Dental Plaque

Cynthia Gove Bloomquist; William F. Liljemark

doi:10.1128/9781555818104.ch21

Chapter 21 : Dental Plaque

Authors: Cynthia Gove Bloomquist¹, William F. Liljemark¹

VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS

Affiliations: 1: Department of Oral Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455

Content Type: Monograph

Publication Year: 2000

Category: Bacterial Pathogenesis

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555818104

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555818104.ch21

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:

Dental Plaque, Page 1 of 2

< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818104/9781555811594_Chap21-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818104/9781555811594_Chap21-2.gif

Abstract:

The salivary pellicle is an organic film derived from the saliva and deposited on the tooth surface. It is, however, rapidly colonized by bacteria which make up the dental plaque. Based on the dental plaque's relationship to the gingival margin, it has been separated for microbiological studies into two different communities: supragingival and subgingival plaque. Saliva plays two roles: it limits colonization of most surfaces in the oral cavity by a variety of mechanisms, and it provides these surfaces with colonizing microorganisms shed primarily from the tongue, dental plaque, and other mucosal surfaces. The presence of the normal supragingival oral flora generally results in oral health. Dental caries and periodontal diseases are conditional diseases, requiring both the presence of critical numbers of certain indigenous species and the response of the host. Dental plaque is a structurally organized community, and the response in planktonic or monospecies cultures is not necessarily applicable to their behavior within a biofilm. The role of glucans in human plaque formation is only now beginning to be understood through in vivo studies. Changes in species numbers and metabolic activities of these microbes are influenced by the environment, which affects the expression of virulence genes.

Citation: Bloomquist C, Liljemark W. 2000. Dental Plaque, p 409-421. In Nataro J, Blaser M, Cunningham-Rundles S (ed), Persistent Bacterial Infections. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818104.ch21

Key Concept Ranking

Dental Plaque: 0.44726443
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy: 0.4369438
Human Pathogenic Bacteria: 0.41944206

0.44726443

Highlighted Text: Show | Hide

Full text loading...

Figures

Dental Plaque

[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818104.chap21-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818104.chap21-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Cynthia Gove, foaf_name=Cynthia Gove Bloomquist, foaf_surname=Bloomquist, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818104.chap21-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818104.chap21-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818104.chap21-2,properties={foaf_givenname=William F., foaf_name=William F. Liljemark, foaf_surname=Liljemark, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818104.chap21-aff1]]}]]

/content/10.1128/9781555818104.chap21.fig21-1

FIGURE 1

Adherent S. gordonii strain S7 on in vitro saliva pellicle-coated enamel; density of bacteria is low, similar to that seen initially in vivo ( 5 , 30 ).

10.1128/9781555818104/fig21-1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818104/fig21-1.gif

FIGURE 1

Adherent S. gordonii strain S7 on in vitro saliva pellicle-coated enamel; density of bacteria is low, similar to that seen initially in vivo ( 5 , 30 ).

/content/10.1128/9781555818104.chap21.fig21-2

FIGURE 2

Structure of a natural microbial dental plaque biofilm. Electron micrograph o f a serial section o f a sample from a subject with gingivitis. The most apically located microbial mass consists o f a mixture of coccoid and filamentous bacteria, details of which are shown in the insert. Magnification, × 4,050 ( 34 ). (Reprinted with permission of the Journal of Periodontology.)

10.1128/9781555818104/fig21-2_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818104/fig21-2.gif

FIGURE 2

/content/10.1128/9781555818104.chap21.fig21-3

FIGURE 3

Microcolonial forms seen in an in vitro mixed-species biofilm grown in flow cells ( 44 ). The inoculum was whole saliva, and perfusion was done with sterile glucose-supplemented (1 mM) saliva. Staining was done with negative fluorescein, with imaging by fluorescein exclusion using scanning confocal laser microscopy. Four distinct morphologies were documented after 48 h of incubation in sterile saliva. (Reprinted with permission of the Journal of Microbiological Methods.)

10.1128/9781555818104/fig21-3_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818104/fig21-3.gif

FIGURE 3

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555818104.chap21

1. Axelsson, P.,, J. Lindhe,, and B. Nystrom. 1991. On the prevention of caries and periodontal disease. Results of a 15-year longitudinal study in adults. J. Clin. Periodontol. 18: 182– 189.

2. Baier, R. E.,, and P.-O. Glantz. 1978. Characterization of oral in vivo films formed on different types of solid surfaces. Acta Odontol. Scand. 36: 289– 301.

