1887

Chapter 10 : Species

Authors: Haiping Li1, Hua Wang2, Jean-Yves D'Aoust3, John Maurer4
VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations: 1: Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 6502 S. Archer Rd., Bedford Park, IL 60501; 2: Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740; 3: Food Directorate, Health Products & Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; 4: Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2013

Category: Food Microbiology; Applied and Industrial Microbiology

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:
Preview Magnify
Zoom in
Zoomout

Species , Page 1 of 2

| /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818463/9781555816261_Chap10-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818463/9781555816261_Chap10-2.gif

Abstract:

In recent years, the rapid advance of DNA/RNA sequencing technology has made whole-genomic sequencing a very promising tool in the investigation of foodborne outbreaks, as it can be used to assess the population structure of highly clonal, outbreak-related pathogens at a single-base resolution and can help identify temporal, geographical, and evolutionary origins of outbreaks. A study using a whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism-based assay has demonstrated its discriminatory power by being able to distinguish between outbreak-related and non-outbreak-related cases that were associated with a multistate Montevideo outbreak originating from salami made with contaminated red and black peppers. The resistance and survival of foodborne salmonellae to inactivation processes and hostile environments are often the reasons underlying many food-associated outbreaks. The resistance that salmonellae demonstrate to heat, chemical sanitizers or preservatives, low pH, and water activity (a) ultimately plays an important role in causing human disease. Enteric fever is a serious human disease associated with Typhi and Paratyphi, which are mainly transmitted from human to human via the fecal-oral route and are particularly well adapted for invasion and survival within host tissues. Antibiotic resistance in spp. has been reported since the early 1960s, when most of the reported resistance was to a single antibiotic. spp. continue to be a leading cause of foodborne illness. The situation has persisted because of the widespread occurrence of salmonellae in the natural environment and their prevalence in many sectors of the global food chain.

Citation: Li H, Wang H, D'Aoust J, Maurer J. 2013. Species , p 225-261. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch10
Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

Figures

Salmonella Species†
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Haiping, foaf_name=Haiping Li, foaf_surname=Li, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Hua, foaf_name=Hua Wang, foaf_surname=Wang, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-aff2]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-3,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-3,properties={foaf_givenname=Jean-Yves, foaf_name=Jean-Yves D'Aoust, foaf_surname=D'Aoust, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-aff3]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-4,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-4,properties={foaf_givenname=John, foaf_name=John Maurer, foaf_surname=Maurer, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-aff4]]}]]
Citation: Li H, Wang H, D'Aoust J, Maurer J. 2013. Species , p 225-261. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10.fig10-1
Figure 10.1

Genetic map of virulence loci. Genomic islands are depicted on the chromosome relative to their position to housekeeping genes or specific tRNA. All 10 SPIs including SPI-6 through -10, which are only present in serovars associated with enteric fever, are illustrated as circles with Typhi genomic islands attached to the map via arrows with dotted lines. Prophage genomes are also included in the map and are designated by “lollipop” symbols. Squares denote adhesions/fimbrial operons. More-detailed genetic organization of SPI1-5 is given in Figure 10.2 . doi:10.1128/9781555818463.ch10f1

10.1128/9781555818463/fig10-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818463/fig10-1.gif
Image of Figure 10.1
Figure 10.1

Genetic map of virulence loci. Genomic islands are depicted on the chromosome relative to their position to housekeeping genes or specific tRNA. All 10 SPIs including SPI-6 through -10, which are only present in serovars associated with enteric fever, are illustrated as circles with Typhi genomic islands attached to the map via arrows with dotted lines. Prophage genomes are also included in the map and are designated by “lollipop” symbols. Squares denote adhesions/fimbrial operons. More-detailed genetic organization of SPI1-5 is given in Figure 10.2 . doi:10.1128/9781555818463.ch10f1

Citation: Li H, Wang H, D'Aoust J, Maurer J. 2013. Species , p 225-261. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch10
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10.fig10-2
Figure 10.2

Genetic organization of virulence genes present in SPI-1 through -5 and virulence plasmid. The genes and their organization into operons are shown with arrows demarcating operons and direction of transcription. The known functions of genes are depicted in this illustration with shading or pattern designating its function as described in the key below the schemas. Those genes with no known function are shown with white foreground. Type III effectors are bacterial proteins injected to host cell cytoplasm via T3SS. doi:10.1128/9781555818463.ch10f2

10.1128/9781555818463/fig10-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818463/fig10-2.gif
Image of Figure 10.2
Figure 10.2

Genetic organization of virulence genes present in SPI-1 through -5 and virulence plasmid. The genes and their organization into operons are shown with arrows demarcating operons and direction of transcription. The known functions of genes are depicted in this illustration with shading or pattern designating its function as described in the key below the schemas. Those genes with no known function are shown with white foreground. Type III effectors are bacterial proteins injected to host cell cytoplasm via T3SS. doi:10.1128/9781555818463.ch10f2

Citation: Li H, Wang H, D'Aoust J, Maurer J. 2013. Species , p 225-261. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch10
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10.fig10-3
Figure 10.3

