Section 1 : Getting Started

Figure 1.1

These are pages from an older computation (comp) book. results are recorded in the beginning of the book with a reference to the calculations and preparations, which are recorded in the second half of the book. this method allows results to be easily read without obfuscation by complicated notes regarding the experimental setup.

Figure 1.2

These are pages from a newer comp book. formulas for defined algal media are shown, with calculations for specific quantities written on consecutive pages. see the error in calculations noted at the bottom of page 067.

Figure 2.1

Equipment used in working with small volumes of reagents and cultures. Front, from left to right: microcentrifuge tube rack containing 1.5-ml microcentrifuge tubes, disposable tips for a 0.1- to 1 .0- μl micropipette, a 10-ml serological pipette inserted into a pipette aid, and sterile 15-ml conical centrifuge tubes. Rear, from left to right: bag to collect biohazardous waste, micropipette rack holding 100- to 1,000- μl and 0.1- to 10- μl digital micropipettes.

Figure 2.2

Commonly used laboratory equipment. From left to right: balance, pH meter, and microcentrifuge.

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Figure 2.3

Commonly used laboratory equipment. (Left) incubator; (middle and right) water baths.

Figure 3.1

Laboratory equipment used for preparing solutions. From left to right: collection bag for biohazardous waste, media bottles, test tubes in foam rack, Erlenmeyer flasks, graduated cylinders, and beakers.

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Figure 4.1

Schematic representation of a bacterial cell. (Reprinted from B. R. Glick and J. J. Pasternak, Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA, 2nd ed. [ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 1998], with permission.)

Figure 4.2

Bacterial population growth curve.

Figure 4.3

Streaking an agar plate to obtain isolated colonies (four-waystreak method). Pick up the inoculum using a flamed loop, and streak the first pass. For each subsequent pass, flame the loop before and after streaking. Overlap each pass only once or twice. Some researchers find it satisfactory to use a three-way method.

Figure 4.4

Aseptic transfer technique.

Figure 5.1

A schematic “twisted ladder” representation of the double-helical DNA molecule. The rungs of the ladder represent the complementary base pairs, and the ladder standards represent the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone. (Reprinted from B. R. Glick and ). J . Pasternak, Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA, 2nd ed. [ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 1998], with permission.)

Figure 5.2

Representation of a eukaryotic animal cell. (Reprinted from B. R. Glick and J. J. Pasternak, Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA, 2nd ed. [ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 1998], with permission.)

Figure 5.3

DNA spooled onto a glass stirring rod.

Figure 6.1

Partially denatured DNA. Double- stranded region shows G-C base pairs (three hydrogen bonds) and A-T base pairs (two hydrogen bonds). Single-stranded region shows loss of base-pairing; all hydrogen bonds are broken.

Figure 6.2

Molecular structure of the four DNA bases showing hydrogen bonding between thymidine and adenine (T and A) and guanine and cytosine (G and C).