H-3). J. Clin. Investig. 89: 1558– 1563.

4. Barnaba, V. 1996. Hidden self-epitopes and autoimmunity. Immunol. Rev. 152: 47– 66.

5. Barnett, L. A.,, and R. S. Fujinami. 1992. Molecular mimicry: a mechanism for autoimmune injury. FASEB J. 6: 840– 844.

6. Baum, H.,, V. Brusik,, K. Choudhuri,, P. Cunningham,, D. Vergani,, and M. Peakman. 1995. MHC molecular mimicry in diabetes. Nat. Med. 1: 388.

7. Behar, S. M.,, and S. A. Porcelli. 1995. Mechanisms of autoimmune disease induction: the role of the immune response to microbial pathogens. Arthritis Rheum. 38: 458– 476.

8. Blank, M.,, M. Krup,, S. Mendlovic,, H. Fricke,, E. Mozes,, N. Talal,, A. R. Coates,, and Y. Shoenfeld. 1990. The importance of the pathogenic 16/6 idiotype in the induction of SLE in naive mice. Scand. J. Immunol. 31: 45– 52.

9. Blank, M.,, J. Cohen,, V. Toder,, and Y. Shoenfeld. 1991. Induction of primary anti-phospholipid syndrome in mice by passive transfer of anti-cardiolipin antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 3069– 3073.

10. Blank, M.,, S. Mendlovic,, E. Mozes,, A. R. Coates,, and Y. Shoenfeld. 1991. Induction of systemic lupus erythematosus in naive mice with T-cell lines specific for human anti-DNA antibody SA-1 (16/6 Id+) and for mouse tuberculosis antibody TB/68 (16/6 Id+). Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 60: 471– 483.

11. Blank, M.,, I. Krause,, M. Ben-Bassat,, and Y. Shoenfeld. 1992. Induction of experimental anti-phospholipid syndrome associated with SLE following immunization with human monoclonal pathogenic anti-DNA idiotype. J. Autoimmun. 5: 495– 509.

12. Blank, M.,, Y. Shoenfeld,, S. Cabilly,, Y. Heldman,, M. Fridkin,, and E. Katchalski-Katzir. 1999. Prevention of experimental antiphospholipid syndrome and endothelial cell activation by synthetic peptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 5164– 5198.

13. Blank, M.,, A. Waisman,, E. Mozes,, T. Koike,, and Y. Shoenfeld. 1999. Characteristics and pathogenic role of anti-beta-2-glycoprotein-I β 2GPI) single chain Fv domains: induction of experimental antiphospholipid syndrome. Int. Immunol. 11: 1917– 1926.

14. Cohen, I. R.,, and D. B. Young. 1991. Autoimmunity, microbial immunity and the immunological homunculus. Immunol. Today 12: 105– 110.

15. Dang, H.,, A. G. Geiser,, J. J. Letterio,, T. Nakabayashi,, L. Kong,, G. Fernandes,, and N. Talal. 1995. SLE-like autoantibodies and Sjögren's syndrome-like lymphoproliferation in TGF-beta knockout mice. J. Immunol. 155: 3205– 3212.

16. Davis, J. M. 1997. Molecular mimicry: can epitope mimicry induce autoimmune disease? Immunol. Cell. Biol. 75: 113– 126.

17. Diamond, B.,, and M. D. Scharff. 1984. Somatic mutation of the T15 heavy chain gives rise to an antibody with autoantibody specificity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 5841– 5844.

18. Eivazova, E. R.,, J. M. McDonnel,, B. J. Sulton,, and N. A. Staines. 1999. Anti-idiotype antibodies with dual specificity for DNA and their potential pathogenicity in SLE. Arthritis Rheum. 42: 19.

19. El-Roey, A.,, W. L. Gross,, J. Luedemann,, D. A. Isenberg,, and Y. Shoenfeld. 1986. Preferential secretion of a common anti-DNA idiotype (16/6 Id) and anti-polynucleotide antibodies by normal mononuclear cells following stimulation with Klebsiella pneumoniae. Immunol. Lett. 12: 313– 319.