Complex needle and base structure of the T3SS in . (A) Transmission electron microscope image of the T3SS needle complex in . Typhimurium. (B) A cut-away view and description of individual substructures of the needle complex. OR, outer ring; IR, inner ring. Bar = 10 nm. (Adapted from reference .) doi:10.1128/9781555818463.ch10f3

10.1128/9781555818463/fig10-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818463/fig10-3.gif
Image of Figure 10.3
Figure 10.3

Complex needle and base structure of the T3SS in . (A) Transmission electron microscope image of the T3SS needle complex in . Typhimurium. (B) A cut-away view and description of individual substructures of the needle complex. OR, outer ring; IR, inner ring. Bar = 10 nm. (Adapted from reference .) doi:10.1128/9781555818463.ch10f3

Citation: Li H, Wang H, D'Aoust J, Maurer J. 2013. Species , p 225-261. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch10
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10
1. Alcaine, S. D.,, L. D. Warnick,, and M. Wiedmann. 2007. Antimicrobial resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella. J. Food Prot. 70: 780– 790.
2. Alpuche-Aranda, C. M.,, J. A. Swanson,, W. P. Loomis,, and S. I. Miller. 1992. Salmonella Typhimurium activates virulence gene transcription within acidified macrophage phagosomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10079– 10083.
3. Alvarez-Ordonez, A.,, A. Fernandez,, M. Lopez,, R. Arenas,, and A. Bernardo. 2008. Modifications in membrane fatty acid composition of Salmonella Typhimurium in response to growth conditions and their effect on heat resistance. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123: 212– 219.
4. Amavisit, P.,, D. Lightfoot,, G. F. Browning,, and P. F. Markham. 2003. Variation between pathogenic serovars within Salmonella pathogenicity islands. J. Bacteriol. 185: 3624– 3635.
5. Anaraki, S.,, I. Giraudon,, and S. Cathcart. 2005. Large outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis in north east London. Eurosurveill. Wkly. Rep. 10( 11).
6. Anderson, P. N.,, M. E. Hume,, J. A. Byrd,, C. Hernandez,, S. M. Stevens,, K. Stringfellow,, and D. J. Caldwell. 2010. Evaluation of repetitive extragenic palindromic-polymerase chain reaction and denatured gradient gel electrophoresis in identifying Salmonella serotypes isolated from processed turkeys. Poult. Sci. 89: 1293– 1300.
7. Anderson, S. M.,, L. Verchick,, R. Sowadsky,, B. Sun,, R. Civen,, J. C. Mohle-Boetani,, S. B. Werner,, M. Starr,, S. Abbott,, M. Gutierrez,, M. Palumbo,, J. Farrar,, P. Shillam,, E. Umland,, M. Tanuz,, M. Sewell,, J. Cato,, W. Keene,, M. Goldoft,, J. Hofmann,, P. Waller,, C. Braden,, G. Djomand,, M. Reller,, and W. Chege. 2002. Multistate outbreaks of Salmonella serotype Poona infections associated with eating cantaloupe from Mexico—United States and Canada, 2000-2002. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51: 1044– 1047.
8. Andrews, W. H.,, V. R. Bruce,, G. A. June,, P. Sherrod,, T. S. Hammack, and R. M. Amaguana. 1995. Salmonella (chapt. 5). Bacteriological Analytical Manual, 8th ed. AOAC International, Arlington, VA.
9.Anonymous. 1977. Aviation Catering. Report of Working Group. World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark.
10.Anonymous. 1995. Ice-cream firm reaches tentative Salmonella case agreement. Food Chem. News 36: 53.
11.Anonymous. 1999. Salmonellosis, dried squid—Japan (Tokyo). Mainichi Daily News, 25 April 1999.
12.Anonymous. 2000. Salmonellosis outbreak associated with raw mung bean sprouts. News Release (22-00), April. California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, CA.
13.Anonymous. 2001. Salmonella Stanley and Salmonella Newport in imported peanuts—international outbreak. WHO Newsl. 70: 5.
14.Anonymous. 16 August 2001. International outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 due to contaminated sesame seed products. Update from Germany, United Kingdom and Norway. Eurosurveill. Wkly. Rep. 5( 33).
15.Anonymous. 16 August 2001. Salmonella Typhimurium definitive type 104 in halva. Commun. Dis. Wkly. Rep. 11( 33).
16.Anonymous. 2005. Roast beef source of Salmonella that sickened 155 at Mother’s Day brunch. Canadian Press Wire (7 June 2005).
17.Anonymous. 2006. Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium phage type U302 in Ontario, Spring 2005. Canada Commun. Dis. Rep. 32( 07): 75– 82.
18. Ashkenazi, S.,, T. G. Cleary,, B. E. Murray,, A. Wanger,, and L. K. Pickering. 1988. Quantitative analysis and partial characterization of cytotoxin production by Salmonella strains. Infect. Immun. 56: 3089– 3094.
