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Chapter 24 : Yops of the Pathogenic Yersinia spp.

Author: James B. Bliska1
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Affiliations: 1: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5222
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 1994

Category: Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology; Bacterial Pathogenesis

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Abstract:

During their interaction with host cells, the pathogenic spp. export a set of proteins known as the outer membrane proteins, or Yops. This chapter reviews the work that led to the discovery of the Yops and discusses recent progress made in understanding the expression and function of these proteins. Bacterial infection of the lungs results in pneumonic plague, a form of the disease that is transmissible by aerosolization and that is often fatal. is responsible for a variety of human illnesses ranging in severity from mild gastroenteritis to acute terminal ileitis. Various rodents, farm animals, and birds are the normal reservoirs for . The product of shares significant homology with PulD, a protein required for the export of pullulanase by . A number of additional polypeptides (later to be identified as the Yops) were detected in sucrose gradient-purified outer membranes from pYV-containing and grown under LCR conditions. The ability of strains to induce rounding and detachment of cultured mammalian cells has been referred to as "cytotoxicity". A partial cytotoxic activity is reconstituted if these protein preparations are introduced into HeLa cells by the use of glass carrier beads. This indicates that YopE must enter the cytoplasm of the host cell to be active. Signal transduction is critically involved in a number of cellular host responses to microbial infection.

Citation: Bliska J. 1994. Yops of the Pathogenic Yersinia spp., p 365-381. In Miller V, Kaper J, Portnoy D, Isberg R (ed), Molecular Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818340.ch24
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Yops of the Pathogenic Yersinia spp.
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Citation: Bliska J. 1994. Yops of the Pathogenic Yersinia spp., p 365-381. In Miller V, Kaper J, Portnoy D, Isberg R (ed), Molecular Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818340.ch24
/content/10.1128/9781555818340.chap24.fig24-1
Figure 1

SDS-PAGE analysis of outer membrane polypeptides. Lane A, strain 9576 grown at 25°C; lane B, strain 9576-c grown at 25°C; lane C, strain 9576 grown at 37°C; lane D, strain 9576-c grown at 37°C. From Portnoy et al. ( ).

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Figure 1

SDS-PAGE analysis of outer membrane polypeptides. Lane A, strain 9576 grown at 25°C; lane B, strain 9576-c grown at 25°C; lane C, strain 9576 grown at 37°C; lane D, strain 9576-c grown at 37°C. From Portnoy et al. ( ).

Citation: Bliska J. 1994. Yops of the Pathogenic Yersinia spp., p 365-381. In Miller V, Kaper J, Portnoy D, Isberg R (ed), Molecular Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818340.ch24
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Figure 2

strains harboring the virulence plasmid and pregrown at 28°C are localized intracellular in HEp-2 cells. Bacterial strains were grown at 28°C in L broth overnight and were added to monolayers of HEp-2 cells at 37°C. After 2 h for binding and entry, unbound bacteria were washed away and the monolayers were fixed, embedded, and sectioned for electron microscopy. (A and B) Virulence plasmid-cured (C and D) Virulence plasmid-containing From Isberg ( ).

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Figure 2

strains harboring the virulence plasmid and pregrown at 28°C are localized intracellular in HEp-2 cells. Bacterial strains were grown at 28°C in L broth overnight and were added to monolayers of HEp-2 cells at 37°C. After 2 h for binding and entry, unbound bacteria were washed away and the monolayers were fixed, embedded, and sectioned for electron microscopy. (A and B) Virulence plasmid-cured (C and D) Virulence plasmid-containing From Isberg ( ).

Citation: Bliska J. 1994. Yops of the Pathogenic Yersinia spp., p 365-381. In Miller V, Kaper J, Portnoy D, Isberg R (ed), Molecular Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818340.ch24
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Figure 3

strains harboring the virulence plasmid and pregrown at 37°C do not enter HEp-2 cells. was grown overnight in L broth at 28°C. Freshly saturated cultures were diluted in the same medium and were aerated at 37°C for 3 h at this temperature before addition to monolayers of HEp-2 cells. After 2 h for binding and intracellular entry of the bacteria, the monolayers were washed and processed for thin-section electron microscopy. Displayed are two micrographs of infected in this fashion. From Isberg ( ).

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Image of Figure 3
Figure 3

strains harboring the virulence plasmid and pregrown at 37°C do not enter HEp-2 cells. was grown overnight in L broth at 28°C. Freshly saturated cultures were diluted in the same medium and were aerated at 37°C for 3 h at this temperature before addition to monolayers of HEp-2 cells. After 2 h for binding and intracellular entry of the bacteria, the monolayers were washed and processed for thin-section electron microscopy. Displayed are two micrographs of infected in this fashion. From Isberg ( ).

