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Chapter 3 : Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Genetic Elements of Diarrheagenic

Authors: James B. Kaper1, Jay L. Mellies1, James P. Nataro2
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Affiliations: 1: Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; 2: Center for Vaccine Development and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 1999

Category: Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology

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Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Genetic Elements of Diarrheagenic , Page 1 of 2

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Abstract:

This chapter focuses on diarrheagenic strains and the various pathogenicity islands (PAIs) and other mobile genetic elements that differentiate these pathogens from normal-flora . At least six categories of diarrheagenic strains have been defined. Five of these categories, enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), enteroaggregative (EAEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), and enteroinvasive (EIEC), are reviewed in the chapter. A sixth category, diffusely adherent (DAEC), is a heterogeneous group of organisms, and epidemiological studies have given conflicting results about the true clinical significance of these strains. Mobile genetic elements encoding virulence factors in human diarrheagenic are listed in the chapter. The majority of EPEC strains associated with diarrhea possess the EPEC adherence factor (EAF) plasmid and are referred to as typical EPEC strains, while EPEC strains that do not possess EAF plasmids are referred to as atypical EPEC strains. The majority of genes within this region have homology to transposons and insertion elements (IS elements), although these elements are apparently incomplete and nonfunctional. The great variety of mobile genetic elements present in diarrheagenic , including plasmids, bacteriophages, transposons, and PAIs, on a K-12 backbone with so many horizontally transferred regions indicates an enormous genomic plasticity that complicates the efforts to categorize the existing subgroups into sharply delineated pathotypes and the attempts to predict what novel combination of virulence factors may emerge in the future.

Citation: Kaper J, Mellies J, Nataro J. 1999. Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Genetic Elements of Diarrheagenic , p 33-58. In Kaper J, Hacker J (ed), Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818173.ch3

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Mobile Genetic Elements
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Type III Secretion System
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Type II Secretion System
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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
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Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Genetic Elements of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli
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Citation: Kaper J, Mellies J, Nataro J. 1999. Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Genetic Elements of Diarrheagenic , p 33-58. In Kaper J, Hacker J (ed), Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818173.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555818173.chap3.fig3-1
Figure 1

Diagram of the LEE PAIs of EPEC E2348/69 (O127:H6) ( ) and EHEC EDL933 (O157:H7) ( ). The different patterns of the large arrows indicate the nucleotide divergence between the EPEC and EHEC genes. Small arrows indicate operons within the LEE; the four polycistronic operons demonstrated for the LEE are designated LEE1 through LEE4. The 933L prophage on the right side of the LEE is present in EHEC O157:H7 but not in EPEC OI27:H6.

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10.1128/9781555818173/fig3-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Diagram of the LEE PAIs of EPEC E2348/69 (O127:H6) ( ) and EHEC EDL933 (O157:H7) ( ). The different patterns of the large arrows indicate the nucleotide divergence between the EPEC and EHEC genes. Small arrows indicate operons within the LEE; the four polycistronic operons demonstrated for the LEE are designated LEE1 through LEE4. The 933L prophage on the right side of the LEE is present in EHEC O157:H7 but not in EPEC OI27:H6.

Citation: Kaper J, Mellies J, Nataro J. 1999. Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Genetic Elements of Diarrheagenic , p 33-58. In Kaper J, Hacker J (ed), Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818173.ch3
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Figure 2

EspC pathogenicity islet from EPEC E2348/69.

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Figure 2

EspC pathogenicity islet from EPEC E2348/69.

Citation: Kaper J, Mellies J, Nataro J. 1999. Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Genetic Elements of Diarrheagenic , p 33-58. In Kaper J, Hacker J (ed), Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818173.ch3
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Figure 3

Map of the pO157 plasmid based on the complete sequence determination by Makino et al. ( ) and Burland et al. ( ). Solid boxes indicate locations of major IS elements.

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10.1128/9781555818173/fig3-3.gif
Image of Figure 3
Figure 3

Map of the pO157 plasmid based on the complete sequence determination by Makino et al. ( ) and Burland et al. ( ). Solid boxes indicate locations of major IS elements.

Citation: Kaper J, Mellies J, Nataro J. 1999. Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Genetic Elements of Diarrheagenic , p 33-58. In Kaper J, Hacker J (ed), Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818173.ch3
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Figure 4

Proposed model for the clonal evolution of EPEC and EHEC strains showing the hypothesized insertion of the LEE PAI, the EAF and pO157 plasmids, the Stx phage, the espC islet, and the rfb genes encoding the O157 lipopolysaccharide.

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10.1128/9781555818173/fig3-4.gif
Image of Figure 4
Figure 4

Proposed model for the clonal evolution of EPEC and EHEC strains showing the hypothesized insertion of the LEE PAI, the EAF and pO157 plasmids, the Stx phage, the espC islet, and the rfb genes encoding the O157 lipopolysaccharide.

Citation: Kaper J, Mellies J, Nataro J. 1999. Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Genetic Elements of Diarrheagenic , p 33-58. In Kaper J, Hacker J (ed), Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818173.ch3
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Figure 5

Map of the PAA2 plasmid from EAEC 042. AAF/II-related proteins are represented by solid black arrows. Secreted proteins are designated by hatching.

10.1128/9781555818173/fig3-5_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818173/fig3-5.gif
Image of Figure 5
Figure 5

Map of the PAA2 plasmid from EAEC 042. AAF/II-related proteins are represented by solid black arrows. Secreted proteins are designated by hatching.

Citation: Kaper J, Mellies J, Nataro J. 1999. Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Genetic Elements of Diarrheagenic , p 33-58. In Kaper J, Hacker J (ed), Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818173.ch3
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Tables

Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Genetic Elements of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli
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Citation: Kaper J, Mellies J, Nataro J. 1999. Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Genetic Elements of Diarrheagenic , p 33-58. In Kaper J, Hacker J (ed), Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818173.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555818173.chap3.tab3-1
Table 1

Mobile genetic elements encoding virulence factors in human diarrheagenic

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10.1128/9781555818173/tab3-1.gif
Generic image for table
Table 1

Mobile genetic elements encoding virulence factors in human diarrheagenic

Citation: Kaper J, Mellies J, Nataro J. 1999. Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Genetic Elements of Diarrheagenic , p 33-58. In Kaper J, Hacker J (ed), Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818173.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555818173.chap3.tab3-2
Table 2

Major gene products of the EPEC LEE

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10.1128/9781555818173/tab3-2.gif
Generic image for table
Table 2

Major gene products of the EPEC LEE

Citation: Kaper J, Mellies J, Nataro J. 1999. Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Genetic Elements of Diarrheagenic , p 33-58. In Kaper J, Hacker J (ed), Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818173.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555818173.chap3.tab3-3
Table 3

Putative virulence genes in EAEC

10.1128/9781555818173/tab3-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818173/tab3-3.gif
Generic image for table
Table 3

Putative virulence genes in EAEC

Citation: Kaper J, Mellies J, Nataro J. 1999. Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Genetic Elements of Diarrheagenic , p 33-58. In Kaper J, Hacker J (ed), Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818173.ch3

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