19. Asplund, K.,, and E. Nurmi. 1991. The growth of salmonellae in tomatoes. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 13: 177– 182.
20. Australian Department of Health and Ageing. 2011. Monitoring the incidence and causes of diseases potentially transmitted by food in Australia: annual report of the OzFoodNet network, 2009. Australian Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra, Australia. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-cdi3404b.htm. Accessed January 2012.
21. Australian Health Commission. 1999. End to Salmonella outbreak. Press release (Adelaide), 25 March 1999.
22. Baker, R. C.,, R. A., Qureshi,, and J. H. Hotchkins. 1986. Effect of an elevated level of carbon dioxide containing atmosphere on the growth of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. Poult. Sci. 65: 729– 737.
23. Beales, N. 2004. Review of the microbiological risks associated with sprouted seeds. Report no. 41. Campden and Chorleywood Food Research Association Group, Campden, United Kingdom.
24. Beckers, H. J.,, M. S. M. Daniels-Bosman,, A. Ament,, J. Daenen,, A. W. J. Hanekamp,, P. Knipschild,, A. H. H. Schuurmann,, and H. Bijkerk. 1985. Two outbreaks of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella Indiana. A survey of the European Summit outbreak and its consequences. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2: 185– 195.
25. Beers, A. 1997. Maryland church dinner Salmonella outbreak blamed on faulty food preparation. Food Chem. News 39: 19– 20.
26. Belden, W. J.,, and S. I. Miller. 1994. Further characterization of the PhoP regulon: identification of new PhoP-activated virulence loci. Infect. Immun. 62: 5095– 5101.
27. Belgian Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain. 2011. Russia: likely contamination of milk powder with Salmonella. Belgian Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Brussels, Belgium. http://www.fasfc.be/pressrelease/_documents/2012-01-23_salmonella-oranienburg_en.pdf. Accessed January 2012.
28. Blanc-Potard, A. B.,, and E. A. Groisman. 1997. The Salmonella selC locus contains a pathogenicity island mediating intramacrophage survival. EMBO J. 16: 5376– 5385.
29. Blanc-Potard, A. B.,, F. Solomon,, J. Kayser,, and E. A. Groisman. 1999. The SPI-3 pathogenicity island of Salmonella enterica. J. Bacteriol. 181: 998– 1004.
30. Blaser, M. J.,, and L. S. Newman. 1982. A review of human salmonellosis. 1. Infective dose . Rev. Infect. Dis. 4: 1096– 1106.
31. Boase, J.,, S. Lipsky,, P. Simani,, S. Smith,, C. Skilton,, S. Greenman,, S. Harrison,, J. Duchin,, M. Samadpour,, R. Gautom,, S. Lankford,, T. Harris,, K. Ly,, D. Green,, J. Kobyashi,, E. DeBess,, T. McGivern,, S. Mauvais,, V. Balan,, D. Fleming,, K. Sanchez,, P. D. Vertz,, J. C. Mohle-Boetani,, D. Seuring,, J. H. Goddard,, S. A. Bidol,, J. Bender,, C. M. Sewell,, I. N. Vold,, L. Marengo,, and J. Archer. 1999. Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Muenchen infections associated with unpasteurized orange juice—United States and Canada. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 48: 582– 585.
32. Bone, A.,, H. Noel,, S. Le,. Hello, N. Pihier,, C. Danan,, M. E. Raguenaud,, S. Salah,, H. Bellali,, V. Vaillant,, F. X. Weill,, and N. Jourdan-da Silva. 2010. Nationwide outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype 4,12:i:- infections in France, linked to dire pork sausage, March-May 2010. Euro Surveill. 15:pii=19592. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19592. Accessed January 2012.
33. Bouvet, E.,, C. Jestin,, and R. Ancelle. 1986. Importance of exported cases of salmonellosis in the revelation of an epidemic, p. 303. In Proceedings of the Second World Congress on Foodborne Infections and Intoxications. Institute of Veterinary Medicine—Robert von Ostertag-Institute, Berlin, Germany.
34. Brenner, F. W.,, R. G. Villar,, F. J. Angulo,, R. Tauxe,, and B. Swaminathan. 2000. Salmonella nomenclature. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 2465– 2467.
35. Bulling, E.,, R. Stephan,, and V. Sebek. 1973. The development of antibiotic resistance among Salmonella bacteria of animal origin in the Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin: 1st communication: a comparison between the years of 1961 and 1970-1971. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. 1. Abt. Orig. A 225: 245– 256.
36. Bunning, V. K.,, R. B. Raybourne,, and D. L. Archer. 1988. Foodborne enterobacterial pathogens and rheumatoid disease. J. Appl. Bacteriol. Symp. Suppl. 17: 87S– 107S.
37. Burnett, S. L.,, E. R. Gehm,, W. R. Weissinger,, and L. R. Beuchat. 2000. Survival of Salmonella in peanut butter and peanut butter spread. J. Appl. Microbiol. 89: 472– 477.