3. Bandt, C. L.,, W. F. Liljemark,, B. L. Pihlstrom,, J. E. Hinrichs,, E. M. Schaffer,, and L. F. Wolff. 1982. The use of selective media for examining relationships between dental plaque microorganisms and periodontal disease in a large sample clinical investigation. J. Periodontal. Res. 17: 518– 520.

4. Bennick, A. 1982. Salivary proline-rich proteins. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 45: 83– 99.

5. Bloomquist, C. G.,, B. E. Reilly,, and W. F. Liljemark. 1996. Adherence, accumulation, and cell division o f a natural adherent bacterial population. J. Bacteriol. 178: 1172– 1177.

6. Bos, R.,, H. C. Vander Mei,, H. J. Busscher,, and J. M. Meinders. 1994. A quantitative method to study co-adhesion of microorganisms in a parallel plate flow chamber: basic principles of the analysis. J. Microbiol. Methods 20: 289– 305.

7. Bowden, G. H. W. 1990. Microbiology of root surface caries in humans. J. Dent. Res. 69: 1205– 1210.

8. Burne, R. A.,, Z. T. Wen,, Y. Y. Chen,, and J. E. Penders. 1999. Regulation of expression of the fructan hydrolase gene of Streptococcus mutans GS-5 by induction and carbon catabolite repression . J. Bacteriol. 181: 2863– 2871.

9. Carlsson, J.,, and J. Egelberg. 1965. Effect of diet on early plaque formation in man. Odontol. Rev. 16: 112– 125.

10. Carlsson, J. 1984. Regulation of sugarmetabolism in relation to "feast and famine" existence of plaque, p. 205– 211. In B. Guggenheim (ed.), Cariology. Karger, Basel, Switzerland.

11. Clancy, A.,, and R. A. Burne. 1997. Construction and characterization of a recombinant ureolytic Streptococcus mutans and its use to demonstrate the relationship of urease activity to pH modulating capacity. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 151: 205– 211.

12. Davies, D . G.,, A. M. Charkrabarty,, and G. G. Geesey. 1993. Exopolysaccharide production in biofilms: substratum activation of alginate gene expression by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58: 1181– 1186.

13. Davies, D. G.,, M. R. Parsek,, J. P. Pearson,, B. H. Iglewski,, J. W. Costerton,, and E. P. Greenberg. 1998. The involvement of cell to cell signaling in the development of a bacterial biofilm. Science 280: 295– 298.

14. de Stoppelaar, J. D.,, J. van Houte,, and O. B. Dirks. 1970. The effect of carbohydrate restriction on the presence of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis and iodophilic polysaccharide-producing bacteria in human dental plaque. Caries Res. 4: 114– 123.

15. Edwardsson, S. 1968. Characteristics of cariesinducing human streptococci resembling Streptococcus mutans. Arch. Oral Biol. 13: 637– 646.

16. Ellen, R.P., 1982. Oral colonization by grampositivebacteria significant to periodontal disease, p. 98– 111. In R. J. Genco, and S. E. Mergenhagen (ed.), Host-Parasite Interactions in Periodontal Diseases. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

17. Ellen, R. P.,, D. W. Banning,, and E. D. Fillery. 1985. Longitudinal microbiological investigation of a hospitalized population of older adults with a high root surface caries risk. J. Dent. Res. 64: 1377– 1381.

18. Fitzgerald, R. J.,, H. V. Jordan,, and H. R. Stanley. 1960. Experimental caries and gingival pathologic changes in the gnotobiotic rat. J. Dent. Res. 39: 923– 935.

19. Fitzgerald, R. J.,, and P. H. Keyes. 1960. Demonstration of the etiologic role of streptococci in experimental caries in the hamster. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 61: 9– 19.

20. Fives-Taylor, P. M.,, F. L. Macrina,, T. J. Pritchard,, and S. S. Peene. 1987. Expression of Streptococcus sanguis antigens in Escherichia coli: cloning of a structural gene for adhesion fimbriae. Infect. Immun. 55: 123– 128.

21. Gibbons, R. J. 1964. Bacteriology of dental caries. J. Dent. Res. 43: 1021– 1028.

22. Gibbons, R. J. 1989. Bacterial adhesion to oral tissues: a model for infectious diseases. J. Dent. Res. 68: 750– 760.

23. Gibbons, R.J.,, and J. vanHoute,. 1980. Bacterial adherence and theformation of dental plaques, p. 61– 104. In E. H. Beachey (ed.), Bacterial Adherence. ( Receptors and Recognition, Series B, vol. 6). Chapman Hall, London, United Kingdom.