20. Fujinami, R. S.,, and M. B. A. Oldstone. 1985. Amino acid homology between the encephalogenic site of myelin basic protein and virus: mechanism for autoimmunity. Science 230: 1043– 1045.

21. Galli, M.,, P. Comfurius,, C. Maassen,, H. C. Hemker,, M. H. de Baets,, P. J. van Breda-Vriesman,, T. Barbui,, R. F. Zwaal,, and E. M. Bevers. 1990. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies (ACA) directed not to cardiolipin but to a plasma protein cofactor. Lancet 335: 1544– 1547.

22. Gauntt, C. J.,, H. M. Arizpe,, A. L. Higdon,, H. J. Wood,, D. F. Bowers,, M. M. Rozek,, and R. Crawley. 1995. Molecular mimicry, anti-coxsackievirus B3 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, and myocarditis. J. Immunol. 154: 2983– 2995.

23. Gaynor, B.,, C. Putterman,, P. Valadon,, L. Spatz,, M. D. Scharff,, and B. Diamond. 1997. Peptide inhibition of glomerular deposition of an anti-DNA antibody. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 1955– 1960.

24. George, J.,, M. Blank,, Y. Levy,, E. Grinbaum,, S. Cohen,, M. Damianovich,, A. Tincani,, and Y. Shoenfeld. 1998. Differential effects of anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies on endothelial cells and on the manifestations of experimental antiphospholipid syndrome. Circulation 97: 900– 907.

25. Gharavi, E. E.,, H. Chaimovich,, E. Cucurull,, C. M. Celli,, H. Tang,, W. A. Wilson,, and A. E. Gharavi. 1999. Induction of antiphospholipid antibodies by immunization with synthetic viral and bacterial peptides. Lupus 8: 449– 455.

26. Grayzel, A.,, A. Solomon,, C. Aranow,, and B. Diamond. 1991. Antibodies elicited by pneumococcal antigens bear an anti-DNA associated idiotype. J. Clin. Investig. 87: 842– 846.

27. Harris, E. N.,, A. E. Gharavi,, M. L. Boey,, B. M. Patel,, C. G. Mackworth-Young,, S. Loizou,, and G. R. V. Hughes. 1983. Anticardiolipin antibodies: detection by radioimmunoassay and association with thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet ii: 1211– 1214.

28. Hayem, G.,, N. Kassis,, P. Nicaise,, P. Bouvet,, A. Andremont,, C. Labarre,, M. F. Kahn,, and O. Meyer. 1999. Systemic lupus erythematosus-associated catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome occurring after typhoid fever: a possible role of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide in the occurrence of diffuse vasculopathy-coagulopathy. Arthritis Rheum. 42: 1056– 1061.

29. Howe, C. A.,, B. Hartley,, D. G. Williams,., S. Muller,, and N. A. Staines. 1997. Active immunization with anti-DNA autoantibody idiopeptide 88H.64-80 is nephritogenic in (NZB X NZW)F l and BALB/c mice. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 25: 316S.

30. Hughes, G. R.,, E. N. Harris,, and A. E. Gharavi. 1986. The anti-cardiolipin syndrome. J. Rheumatol. 13: 486– 489.

31. Incaprera, M.,, L. Rindi,, A. Bazzichi,, and C. Garzelli. 1998. Potential role of the Epstein-Barr virus in systemic lupus erythematosus autoimmunity. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 16: 289– 294.

32. Jerne, N. K. 1984. Idiotypic networks and other preconceived ideas. Immunol. Rev. 79: 5– 24.

33. Jones, D. B.,, and N. W. Armstrong. 1995. Coxsackie virus and diabetes revisited. Nat. Med. 1: 284.

34. Kandiah, D. A.,, and S. A. Krilis. 1994. Beta 2-glycoprotein-I Lupus 3: 207– 212.

35. Kowal, C.,, A. Weinstein,, and B. Diamond. 1999. Molecular mimicry between bacterial and self antigen in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur. J. Immunol. 29: 1901– 1911.