Citation: Bliska J. 1994. Yops of the Pathogenic Yersinia spp., p 365-381. In Miller V, Kaper J, Portnoy D, Isberg R (ed), Molecular Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818340.ch24
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Figure 4

SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins released by mutants. strains were grown at 37°C in a defined low-Ca medium ( ). Proteins were isolated from the growth medium by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid and were analyzed by electrophoresis on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel (12%). The strains used are described in Bliska et al. ( ). Lane 1, plasmid-cured lane 2, wild-type lane 3, catalytic YopH mutant lane 4, YopH deletion mutant Δ The positions of the molecular size markers (in kilodaltons) and YopH are indicated on the right.

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Figure 4

SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins released by mutants. strains were grown at 37°C in a defined low-Ca medium ( ). Proteins were isolated from the growth medium by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid and were analyzed by electrophoresis on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel (12%). The strains used are described in Bliska et al. ( ). Lane 1, plasmid-cured lane 2, wild-type lane 3, catalytic YopH mutant lane 4, YopH deletion mutant Δ The positions of the molecular size markers (in kilodaltons) and YopH are indicated on the right.

Citation: Bliska J. 1994. Yops of the Pathogenic Yersinia spp., p 365-381. In Miller V, Kaper J, Portnoy D, Isberg R (ed), Molecular Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818340.ch24
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Figure 5

Structure of YopH. At the top is shown a restriction map of and a corresponding scale in kilobases. At the bottom is shown a functional map of YopH with a scale corresponding to length in amino acids. The domains involved in various functions of the protein are indicated. Sec, N-terminal 48 residues sufficient for export ( ); YscM, region of YopH that is homologous to YscM (LcrQ) and that corresponds to the first 128 amino acids and overlaps the export domain ( ): SRD; substrate recognition domain (residues 129 to 261), a region of the protein involved in phosphoprotein-binding activity ( ); PTPase, domain of YopH that is homologous to eukaryotic protein tyrosine phosphatase catalytic domains ( ).

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Image of Figure 5
Figure 5

Structure of YopH. At the top is shown a restriction map of and a corresponding scale in kilobases. At the bottom is shown a functional map of YopH with a scale corresponding to length in amino acids. The domains involved in various functions of the protein are indicated. Sec, N-terminal 48 residues sufficient for export ( ); YscM, region of YopH that is homologous to YscM (LcrQ) and that corresponds to the first 128 amino acids and overlaps the export domain ( ): SRD; substrate recognition domain (residues 129 to 261), a region of the protein involved in phosphoprotein-binding activity ( ); PTPase, domain of YopH that is homologous to eukaryotic protein tyrosine phosphatase catalytic domains ( ).

Citation: Bliska J. 1994. Yops of the Pathogenic Yersinia spp., p 365-381. In Miller V, Kaper J, Portnoy D, Isberg R (ed), Molecular Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818340.ch24
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Tables

Yops of the Pathogenic Yersinia spp.
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818340.chap24-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818340.chap24-1,properties={foaf_givenname=James B., foaf_name=James B. Bliska, foaf_surname=Bliska, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818340.chap24-aff1]]}]]
Citation: Bliska J. 1994. Yops of the Pathogenic Yersinia spp., p 365-381. In Miller V, Kaper J, Portnoy D, Isberg R (ed), Molecular Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818340.ch24
/content/10.1128/9781555818340.chap24.tab24-1
Table 1

Yops and other pYV-encoded proteins released by yersiniae

The names and apparent molecular masses of the proteins released from spp. are given. Molecular masses are from Michiels et al. ( ).

Number of amino acids in each protein as predicted from the gene sequence. Values are for proteins encoded by Y. unless indicated otherwise by the abbreviations in parentheses: Ype, Ye,

ND, not determined.

10.1128/9781555818340/tab24-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818340/tab24-1.gif
Generic image for table
Table 1

Yops and other pYV-encoded proteins released by yersiniae

The names and apparent molecular masses of the proteins released from spp. are given. Molecular masses are from Michiels et al. ( ).

Number of amino acids in each protein as predicted from the gene sequence. Values are for proteins encoded by Y. unless indicated otherwise by the abbreviations in parentheses: Ype, Ye,

ND, not determined.

Citation: Bliska J. 1994. Yops of the Pathogenic Yersinia spp., p 365-381. In Miller V, Kaper J, Portnoy D, Isberg R (ed), Molecular Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818340.ch24

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