38. Burslem, C. D.,, M. J. Kelly,, and F. S. Preston. 1990. Food poisoning—a major threat to airline operations. J. Soc. Occup. Med. 40: 97– 100.
39. Bush, K. 2001. New beta-lactamases in gram-negative bacteria: diversity and impact on the selection of antimicrobial therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32: 1085– 1089.
40. Butler, M. A. 2000. Salmonella outbreak leads to juice recall in western states. Food Chem. News 42: 19– 20.
41. Camps, N.,, A. Dominguez,, M. Cy,, M. Perez,, J. Pardos,, T. Llobet,, M. A. Usera,, L. Salleras, and the Working Group for the Investigation of the Outbreak of Salmonellosis in Torroella de Montgri. 2005. A foodborne outbreak of Salmonella infection due to overproduction of egg-containing foods for a festival. Epidemiol. Infect. 133: 817– 822.
42. Carlson, S. A.,, L. F. Bolton,, C. E. Briggs,, H. S. Hurd,, V. K. Sharma,, P. J. Fedorka-Cray,, and B. D. Jones. 1999. Detection of multiresistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 using multiplex and fluorogenic PCR. Mol. Cell. Probes 13: 213– 222.
43. Catsaras, M.,, and D. Grebot. 1984. Multiplication des Salmonella dans la viande hachée. Bull. Acad. Vét. France 57: 501– 512.
44. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006. Multistate outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infections associated with eating ground beef—United States, 2004. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 55: 180– 182.
45. Chen, Y.,, T. Freier,, J. Kuehm,, M. Moorman,, J. Scott,, J. Meyer,, T. Morille-Hinds,, L. Post,, L. Smoot,, L. Hood,, J. Shebuski,, and J. Banks. 2009. Control of Salmonella in Low Moisture Foods. Grocery Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC.
46. Clements, M.,, S. Eriksson,, D. Tezcan-Merdol,, J. C. Hinton,, and M. Rhen. 2001. Virulence gene regulation in Salmonella enterica. Ann. Med. 33: 178– 185.
47. Christmann, D.,, T. Staub,, and Y. Hansmann. 1992. Manifestations extra-digestives des salmonelloses. Méd. Mal. Infect. 22: 289– 298.
48. Chung, K. C.,, and J. M. Goepfert. 1970. Growth of Salmonella at low pH. J. Food Sci. 35: 326– 328.
49. Cohen, D. R.,, I. A. Porter,, T. M. S. Reid,, J. C. M. Sharp,, G. I. Forbes,, and G. M. Paterson. 1983. A cost benefit study of milk-borne salmonellosis. J. Hyg. 91: 17– 23.
50. Communicable Disease Report Weekly. 2005. Outbreaks of infection with Salmonella Enteritidis PT6 infection in the north east of England associated with eggs. CDR Wkly. 15: 41.
51. Corby, S.,, V. Lanni,, V. Kistler,, V. Dato,, A. Weltman,, C. Yozviak,, K. Waller,, K. Nalluswami,, M. Moll,, J. Lockett,, S. Montgomery,, M. Lynch,, C. Braden,, S. K. Gupta,, and A. DuBois. 2005. Outbreaks of Salmonella infections associated with eating Roma tomatoes—United States and Canada, 2004. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 54: 325– 328.
52. Cowden, J.,, S. O’Brien,, B. Adak, et al. 2003. Outbreak of Salmonella Bareilly in Great Britain. Results from the case-control study. Eurosurveill. Wkly. Rep. 7: 44.
53. Craven, P. C.,, D. C. Mackel,, W. B. Baine,, W. H. Barker,, E. J. Gangarosa,, M. Goldfield,, H. Rosenfeld,, R. Altman,, G. Lachapelle,, J. W. Davies,, and R. C. Swanson. 1975. International outbreak of Salmonella Eastbourne infection traced to contaminated chocolate. Lancet i: 788– 793.
54. Crook, P. D.,, J. F. Aguilera,, E. J. Threlfall,, S. J. O’Brien,, G. Sigmunddsdottir,, D. Wilson,, I. S. T. Fisher,, A. Ammon,, H. Briem,, J. M. Cowden,, M. E. Locking,, H. Tschäpe,, W. van Pelt,, L. R. Ward, and M. A. Widdowson. 2003. A European outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium definitive phage type 204b in 2000. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 9: 839– 845.
55. Crosa, J. H.,, D. J. Brenner,, W. H. Ewing,, and S. Falkow. 1973. Molecular relationships among the salmonellae. J. Bacteriol. 115: 307– 315.
56. Cukan, A. 2005. Caregiving: food safety is a big concern. United Press International (October 13, 2005). http://www.extension.iastate.edu/foodsafety/news/fsnews.cfm?newsid=10645. Accessed August, 2012.
57. Cummings, K.,, E. Barrett,, J. C. Mohle-Boetani,, J. T. Brooks,, J. Farrar,, T. Hunt,, A. Fiore,, K. Komatsu,, S. B. Werner,, and L. Slutsker. 2001. A multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Baildon associated with domestic raw tomatoes. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7: 1046– 1048.
58. D’Aoust, J.-Y. 1977. Salmonella and the chocolate industry. J. Food Prot. 40: 718– 727.
