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Chapter 26 : The Selenocysteine-Inserting tRNA Species: Structure and Function

Authors: Christian Baron1, August Bock1
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Affiliations: 1: Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie der Universitât München, Maria-Ward-Strasse la, D-80638 München, Germany
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 1995

Category: Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology

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Abstract:

The occurrence of the amino acid selenocysteine in proteins was first demonstrated for protein A of glycine reductase from in 1976, and questions were immediately raised on its mechanism of incorporation. At that time, the universality of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids was taken for granted, as was the fact that the 64 codons of the "universal" genetic code are assigned either to code for one of these 20 amino acids or to serve as termination signals. Thus, it seemed unlikely that selenocysteine would be considered as a classical amino acid. In principle, the definition of such a 21st amino acid would require (i) that its incorporation proceeds via a cotranslational mechanism, (ii) that it is directed by a specific codon, and (iii) that a specific tRNA mediates its transport to the ribosome. This chapter illustrates that selenocysteine fulfills these criteria. It first describes the unusual structural properties of tRNA, and then discusses the unique pathway of selenocysteine insertion that has been worked out for , which has finally led to the proposal of a model for the co-translational incorporation process at the ribosome. The chapter further compares the pathway established in with the current knowledge on the mammalian system. Finally, it addresses the interesting question of the evolution of the pathway for the incorporation of selenocysteine that differs from that of the 20 standard amino acids in many respects.

Citation: Baron C, Bock A. 1995. The Selenocysteine-Inserting tRNA Species: Structure and Function, p 529-544. In tRNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818333.ch26

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Elongation Factor Tu
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Transmission Electron Microscope
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Amino Acids
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The Selenocysteine-Inserting tRNA Species: Structure and Function
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Citation: Baron C, Bock A. 1995. The Selenocysteine-Inserting tRNA Species: Structure and Function, p 529-544. In tRNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818333.ch26
/content/10.1128/9781555818333.chap26.fig26-1
Figure 1

Cloverleaf structures of tRNA from (A) and (B). The numbering of tRNAS is according to Sprinzl et al. ( ); the nucleotides 5a and 67a designate extra nucleotides renamed in order to keep the standard numbering system ( ). The numbering of tRNA is according to Sturchler et al. ( ); the extra nucleotides in the acceptor stem were renamed to keep the standard numbering system.

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Figure 1

Cloverleaf structures of tRNA from (A) and (B). The numbering of tRNAS is according to Sprinzl et al. ( ); the nucleotides 5a and 67a designate extra nucleotides renamed in order to keep the standard numbering system ( ). The numbering of tRNA is according to Sturchler et al. ( ); the extra nucleotides in the acceptor stem were renamed to keep the standard numbering system.

Citation: Baron C, Bock A. 1995. The Selenocysteine-Inserting tRNA Species: Structure and Function, p 529-544. In tRNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818333.ch26
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Figure 2

Stereo view of three-dimensional model of solution structure of tRNA from ( ).

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Figure 2

Stereo view of three-dimensional model of solution structure of tRNA from ( ).

Citation: Baron C, Bock A. 1995. The Selenocysteine-Inserting tRNA Species: Structure and Function, p 529-544. In tRNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818333.ch26
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Figure 3

Biosynthesis and incorporation of selenocysteine into proteins of compared with that of the 20 standard amino acids. The selenocysteine pathway involves the action of seryl-tRNA synthetase and the gene products. The discrimination of the UGA (selenocysteine) from UGA (stop) codons is mediated by a stem-loop structure immediately 3' to the UGA codons in the and mRNAs. Selenium is also incorporated in the anticodon of tRNAclu and tRNALys isoacceptors; the modification at U34 is 5-methylaminomethyl-2-selenouridine (mnm5se2U).

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Figure 3

Biosynthesis and incorporation of selenocysteine into proteins of compared with that of the 20 standard amino acids. The selenocysteine pathway involves the action of seryl-tRNA synthetase and the gene products. The discrimination of the UGA (selenocysteine) from UGA (stop) codons is mediated by a stem-loop structure immediately 3' to the UGA codons in the and mRNAs. Selenium is also incorporated in the anticodon of tRNAclu and tRNALys isoacceptors; the modification at U34 is 5-methylaminomethyl-2-selenouridine (mnm5se2U).

Citation: Baron C, Bock A. 1995. The Selenocysteine-Inserting tRNA Species: Structure and Function, p 529-544. In tRNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818333.ch26
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Figure 4

Postulated reaction mechanism for conversion of seryl-tRNA to selenocysteyl-tRNA in active site of selenocysteine synthase ( ).

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Figure 4

Postulated reaction mechanism for conversion of seryl-tRNA to selenocysteyl-tRNA in active site of selenocysteine synthase ( ).

Citation: Baron C, Bock A. 1995. The Selenocysteine-Inserting tRNA Species: Structure and Function, p 529-544. In tRNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818333.ch26
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Figure 5

Cloverleaf structure of mutated tRNA variant (tRNAdelAc), where extra base pair 5a-67a in acceptor stem has been deleted, and functional consequences of this deletion.

