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Chapter 34 : Phylogenetic Diversity of Microbial Pathogens

Author: David A. Relman1
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Affiliations: 1: Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Palo Alto, California 94304
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 1994

Category: Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology; Bacterial Pathogenesis

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Abstract:

Culture methods remain significantly inadequate in duplicating the physiological needs of microorganisms and, in particular, environmental microorganisms. With the advent of sequence-based (molecular) phylogeny has come the ability to detect and analyze the compositions of microbial communities without reliance on in vitro microbial cultivation. Pathogenic microorganisms often elicit host tissue pathology and clinical manifestations as they propagate in privileged anatomic sites. Comparative rRNA analysis depends upon selection of an appropriate group of homologous sequences, rigorous sequence alignment with preservation of conserved secondary structures, and use of appropriate phylogenetic inference methods. Several features make ss rRNA molecules useful and reliable evolutionary clocks. First, they are ubiquitous among living cells, and they do not seem to be transferred horizontally among mixed populations. Second, the function of the molecule is essential, and as a result, its secondary and tertiary structures are highly conserved. Third, these molecules are large enough to contain sufficient information content for comparisons among diverse organisms. The phylogeny of the Whipple's disease bacillus reveals a second theme that may be common to previously uncultivated microbial pathogens. On the basis of a culture-independent analysis of bacterial diversity within soil, it is not surprising that previously unidentified human microbial pathogens would be found in this environment.

Citation: Relman D. 1994. Phylogenetic Diversity of Microbial Pathogens, p 507-517. In Miller V, Kaper J, Portnoy D, Isberg R (ed), Molecular Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818340.ch34
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Phylogenetic Diversity of Microbial Pathogens
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Citation: Relman D. 1994. Phylogenetic Diversity of Microbial Pathogens, p 507-517. In Miller V, Kaper J, Portnoy D, Isberg R (ed), Molecular Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818340.ch34
/content/10.1128/9781555818340.chap34.fig34-1
Figure 1

Evolutionary tree of the domain on the basis of comparative analysis of 16S rRNA sequences. A revised organization of this domain was published recently ( ). The divisions that contain organisms known to be pathogenic for humans are underlined. Line segment length is proportional to the number of fixed point mutations in the rRNA, and thus reflects evolutionary distance.

10.1128/9781555818340/fig34-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818340/fig34-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Evolutionary tree of the domain on the basis of comparative analysis of 16S rRNA sequences. A revised organization of this domain was published recently ( ). The divisions that contain organisms known to be pathogenic for humans are underlined. Line segment length is proportional to the number of fixed point mutations in the rRNA, and thus reflects evolutionary distance.

Citation: Relman D. 1994. Phylogenetic Diversity of Microbial Pathogens, p 507-517. In Miller V, Kaper J, Portnoy D, Isberg R (ed), Molecular Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818340.ch34
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Figure 2

Proposed analysis of the human commensal microbial flora found in the subgingival crevice. This experiment is designed to address the question, to what extent does cultivation yield an accurate representation of microbial diversity in this human anatomic niche?

10.1128/9781555818340/fig34-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818340/fig34-2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Proposed analysis of the human commensal microbial flora found in the subgingival crevice. This experiment is designed to address the question, to what extent does cultivation yield an accurate representation of microbial diversity in this human anatomic niche?

Citation: Relman D. 1994. Phylogenetic Diversity of Microbial Pathogens, p 507-517. In Miller V, Kaper J, Portnoy D, Isberg R (ed), Molecular Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818340.ch34
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