59. D’Aoust, J.-Y.,, D. W. Warburton,, and A. M. Sewell. 1985. Salmonella Typhimurium phage-type 10 from cheddar cheese implicated in a major Canadian foodborne outbreak . J. Food Prot. 48: 1062– 1066.
60. D’Aoust, J.-Y., 1989. Salmonella, p. 327– 445, In M. P. Doyle (ed.), Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY.
61. D’Aoust, J.-Y. 1991. Pathogenicity of foodborne Salmonella. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 12: 17– 40.
62. D’Aoust, J.-Y. 1994. Salmonella and the international food trade. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 24: 11– 31.
63. D’Aoust, J.-Y.,, and U. Purvis. 1998. Isolation and Identification of Salmonella from Foods. MFHPB-20. Health Protection Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
64. D’Aoust, J.-Y., 2000. Salmonella, p. 1233– 1299. In B. M. Lund,, A. C. Baird-Parker, and G. W. Gould (ed.), The Microbiological Safety and Quality of Food. Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, MD.
65. Dechet, A. M.,, E. Scallan,, K. Gensheimer,, R. Hoekstra,, J. Gunderman-King,, J. Lockett,, D. Wrigley,, W. Chege,, J. Sobel, and the Multistate Working Group. 2006. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium definitive type 104 infection linked to commercial ground beef, northeastern United States, 2003-2004. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42: 747– 752.
66. De Medici, D.,, L. Croci,, E. Delibato,, S. Di Pasquale,, E. Filetici,, and L. Toti. 2003. Evaluation of DNA extraction methods for use in combination with SYBR green I real-time PCR to detect Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis in poultry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 3456– 3461.
67. den Bakker, H. C.,, A. I. M. Switt,, C. A. Cummings,, K. Hoelzer,, L. Degoricija,, L. D. Rodriguez-Rivera,, E. M. Wright,, R. Fang,, M. Davis,, T. Root,, D. Schoonmaker-Bopp,, K. A. Musser,, E. Villamil,, H. Waechter,, L. Kornstein,, M. R. Furtado,, and M. Wiedmann. 2011. A whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism-based approach to trace and identify outbreaks linked to a common Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Montevideo pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77: 8648– 8655.
68. Dewanti, R.,, and M. P. Doyle. 1992. Influence of cultural conditions on cytotoxin production by Salmonella Enteritidis. J. Food Prot. 55: 28– 33.
69. Dorman C. J.,, S. Chatfield,, C. F. Higgins,, C. Hayward,, and G. Dougan. 1989. Characterization of porin and ompR mutants of a virulent strain of Salmonella Typhimurium: ompR mutants are attenuated in vivo. Infect. Immun. 57: 2136– 2140.
70. Doyle, M. E.,, C. Kaspar,, J. Archer,, and R. Klos. 2009. White paper on human illness caused by Salmonella from all food and non-food vectors. Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. http://fri.wisc.edu/docs/pdf/FRI_Brief_Salmonella_Human_Illness_6_09.pdf. Accessed January 2012.
71. Drociuk, D.,, S. Carnasale,, G. Elliot,, L. J. Bell,, J. J. Gibson,, L. Wolf,, D. Briggs,, B. Jenkins,, J. M. Maillard,, M. Huddle,, F. Virgin,, C. Braden,, P. Srikantiah,, A. Stoica,, and T. Chiller. 2003. Outbreaks of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis infection associated with eating shell eggs—United States, 1999-2001. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51: 1149– 1151.
72. Droffner, M. L.,, and N. Yamamoto. 1992. Procedure for isolation of Escherichia, Salmonella, and Pseudomonas mutants capable of growth at the refractory temperature of 54 oC. J. Microbiol. Methods 14: 201– 206.
73. Earnshaw, R. G.,, J. Appleyard,, and R. M. Hurst. 1995. Understanding physical inactivation processes: combined preservation opportunities using heat, ultrasound and pressure. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 28: 197– 219.
74. Enright, M. C.,, and B. G. Spratt. 1999. Multilocus sequence typing. Trends Microbiol. 7: 482– 487.
75. Ewing, W. H. 1972. The nomenclature of Salmonella, its usage, and definitions for the three species. Can. J. Microbiol. 18: 1629– 1637.
76. Fell, G.,, O. Hamouda,, R. Lindner,, S. Rehmet,, A. Liesegang,, R. Prager,, B. Gericke,, and L. Petersen. 2000. An outbreak of Salmonella Blockley infections following smoked eel consumption in Germany. Epidemiol. Infect. 125: 9– 12.
77. Ferreira, M. A. S. S.,, and B. M. Lund. 1987. The influence of pH and temperature on initiation of growth of Salmonella spp. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 5: 67– 70.
78. Fluit, A. C.,, and F. J. Schmitz. 1999. Class 1 integrons, gene cassettes, mobility, and epidemiology. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 18: 761– 770.