36. Krauss, D. S.,, M. D. Aronson,, D. W. Gump,, and D. S. Newcombe. 1974. Haemophilus influenzae septic arthritis. A mimicker of gonococcal arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 17: 267– 271.

37. Kuo, P.,, C. Kowal,, B. Tadmor,, and B. Diamond. 1997. Microbial antigens can elicit autoantibody production: a potential pathway to autoimmune diseases. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 815: 230– 236.

38. Limpanisithikul, W.,, S. Ray,, and B. Diamond. 1995. Cross-reactive antibodies have both protective and pathogenic potential. J. Immunol. 155: 967– 973.

39. MacLaren, N. K.,, and M. A. Alkinson. 1997. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: the hypothesis of molecular mimicry between islet cell antigens and microorganisms. Mol. Med. Today 3: 76– 83.

40. Marx, A.,, A. Wilisch,, A. Schultz,, S. Gattenlohner,, R. Nenninger,, and H. K. Muller-Hermelink. 1997. Pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. Virehows Arch. 430: 355– 364.

41. Matsuura, E.,, Y. Igarashi,, T. Yasuda,, D. A. Triplett,, and T. Koike. 1994. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies recognize β2-glycoprotein-I structure altered by interacting with oxygen-modified solid phase surface. J. Exp. Med. 179: 457– 462.

42. McNeil, H. P.,, C. N. Chesterman,, and S. A. Krilis. 1991. Immunological and clinical importance of antiphospholipid antibodies. Adv. Immunol. 49: 193– 280.

43. Mendlovic, S.,, S. Brocke,, Y. Shoenfeld,, M. Ben-Bassat,, A. Meshorer,, R. Bakhner,, and E. Mozes. 1988. Induction of a systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease in mice by a common human anti-DNA idiotype. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 2260– 2264.

44. Naparstek, Y.,, D. Duggan,, A. Schattner,, M. P. Madaio,, F. Goni,, B. Frangione,, B. D. Stollar,, E. A. Kabat,, and R. S. Schwartz. 1985. Immunochemical similarities between monoclonal antibacterial Waldenstrom's macroglobulins and monoclonal anti-DNA lupus autoantibodies. J. Exp. Med. 161: 1525– 1538.

45. Oldstone, M. B. A. 1989. Molecular mimicry as a mechanism for the cause and as a probe uncovering etiologic agent(s) of autoimmune disease. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 145: 127– 135.

46. Oldstone, M. B. A. 1998. Molecular mimicry and immune-mediated diseases. FASEB J. 12: 1255– 1265.

47. Pierangeli, S. S.,, X. W. Liu,, G. Anderson,, J. H. Barker,, and E. N. Harris. 1996. Thrombogenic properties of murine anti-cardiolipin antibodies induced by beta 2 glycoprotein 1 and human immunoglobulin G antiphospholipid antibodies. Circulation 94: 1746– 1751.

48. Puri, V.,, A. Bookman,, E. Yeo,, R. Cameron,, and E. J. Heathcote. 1999. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome associated with hepatitis C infection. J. Rheumatol. 26: 509– 510.

49. Putterman, C.,, W. Limpanisithikul,, and B. Diamond. 1996. The double-edged sword of the immune response: mutational analysis of a murine anti-pneumococcal, anti-DNA antibody. J. Clin. Investig. 97: 2251– 2259.

50. Putterman, C.,, and B. Diamond. 1998. Immunization with a peptide surrogate for double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) induces autoantibody production and renal immunoglobulin deposition. J. Exp. Med. 188: 29– 38.