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Figure 5

Cloverleaf structure of mutated tRNA variant (tRNAdelAc), where extra base pair 5a-67a in acceptor stem has been deleted, and functional consequences of this deletion.

Citation: Baron C, Bock A. 1995. The Selenocysteine-Inserting tRNA Species: Structure and Function, p 529-544. In tRNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818333.ch26
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Figure 6

Electron micrographs of selenocysteine synthase from different angles free and complexed with aminoacryloyl-tRNASec ( ). Selenocysteine synthase is shown symmetrized fivefold in top view orientation (A) and in side view projection (B). Selenocysteine synthase is also shown bound with five molecules of aminoacryloyl-tRNASec in top view projection (C) and in side view projection (D). Note the additional densities under and above the plane, which correspond to the additional densities of the tRNA.

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Figure 6

Electron micrographs of selenocysteine synthase from different angles free and complexed with aminoacryloyl-tRNASec ( ). Selenocysteine synthase is shown symmetrized fivefold in top view orientation (A) and in side view projection (B). Selenocysteine synthase is also shown bound with five molecules of aminoacryloyl-tRNASec in top view projection (C) and in side view projection (D). Note the additional densities under and above the plane, which correspond to the additional densities of the tRNA.

Citation: Baron C, Bock A. 1995. The Selenocysteine-Inserting tRNA Species: Structure and Function, p 529-544. In tRNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818333.ch26
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Figure 7

Dissection of mRNA determinants for selenocysteine insertion into proteins of A DNA segment corresponding to the UGA codon and the 3' adjacent stem-loop structure of the mRNA was fused in the correct reading frame into the gene. Selenocysteine insertion was assessed by the measurement of β-galactosidase activity and selenium labeling experiments (not shown). The values displayed correspond to the read-through activities of constructs in which the mutations indicated had been introduced, in percent relative to that of a wild-type construct ( ).

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Figure 7

Dissection of mRNA determinants for selenocysteine insertion into proteins of A DNA segment corresponding to the UGA codon and the 3' adjacent stem-loop structure of the mRNA was fused in the correct reading frame into the gene. Selenocysteine insertion was assessed by the measurement of β-galactosidase activity and selenium labeling experiments (not shown). The values displayed correspond to the read-through activities of constructs in which the mutations indicated had been introduced, in percent relative to that of a wild-type construct ( ).

Citation: Baron C, Bock A. 1995. The Selenocysteine-Inserting tRNA Species: Structure and Function, p 529-544. In tRNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818333.ch26
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Figure 8

Quaternary complex formation of the SELB protein with GTP, selenocysteyl-tRNASec, and mRNA recognition element of fdhF mRNA demonstrated by gel retardation assays in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels ( ). A: 5'-[32P]-labeled mRNA transcript was incubated with increasing amounts of SELB • GTP or SELB-GTP• selenocysteyl-tRNASec complex as indicated and subjected to electrophoretic separation. B: Parallel experiment performed on unlabeled mRNA and [14C]-amino acid-labeled tRNASec.

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Figure 8

Quaternary complex formation of the SELB protein with GTP, selenocysteyl-tRNASec, and mRNA recognition element of fdhF mRNA demonstrated by gel retardation assays in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels ( ). A: 5'-[32P]-labeled mRNA transcript was incubated with increasing amounts of SELB • GTP or SELB-GTP• selenocysteyl-tRNASec complex as indicated and subjected to electrophoretic separation. B: Parallel experiment performed on unlabeled mRNA and [14C]-amino acid-labeled tRNASec.

Citation: Baron C, Bock A. 1995. The Selenocysteine-Inserting tRNA Species: Structure and Function, p 529-544. In tRNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818333.ch26
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Figure 9

Model for co-translational incorporation of selenocysteine into proteins.

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Figure 9

Model for co-translational incorporation of selenocysteine into proteins.

Citation: Baron C, Bock A. 1995. The Selenocysteine-Inserting tRNA Species: Structure and Function, p 529-544. In tRNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818333.ch26
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Tables

The Selenocysteine-Inserting tRNA Species: Structure and Function
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Citation: Baron C, Bock A. 1995. The Selenocysteine-Inserting tRNA Species: Structure and Function, p 529-544. In tRNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818333.ch26
/content/10.1128/9781555818333.chap26.tab26-1
Table 1

Selenocysteine incorporation into proteins of all three lines of descent

This table lists only those selenoproteins where the presence of the uga codon was confirmed by sequencing of the corresponding genes.

10.1128/9781555818333/tab26-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818333/tab26-1.gif
Generic image for table
Table 1

Selenocysteine incorporation into proteins of all three lines of descent

This table lists only those selenoproteins where the presence of the uga codon was confirmed by sequencing of the corresponding genes.

Citation: Baron C, Bock A. 1995. The Selenocysteine-Inserting tRNA Species: Structure and Function, p 529-544. In tRNA. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818333.ch26

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