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Chapter 25 : T-Cell Responses and Cytokines

Authors: Peter F. Barnes1, Robert L. Modlin2, Jerrold J. Ellner3
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Affiliations: 1: HMR 904, University of Southern California School of Medicine, 2025 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90033; 2: Division of Dermatology, 52-121 CHS, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90024; 3: Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4984
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 1994

Category: Fungi and Fungal Pathogenesis; Clinical Microbiology

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Abstract:

The immune response to tuberculosis is a double-edged sword that may contribute to both clearance of infection and tissue damage. In addition, recent evidence suggests that tuberculosis promotes progression of disease due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Most persons who become infected with mount a protective immune response and remain clinically well, the only evidence of infection being development of a positive tuberculin skin test. Disseminated tuberculosis reflects an ineffective immune response, manifested by a high frequency of negative tuberculin skin tests and failure of T lymphocytes to proliferate in vitro in response to antigens. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) synergizes with gamma interferon to increase production of nitric oxide metabolites and mycobacterial killing and is essential for granuloma formation to contain mycobacterial infection. Published data on cytokine production by human T cells in response to are conflicting. In patients with tuberculous pleuritis, expression of mRNA for the Th1 cytokines gamma interferon and IL-2 is greater in pleural fluid mononuclear cells than in blood mononuclear cells, and concentrations of gamma interferon are 15-fold higher than those in serum. More comprehensive studies are needed to assess the role of CD8 cells in human antituberculosis defenses. One strategy for developing antituberculosis vaccines is to characterize the T cells and cytokines that mediate clearance of bacilli during the primary immune response as well as the memory T-cell subpopulations and cytokines that protect against tuberculosis from exogenous reinfection and endogenous reactivation.

Citation: Barnes P, Modlin R, Ellner J. 1994. T-Cell Responses and Cytokines, p 417-435. In Bloom B (ed), Tuberculosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818357.ch25
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T-Cell Responses and Cytokines
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Citation: Barnes P, Modlin R, Ellner J. 1994. T-Cell Responses and Cytokines, p 417-435. In Bloom B (ed), Tuberculosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818357.ch25
/content/10.1128/9781555818357.chap25.fig25-1
Figure 1

Cytokine patterns in mycobacterial disease. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify cytokine mRNA in skin lesions of patients with tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy. Type 1 cytokines predominate in tuberculoid lepromatous patients, whereas type 2 cytokines are dominant in patients with lepromatous leprosy. IFN-γ, gamma interferon.

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10.1128/9781555818357/fig25-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Cytokine patterns in mycobacterial disease. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify cytokine mRNA in skin lesions of patients with tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy. Type 1 cytokines predominate in tuberculoid lepromatous patients, whereas type 2 cytokines are dominant in patients with lepromatous leprosy. IFN-γ, gamma interferon.

Citation: Barnes P, Modlin R, Ellner J. 1994. T-Cell Responses and Cytokines, p 417-435. In Bloom B (ed), Tuberculosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818357.ch25
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Tables

T-Cell Responses and Cytokines
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Citation: Barnes P, Modlin R, Ellner J. 1994. T-Cell Responses and Cytokines, p 417-435. In Bloom B (ed), Tuberculosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818357.ch25
/content/10.1128/9781555818357.chap25.tab25-1
Table 1

Cytokines produced by macrophages and by Th1 and Th2 cells

10.1128/9781555818357/tab25-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818357/tab25-1.gif
Generic image for table
Table 1

Cytokines produced by macrophages and by Th1 and Th2 cells

Citation: Barnes P, Modlin R, Ellner J. 1994. T-Cell Responses and Cytokines, p 417-435. In Bloom B (ed), Tuberculosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818357.ch25

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