24. Hillman, J. D.,, J. van Houte,, and R. J. Gibbons. 1970. Sorption of bacteria to human enamel powder. Arch. Oral Biol. 15: 899– 903.

25. Hiroi, T.,, K. Fukushima,, I. Kantake,, Y. Namiki,, and T. Ikeda. 1992. De novo glucan synthesis by mutans streptococcal glucosyltransferases present in pellicle promoted firm binding of Streptococcus gordonii to tooth surfaces. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 96: 193– 198.

26. Jordan, H. V.,, R. J. Fitzgerald,, and J. R. Faber, Jr. 1959. A survey of the lactobacilli including pigmented strains from the oral cavity of the white rat. J. Dent. Res. 38: 611– 617.

27. Keyes, P. H. 1958. Dental caries in the molar teeth of rats. I. Distribution of lesions induced by high-carbohydrate low-fat diets. J. Dent. Res. 37: 1077– 1087.

28. Krasse, B.,, S. Edwardsson,, I. Svensson,, and L. Trell. 1967. Implantation of caries-inducing streptococci in the human oral cavity. Arch. Oral Biol. 12: 231– 236.

29. Levine, M. J.,, L. A. Tabak,, M. Reddy,, and I. D. Mandel,. 1985. Nature of salivarypellicles in microbial adherence: role of salivary mucins, p. 125– 130. In S. Mergenhagen, and B. Rosan (ed.), Molecular Basis of Oral Microbial Adhesion. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

30. Liljemark, W. F.,, and S. V. Schauer. 1977. Competitive binding among oral streptococci to hydroxyapatite. J. Dent. Res. 56: 157– 165.

31. Liljemark, W. F.,, C. G. Bloomquist,, L. A. Uhl,, E. M. Schaffer,, L. F. Wolff,, B. L. Pihlstrom,, and C. L. Bandt. 1984. Distribution of oral Haemophilus species in dental plaque from a large adult population. Infect. Immun. 46: 778– 786.

32. Liljemark, W.F.,, and C. G. Bloomquist,. 1994. Normal microbialflora of the human body, p. 135– 144. In R. J. Nisengard, and M. G. Newman (ed.), Oral Microbiology and Immunology, 2nd ed. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa.

33. Liljemark, W. F.,, and C. Bloomquist. 1996. Human oral microbial ecology and dental caries and periodontal diseases. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 7: 180– 198.

34. Listgarten, M. A. 1976. Structure of the microbial flora associated with periodontal health and disease in man. A light and electron microscopic study. J. Periodontal. 47: 1– 18.

35. Loesche, W. J. 1986. Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiol. Rev. 50: 353– 380.

36. Loesche, W.J., 1988. Ecology of the oralflora, p. 307– 319. In R. J. Nisengard, and M. G. Newman (ed.), Oral Microbiology and Immunology. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

37. Marsh, P. D. 1991. Microbiological aspects of the chemical control of plaque and gingivitis. J. Dent. Res. 71: 1431– 1438.

38. McCabe, R. M.,, and J. A. Donkersloot. 1977. Adherence of Veillonella species mediated by extracellular glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus salivarius. Infect. Immun. 18: 726– 734.

39. Minah, G. E.,, E. S. Soloman,, and K. Chu. 1985. The association between dietary sucrose consumption and microbial population shifts at six oral sites. Arch. Oral Biol. 30: 397– 401.

40. Moore, L. V. H.,, W. E. C. Moore,, E. P. Cato,, R. M. Smibert,, J. A. Burmeister,, A. M. Best,, and R. R. Ranney. 1987. Bacteriology of human gingivitis J. Dent. Res. 66: 989– 995.

41. Moore, W.E. C.,, R. R. Ranney,, and L. V. Holdeman,. 1982. Subgingival microflora in periodontal disease: cultural studies, p. 13–26. In R. J. Genco, and S. E. Mergenhagen (ed.), Host-Parasite Interactions in Periodontal Disease. American Society for Microbiology, Washington D.C.

42. Orland, F. J.,, J. R. Blayney,, R. W. Harrison,, J. A. Reyniers,, P. C. Trexler,, and M. Wagner. 1954. Use of the germfree animal technique in the study o f experimental dental caries. I. Basic observations on rats reared free of all microorganisms. J. Dent. Res. 33: 147– 174.

43. O'Toole, G. A.,, and R. Kolter. 1998. Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. Mol. Microbiol. 30: 295– 304.

44. Palmer, J.,, and D. E. Caldwell. 1995. A flowcell for the study of plaque removal and regrowth. J. Microbiol. Methods 24: 171– 182.

