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Chapter 24 : Intracellular Locations of RNA-Modifying Enzymes

Author: B. Edward H. Maden1
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Affiliations: 1: School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 1998

Category: Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology

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Abstract:

This chapter talks about the subcellular locations in which the modifications to eukaryotic RNA occur, and focuses mainly on tRNA and rRNA. Most tRNA molecules are built to a common general design, giving rise to the well-known cloverleaf secondary structure and "inverted L" tertiary structure. Availability of the genes and the means of manipulating their expression is of great importance, as stressed for several examples in the chapter, including PUS1 in the section on cytoplasmic tRNA, TRM1 and MODS in the section on mitochondrial tRNA and DIM1 in the section on cytoplasmic rRNA. Although the chapter has concentrated on eukaryotes, in which the questions of intracellular locations and organization are fairly obvious, it should not be excluded that some level of intracellular organization of RNA-modifying enzymes could also occur in prokaryotes, for example by multienzyme interactions between RNA-modifying enzymes and other enzymes of RNA function, such as aminoacyl-tRNA synthases.

Citation: Maden B. 1998. Intracellular Locations of RNA-Modifying Enzymes, p 421-440. In Grosjean H, Benne R (ed), Modification and Editing of RNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818296.ch24

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Intracellular Locations of RNA-Modifying Enzymes
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Citation: Maden B. 1998. Intracellular Locations of RNA-Modifying Enzymes, p 421-440. In Grosjean H, Benne R (ed), Modification and Editing of RNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818296.ch24
/content/10.1128/9781555818296.chap24.fig24-1
Figure 1

Sequential modifications to yeast tRNA precursors in oocytes. Modifications which occur on the 104-nt precursor, the 92-nt precursor, and the 78-nt mature tRNA are indicated. Reprinted from with permission.

10.1128/9781555818296/fig24-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818296/fig24-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Sequential modifications to yeast tRNA precursors in oocytes. Modifications which occur on the 104-nt precursor, the 92-nt precursor, and the 78-nt mature tRNA are indicated. Reprinted from with permission.

Citation: Maden B. 1998. Intracellular Locations of RNA-Modifying Enzymes, p 421-440. In Grosjean H, Benne R (ed), Modification and Editing of RNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818296.ch24
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Figure 2

Classification of enzymes catalyzing tRNA modifications into two groups according to their sensitivities to the tRNA architecture. Enzymes of class I recognize fragments of tRNA structure, whereas enzymes of class II require the major features of the tRNA architecture to be intact. Reprinted from with permission; see that reference for further details.

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10.1128/9781555818296/fig24-2.gif
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Figure 2

Classification of enzymes catalyzing tRNA modifications into two groups according to their sensitivities to the tRNA architecture. Enzymes of class I recognize fragments of tRNA structure, whereas enzymes of class II require the major features of the tRNA architecture to be intact. Reprinted from with permission; see that reference for further details.

Citation: Maden B. 1998. Intracellular Locations of RNA-Modifying Enzymes, p 421-440. In Grosjean H, Benne R (ed), Modification and Editing of RNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818296.ch24
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Figure 3

Schematic representation of translation start sites (in-frame ATG codons) and transcription start sites (starts of wavy lines) in the yeast genes (A), (B), and (C). Reproduced from with permission.

10.1128/9781555818296/fig24-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818296/fig24-3.gif
Image of Figure 3
Figure 3

Schematic representation of translation start sites (in-frame ATG codons) and transcription start sites (starts of wavy lines) in the yeast genes (A), (B), and (C). Reproduced from with permission.

Citation: Maden B. 1998. Intracellular Locations of RNA-Modifying Enzymes, p 421-440. In Grosjean H, Benne R (ed), Modification and Editing of RNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818296.ch24
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Tables

Intracellular Locations of RNA-Modifying Enzymes
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Citation: Maden B. 1998. Intracellular Locations of RNA-Modifying Enzymes, p 421-440. In Grosjean H, Benne R (ed), Modification and Editing of RNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818296.ch24
/content/10.1128/9781555818296.chap24.tab24-1
Table 1

Frequently modified sites in tRNA

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10.1128/9781555818296/tab24-1.gif
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Table 1

Frequently modified sites in tRNA

Citation: Maden B. 1998. Intracellular Locations of RNA-Modifying Enzymes, p 421-440. In Grosjean H, Benne R (ed), Modification and Editing of RNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818296.ch24
/content/10.1128/9781555818296.chap24.tab24-2
Table 2

Positive or negative intron dependence and intron insensitivity to modified nucleoside formation in eukaryotic tRNAs

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10.1128/9781555818296/tab24-2.gif
Generic image for table
Table 2

Positive or negative intron dependence and intron insensitivity to modified nucleoside formation in eukaryotic tRNAs

Citation: Maden B. 1998. Intracellular Locations of RNA-Modifying Enzymes, p 421-440. In Grosjean H, Benne R (ed), Modification and Editing of RNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818296.ch24
/content/10.1128/9781555818296.chap24.tab24-3
Table 3

Known tRNA-modifying enzymes with dual specificities for cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs

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10.1128/9781555818296/tab24-3.gif
Generic image for table
Table 3

Known tRNA-modifying enzymes with dual specificities for cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs

Citation: Maden B. 1998. Intracellular Locations of RNA-Modifying Enzymes, p 421-440. In Grosjean H, Benne R (ed), Modification and Editing of RNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818296.ch24
/content/10.1128/9781555818296.chap24.tab24-4
Table 4

Numbers of modified nucleosides in representative rRNAs

10.1128/9781555818296/tab24-4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818296/tab24-4.gif
Generic image for table
Table 4

Numbers of modified nucleosides in representative rRNAs

Citation: Maden B. 1998. Intracellular Locations of RNA-Modifying Enzymes, p 421-440. In Grosjean H, Benne R (ed), Modification and Editing of RNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818296.ch24
/content/10.1128/9781555818296.chap24.tab24-5
Table 5

Base-modified nucleosides in eukaryotic rRNA

10.1128/9781555818296/tab24-5_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818296/tab24-5.gif
Generic image for table
Table 5

Base-modified nucleosides in eukaryotic rRNA

Citation: Maden B. 1998. Intracellular Locations of RNA-Modifying Enzymes, p 421-440. In Grosjean H, Benne R (ed), Modification and Editing of RNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818296.ch24

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