79. Foley, S. L.,, D. G. White,, P. F. McDermott,, R. D. Walker,, B. Rhodes,, P. J. Fedorka-Cray,, S. Simjee,, and S. Zhao. 2006. Comparison of subtyping methods for differentiating Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates obtained from food animal sources. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 3569– 3577.
80. Foley, S. L.,, S. Zhao,, and R. D. Walker. 2007. Comparison of molecular typing methods for the differentiation of Salmonella foodborne pathogens. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 4: 253– 276.
81. Food Safety Authority of Ireland. 2010. Largest outbreak in recent years linked to Salmonella in duck eggs. Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. http://www.fsai.ie/14092010.html. Accessed January 2012.
82. Food Safety Net—Canada. 2005. Salmonellosis, foodborne, fatal—USA (South Carolina): turkey (3 June 2005).
83. Food Safety Net—Canada. 2003. Gastro cases top 100 as likely cause found (17 January 2003).
84. Food Safety Net—Canada. 2005. Salmonellosis, political gathering—Honduras, Atlantida (28 September 2005).
85. Food Safety Net—Canada. 2001. Romanian kids sickened by Salmonella (27 October 2001).
86. Foster, J. W.,, and H. K. Hall. 1991. Inducible pH homeostasis and the acid tolerance response of Salmonella Typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 173: 5129– 5135.
87. Francis, B. J.,, J. V. Altamirano,, M. G. Stobierski,, W. Hall,, B. Robinson,, S. Dietrich,, R. Martin,, F. Downes,, K. R. Wilcox,, C. Hedberg,, R. Wood,, M. Osterholm,, G. Genese,, M. J. Hung,, S. Paul,, K. C. Spitalny,, C. Whalen,, and J. Spika. 1991. Multistate outbreak of Salmonella Poona infections—United States and Canada, 1991. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 40: 549– 552.
88. Garcia-del Portillo, F.,, J. W. Foster,, and B. B. Finlay. 1993. Role of acid tolerance response genes in Salmonella Typhimurium virulence. Infect. Immun. 61: 4489– 4492.
89. Geiss, H. K.,, I. Ehrhard,, A. Rösen-Wolff,, H. G. Sonntag,, J. Pratsch,, A. Wirth,, D. Krüger,, I. Knollmann-Schanbacher,, H. Kühn,, and C. Treiber-Klötzer. 1993. Foodborne outbreak of a Salmonella Enteritidis epidemic in a major pharmaceutical company. Gesundh.-Wes. 55: 127– 132.
90. Gibbs, R.,, N. Pingault,, T. Mazzucchelli,, L. O’Reilly,, B. MacKenzie,, J. Green,, R. Mogyorosy,, R. Stafford,, R. Bell,, L. Hiley,, K. Fullerton,, and P. V. Buynder. 2009. An outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Litchfield infection in Australia linked to consumption of contaminated papaya. J. Food Prot. 72: 1094– 1098.
91. Gillispie, I. 2004. Outbreak of Salmonella Newport infection associated with lettuce in the U.K. Eurosurveill. Rep. 8: 41.
92. Gilsdorf, A.,, A. Jansen,, K. Alpers,, H. Dieckmann,, U. van Treeck,, A. M. Hauri,, G. Fell,, M. Littmann,, P. Rautenberg,, R. Prager,, W. Rabsch,, P. Roggentin,, A. Schroeter,, A. Miko,, E. Bartelt,, J. Bräunig,, and A. Ammon. 2005. A nationwide outbreak of Salmonella Bovismorbificans PT24, Germany, December 2004-March 2005. Eurosurveill. Wkly. Rep. 10: 12.
93. Glynn, J. R.,, and D. J. Bradley. 1992. The relationship of infecting dose and severity of disease in reported outbreaks of Salmonella infections . Epidemiol. Infect. 109: 371– 388.
94. Glynn, J. R.,, and S. R. Palmer. 1992. Incubation period, severity of disease, and infecting dose: evidence from a Salmonella outbreak. Am. J. Epidemiol. 136: 1369– 1377.
95. Goepfert, J. M.,, I. K. Iskander,, and C. H. Amundson. 1970. Relation of the heat resistance of salmonellae to the water activity of the environment. Appl. Microbiol. 19: 429– 433.
96. Gordenker, A. 1999. Common seed source identified in Canadian outbreak. Food Chem. News 41: 23.
97. Grimont, P. A. D.,, and F. Weill. 2007. Antigenic formulae of the Salmonella serovars, 9th ed. WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
98. Gruzdev, N.,, R. Pinto,, and S. Sela. Effect of desiccation on tolerance of Salmonella Enterica to multiple stresses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77: 1667– 1673.
99. Guerin, P. J.,, B. De Jong,, E. Heir,, V. Hasseltvedt,, G. Kapperud,, K. Styrmo,, B. Gondrosen,, J. Lassen,, Y. Andersson,, and P. Aavitsland. 2004. Outbreak of Salmonella Livingstone infection in Norway and Sweden due to contaminated processed fish products. Epidemiol. Infect. 132: 889– 895.
100. Gunn, J. S.,, S. S. Ryan,, J. C. Van Velkinburgh,, R. K. Ernst,, and S. I. Miller. 2000. Genetic and functional analysis of a Pmr-A-PmrB-regulated locus necessary for lipopolysaccharide modification, antimicrobial peptide resistance, and oral virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Infect. Immun. 68: 6139– 6146.