51. Radway-Bright, E. L.,, M. Inane,, and D. A. Isenberg. 1999. Animal models of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology 38: 591– 601.

52. Ray, S. K.,, C. Putterman,, and B. Diamond. 1996. Pathogenic autoantibodies are routinely generated during the response to foreign antigen: a paradigm for autoimmune disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 2019– 2024.

53. Rosa, F. D.,, and V. Barnaba. 1998. Persisting viruses and chronic inflammation: understanding their relation to autoimmunity. Immunol. Rev. 164: 17– 27.

54. Sabbatini, A.,, S. Bombardieri,, and P. Migliorini. 1993. Autoantibodies from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus bind a shared sequence of SmD and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen EBNA I. Eur. J. Immunol. 23: 1146– 1152.

55. Schwimmbeck, P. L.,, T. Dyrberg,, D. B. Drachman,, and M. B. A. Oldstone. 1989. Molecular mimicry and myasthenia gravis. J. Clin. Investig. 84: 1174– 1180.

56. Sela, O.,, A. El-Roeiy,, D. A. Isenberg,, R. C. Kennedy,, C. B. Colaco,, J. Pinkhas,, and Y. Shoenfeld. 1987. A common anti-DNA idiotype in sera of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Arthritis Rheum. 30: 50– 56.

57. Shi, W.,, B. H. Chong,, and C. N. Chesterman. 1993. Beta 2-glycoprotein I is a requirement for anticardiolipin antibodies binding to activated platelets: differences with lupus anticoagulants. Blood 81: 1255– 1262.

58. Shoenfeld, Y. 1994. Idiotypic induction of autoimmunity: a new aspect of the idiotypic network. FASEB J. 8: 1296– 1301.

59. Soldan, S. S.,, R. Berti,, Nsalem,, P. Secchiero,, L. Flamand,, P. A. Calabresi,, M. B. Brennan,, H. W. Malon,, H. F. NcFarland,, H. C. Lin, et al. 1997. Association of human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) with multiple sclerosis: increased IgM response to HHV-6 early antigen and detection of serum HHV-6 DNA. Nat. Med. 3: 1394– 1397.

60. Spellerberg, M. B.,, C. J. Chapman,, C. I. Mockridge,, D. A. Isenberg,, and D. K. Stevenson. 1995. Dual recognition of lipid A and DNA by human antibodies encoded by the VH-21 gene: a possible link between infection and lupus. Hum. Antibodies Hybridomas 6: 52– 56.

61. Sthoeger, Z. M.,, E. Mozes,, and B. Tartakovsky. 1993. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies induce pregnancy failure by impairing embryonic implantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 190: 6464– 6467.

62. Strasser, A.,, S. Whittingham,, D. L. Vaux,, E. Webb,, M. L. Bath,, J. M. Adams,, and A. W. Harris. 1990. Enforced BCL2 expression in B-lymphoid cells prolongs antibody responses and elicits autoimmune disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 8661– 8665.

63. Talbot, P. J. 1997. Virus-induced autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis: the coronavirus paradigm. Adv. Clin. Neurosci. 7: 215– 233.

64. Tincani, A.,, G. Balestrieri,, F. Allegri,, R. Cattaneo,, A. Fornasieri,, M. Li,, A. Sinico,, and G. D'Amico. 1993. Induction of experimental SLE in naive mice by immunization with human polyclonal anti-DNA antibody carrying the 16/6 idiotype. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 11: 129– 134.

65. Tonietti, G.,, M. B. A. Oldstone,, and F. J. Dixon. 1970. The effect of induced chronic viral infections on the immunologic diseases of New Zealand mice. J. Exp. Med. 132: 89– 109.

66. Von Herrath, M.,, and M. B. A. Oldstone. 1996. Virus-induced autoimmune disease. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 8: 878– 885.

67. Waisman, A.,, and E. Mozes. 1993. Variable region sequences of autoantibodies from mice with experimental systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur. J. Immunol. 23: 1566– 1573.