45. Rosebury, T. 1962. Microorganisms indigenous to man. McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y.

46. Rykke, M.,, and G. Rolla. 1990. Effect of two organic phosphonates on protein adsorption in vitro and on pellicle formation in vivo. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 98: 486– 496.

47. Sansone, C.,, J. van Houte,, K. Joshipura,, R. Kent,, and H. C. Margolis. 1993. The association of mutans streptococci and non-mutans streptococ.ci capable of acidogenesis at a low pH with dental caries on enamel and root surfaces J. Dent. Res. 72: 508– 516.

48. Scheie, A. A.,, K. H. Eggen,, and G. Rolla. 1987. Glucosyltransferase activity in human in vivo formed enamel pellicle and in whole saliva. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 95: 212– 215.

49. Schilling, K. M.,, and W. H. Bowen. 1992. Glucans synthesized in situ in experimental salivary pellicle function as specific binding sites for Streptococcus mutans. Infect. Immun. 60: 284– 295.

50. Shapiro, J. A. 1992. Differential action and differential expression of DNA polymerase I during Escherichia coli colony development. J. Bacteriol. 174: 7262– 7272.

51. Shimkets, L. J.,, and M. Dworkin. 1981. Excreted adenosine is a cell density signal for the initiation of fruiting body formation in Myxococcus xanthus. Dev. Biol. 84: 51– 60.

52. Skopek, R. J.,, and W. F. Liljemark. 1994. The influence of saliva on interbacterial adherence. Oral Microbiol. Immunol 9: 19– 24.

53. Socransky, S. S.,, and A. D. Haffajee. 1992. The bacterial etiology of destructive periodontal disease: current concepts. J. Periodontol. 63: 322– 331.

54. Sonju, T.,, and P.-O. Glantz. 1975. Chemical composition of salivary integuments formed in vivo on solids with some established surface characteristics. Arch. Oral Biol 20: 687– 691.

55. Tabak, L. A.,, M. J. Levine,, N. K. Jain,, A. R. Bryan,, R. E. Cohen,, L. D. Monte, et al. 1985. Adsorption of human salivary mucins to hydroxyapatite. Arch. Oral Biol 30: 423– 427.

56.J. M. Tanzer. 1979. Essential dependence of smooth surface caries on, and augmentation of fissure caries by, sucrose and Streptococcus mutans infection. Infect. Immun. 25: 526– 531.

57. van derHoeven, J. S.,, M.H. deJong,, and P. E. Kolenbrander,. 1985. In vivo studies of microbial adherence in dental plaque, p. 220– 227. In S. E. Mergenhagen, and B. Rosan (ed.), Molecular Basis of Oral Microbial Adhesion. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

58. van der Hoeven, J. S.,, and M. J. M. Schaeken. 1995. Streptococci and actinomyces inhibit regrowth of Streptococcus mutans on gnotobiotic rat molar teeth after chlorhexidine varnish treatment. Caries Res. 29: 159– 162.

59. van Houte, J.,, R. J. Gibbons,, and S. B. Banghart. 1970. Adherence as a determinant of the presence of Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus sanguis on the human tooth surface. Arch. Oral Biol. 15: 1025– 1034.

60. van Houte, J.,, R. J. Gibbons,, and A. J. Pulkkinen. 1971. Adherence as an ecological determinant for streptococci in the human mouth. Arch. Oral Biol. 16: 1131– 1141.

61. van Houte, J.,, and D. B. Green. 1974. Relationship between the concentration of bacteria in saliva and the colonization of teeth in humans. Infect. Immun. 9: 624– 630.

62. van Houte, J.,, J. Russo,, and K. S. Prostak. 1989. Increased pH-lowering ability of Streptococcus mutans cell masses associated with extracellular glucan-rich matrix material and the mechanisms involved. J. Dent. Res. 68: 451– 459.

63. van Houte, J.,, C. Sansone,, K. Joshipura,, and R. Kent. 1991. In vitro acidogenic potential and mutans streptococci of human smooth-surface plaque associated with initial caries lesions and sound enamel. J. Dent. Res. 70: 1497– 1502.

64. van Houte, J. 1994. Role of microorganisms in caries etiology. J. Dent. Res. 73: 672– 681.

65. Vassilakos, N.,, J. Rundegren,, T. Arnebrant,, and P.-O. Glantz. 1992. Adsorption from salivary fractions at solid/liquid and air/liquid interfaces. Arch. Oral Biol. 37: 549– 557.