101. Guo, X.,, J. Chen,, R. E. Brackett,, and L. R. Beuchat. 2001. Survival of Salmonella on and in tomato plants from the time of inoculation at flowering and early stages of fruit development through fruit ripening. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76: 4760– 4764.
102. Hedberg, C. W.,, F. J. Angulo,, K. E. White,, C. W. Langkop,, W. L. Schell,, M. G. Stobierski,, A. Schuchat,, J. M. Besser,, S. Dietrich,, L. Helsel,, P. M. Griffin,, J. W. McFarland,, M. T. Osterholm, et al. 1999. Outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with eating uncooked tomatoes: implications for public health. Epidemiol. Infect. 122: 385– 393.
103. Hellström, L. 1980. Food-transmitted S. Enteritidis epidemic in 28 schools, p. 397– 400. In Proceedings of the World Congress on Foodborne Infections and Intoxications. Institute of Veterinary Medicine—Robert von Ostertag-Institute, Berlin, Germany.
104. Henkel, J. 1995. Ice cream linked to Salmonella outbreak. FDA Consumer 29: 30– 31.
105. Hermans, A. P.,, T. Abee,, M. H. Zwietering,, and H. J. Aarts. 2005. Identification of novel Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104-specific prophage and nonprophage chromosomal sequences among serovar Typhimurium isolates by genomic subtractive hybridization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 4979– 4985.
106. Herrera-Leon, S.,, J. R. McQuiston,, M. A. Usera,, P. I. Fields,, J. Garaizar,, and M. A. Echeita. 2004. Multiplex PCR for distinguishing the most common phase-1 flagellar antigens of Salmonella spp. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 2581– 2586.
107. Hickey, E. W.,, and I. N. Hirshfield. 1990. Low pH-induced effects of patterns of protein synthesis and on internal pH in Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 1038– 1045.
108. Hiramatsu, R.,, M. Matsumoto,, K. Sakae,, and Y. Miyazaki. 2005. Ability of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. to survive in a desiccation model system and in dry foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 6657– 6663.
109. Holley, R. A.,, and M. Proulx. 1986. Use of egg washwater pH to prevent survival of Salmonella at moderate temperatures. Poult. Sci. 65: 922– 928.
110. Holmberg, S. D.,, M. T. Osterholm,, K. A. Senger,, and M. L. Cohen. 1984. Drug-resistant Salmonella from animal fed antimicrobials. N. Engl. J. Med. 311: 617– 622.
111. Horwitz, M. A.,, R. A. Pollard,, M. H. Merson,, and S. M. Martin. 1977. A large outbreak of foodborne salmonellosis on the Navajo nation Indian reservation, epidemiology and secondary transmission. Am. J. Public Health 67: 1071– 1076.
112. Hueck, C. J. 1998. Type III secretion systems in bacterial pathogens of animals and plants. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62: 379– 433.
113. Ingham, S. C.,, R. A. Alford,, and A. P. McCown. 1990. Comparative growth rates of Salmonella Typhimurium and Pseudomonas fragi on cooked crab meat stored under air and modified atmosphere. J. Food Prot. 53: 56.
114. Isaacs, S.,, J. Arimini,, B. Cieben et al. 2005. An international outbreak of salmonellosis associated with raw almonds contaminated with a rare phage type of Salmonella Enteritidis. J. Food Prot. 68: 191– 198.
115. Jakabi, M.,, D. S. Gelli,, J. C. Torre,, M. A. Rodas,, B. D.Franco, M. T. Destro, and M. Landgrafi. 2003. Inactivation by ionizing radiation of Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Infantis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters (Crassostrea brasiliana). J. Food Prot. 66: 1025– 9.
116. Jalava, K.,, J. Perevoscikovs,, A. Siitonen, et al. 2002. Salmonella Enteritidis PT 4 infections among a group of Finns visiting Riga: effective collaboration between Latvian and Finnish authorities resolved an outbreak. EpiNorth 2 ( 1).
117. Jansen, A.,, C. Frank,, R. Prager,, H. Oppermann,, and K. Stark. 2005. Nation-wide outbreak of Salmonella Give in Germany, 2004. Z. Gastroenterol. 43: 707– 713.
118. Japan Ministry of Health and Welfare. 1999. Departmental Health Report. Japan Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo.
119. Jones, R. C.,, V. Reddy,, L. Kornstein,, J. R. Fernandez,, F. Stavinsky,, A. Agasan,, and S. I. Gerber. 2004 Salmonella enterica serotype Uganda infection in New York City and Chicago. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10: 1665– 1667.
120. Juneja, V. J.,, and D. Schaffner. 2011. Predictive modelling in foods. Food Microbiol. 28: 629– 838.