68. Waisman, A.,, Y. Shoenfeld,, M. Blank,, R. J. Ruiz,, and E. Mozes. 1995. The pathogenic human monoclonal anti-DNA that induces experimental systemic lupus erythematosus in mice is encoded by a VH4 gene segment. Int. Immunol. 7: 689– 696.

69. Waisman, A.,, P. L. Ruiz,, E. Israeli,, E. Eilat,, S. Konen-Waisman,, H. Zinger,, M. Day an,, and E. Mozes. 1997. Modulation of murine systemic lupus erythematosus with peptides based on complementarity determining regions of a pathogenic anti-DNA monoclonal antibody. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 4620– 4625.

70. Wang, M. X.,, D. A. Kandiah,, K. Ichikawa,, M. Khamashta,, G. Hughes,, T. Koike,, R. Roubey,, and S. A. Krilis. 1995. Epitope specificity of monoclonal anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I antibodies derived from patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. J. Immunol. 155: 1629– 1636.

71. Wucherpfennig, K. W.,, and J. L. Strominger. 1995. Molecular mimicry in T cell-mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein. Cell 80: 695– 705.

72. Yanez, A.,, L. Cedillo,, O. Neyrolles,, E. Alonso,, M. C. Prevost,, J. Rojas,, H. L. Watson,, A. Blanchard,, and G. H. Cassell. 1999. Mycoplasma penetrans bacteremia and primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5: 164– 167.

73. Yuki, N.,, Y. Tagawa,, and S. Handa. 1996. Autoantibodies to peripheral nerve glycosphingolipids SPG, SLPG and SGPG in Gillain-Barre syndrome and chronic inflamatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J. Neuroimmunol. 70: 1– 6.

74. Zhang, L.,, K. Jacobsson,, K. Strom,, M. Lindberg,, and L. Frykberg. 1999. Staphylococcus aureus expresses a cell surface protein that binds both IgG and beta2-glycoprotein I. Microbiology 145: 177– 183.

Tables

Molecular Mimicry: Lessons from Experimental Models of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome

[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818074.chap16-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818074.chap16-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Miri, foaf_name=Miri Blank, foaf_surname=Blank, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818074.chap16-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818074.chap16-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818074.chap16-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Ilan, foaf_name=Ilan Krause, foaf_surname=Krause, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818074.chap16-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818074.chap16-3,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818074.chap16-3,properties={foaf_givenname=Yehuda, foaf_name=Yehuda Shoenfeld, foaf_surname=Shoenfeld, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818074.chap16-aff1]]}]]

/content/10.1128/9781555818074.chap16.tab16-1

Table 1

Major examples of molecular mimicry in association with autoimmune diseases

10.1128/9781555818074/tab16-1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818074/tab16-1.gif

Table 1

Major examples of molecular mimicry in association with autoimmune diseases

/content/10.1128/9781555818074.chap16.tab16-2

Table 2

Homolosv between the studied peptides and bacteria, viruses, and yeast

10.1128/9781555818074/tab16-2_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818074/tab16-2.gif

Table 2

Homolosv between the studied peptides and bacteria, viruses, and yeast

/content/10.1128/9781555818074.chap16.tab16-3

Table 3

Presence of autoantibodies in the sera of mice immunized with bacteria or yeast homologous to the relevant peptides a

10.1128/9781555818074/tab16-3_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818074/tab16-3.gif

Table 3

Presence of autoantibodies in the sera of mice immunized with bacteria or yeast homologous to the relevant peptides a

/content/10.1128/9781555818074.chap16.tab16-4

Table 4

Clinical manifestations in mice infused with mouse Abs directed to the peptide homologous to the bacterium or yeast a

10.1128/9781555818074/tab16-4_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818074/tab16-4.gif

Table 4

Clinical manifestations in mice infused with mouse Abs directed to the peptide homologous to the bacterium or yeast a