121. Kapperud, G.,, S. Gustavsen,, I. Hellesnes,, A. H. Hansen,, J. Lassen,, J. Hirn,, M. Jahkola,, M. A. Montenegro,, and R. Helmuth. 1990. Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infection traced to contaminated chocolate and caused by a strain lacking the 60-megadalton virulence plasmid. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28: 2597– 2601.
122. Kauffmann, F. 1966. The Bacteriology of Enterobacteriaceae. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, Denmark.
123. Keady, S.,, G. Briggs,, J. Farrar,, J. C. Mohle-Boetani,, J. O’Connell,, S. B. Werner,, D. Anderson,, L. Tenglesen,, S. Bidols,, B. Albanese,, C. Gordan,, E. DeBess,, J. Hatch,, W. E. Keene,, M. Plantenga,, J. Tierheimer,, A. L. Hackmann,, C. E. Rinehardt,, C. H. Sandt,, A. Ingram,, S. Hansen,, S. Hurt,, M. Poulson,, R. Pallipamu,, J. Wiclund,, C. Braden,, J. Lockett,, S. Van Duyne,, A. Dechet,, and C. Smelser. 2004. Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis infections associated with raw almonds-United States and Canada, 2003-2004. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 53: 484– 487.
124. Keene, W. E.,, K. Hedberg,, P. Cieslak,, S. Schafer,, and E. Dechet. 2004. Salmonella serotype Typhimurium outbreak associated with commercially processed egg salad—Oregon, 2003. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 53: 1132– 1134.
125. Keyes, K.,, M. D. Lee,, and J. J. Maurer,. 2003. Antibiotics: mode of action, mechanism of resistance and transfer, p. 45– 46. In M. Torrence, and R. Isaacson (ed.), Current Topics in Food Safety in Animal Agriculture. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
126. Kim, C. J.,, D. A. Emery,, H. Rinke,, K. V. Nagaraja,, and D. A. Halvorson. 1989. Effect of time and temperature on growth of Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally inoculated eggs. Avian Dis. 33: 735– 742.
127. Kimura, A. C.,, M. S. Palumbo,, H. Meyers,, S. Abbott,, R. Rodriguez,, and S. B. Werner. 2005. A mutli-state outbreak of Salmonella serotype Thompson infection from commercially distributed bread contaminated by an ill food handler. Epidemiol. Infect. 133: 823– 828.
128. Kivi, M.,, W. van Pelt,, D. Notermans,, A. van de Giessen,, W. Wannet,, and A. Bosman. 2005. Large outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104, The Netherlands, September-November, 2005. Eurosurveill. Wkly. 10: 12.
129. Klontz, K. C.,, J. C. Klontz,, and R. M. Hoekstra. 2010. Analysis of tomato and jalapeno and serrano pepper imports into the United States from Mexico before and during a national outbreak of Salmonella serotype Saintpaul infections in 2008. J. Food Prot. 73: 1967– 1974.
130. Koch, J.,, A. Schrauder,, K. Alpers,, D. Werber,, C. Frank,, R. Prager,, W. Rabsch,, S. Broll,, F. Feil,, P. Roggentin,, J. Bockemuhl,, H. Tschape,, A. Ammon,, and K. Stark. 2005. Salmonella Agona outbreak from contaminated aniseed, Germany. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11: 1124– 1127.
131. Koo, F. C. W.,, J. W. Peterson,, C. W. Houston,, and N. C. Molina. 1984. Pathogenesis of experimental salmonellosis: inhibition of protein synthesis by cytotoxin. Infect. Immun. 43: 93– 100.
132. Kuhn, K. G.,, M. Torpdahl,, C. Frank,, K. Sigsgaard,, and S. Ethelberg. 2011. An outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium traced back to salami, Denmark, April to June 2010. Eurosurveillance 16: 13– 16.
133. Lakins, D. G.,, C. Z. Alvarado,, L. D. Thompson,, M. T. Brashears,, J. C. Brooks,, and M. M. Brashears. 2008. Reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis in shell eggs using directional microwave technology. Poult. Sci. 87: 985– 991.
134. Lecos, C. 1986. Of microbes and milk: probing America’s worst Salmonella outbreak. Dairy Food Sanitat. 6: 136– 140.
135. Lee, I. S.,, J. L. Slonczewski,, and J. W. Foster. 1994. A low-pH-inducible, stationary phase acid tolerance response in Salmonella Typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 176: 1422– 1426.
136. Lehmacher, A.,, J. Bockemühl,, and S. Aleksic. 1995. A nationwide outbreak of human salmonellosis in Germany due to contaminated paprika and paprika-powdered potato chips. Epidemiol Infect. 115: 501– 511.
137. Le Minor, L., 1981. The Genus Salmonella, p. 1148– 1159. In M. P. Starr,, H. Stolp,, H. G. Truper,, A. Balows,, and H. G. Schlegel (ed.), The Prokaryotes. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
138. Le Minor, L.,, and M. Y. Popoff. 1987. Request for an opinion. Designation of Salmonella enterica sp. nov., nom. rev., as the type and only species of the genus Salmonella. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37: 465– 468.
139. Le Minor, L.,, C. Coynault,, and G. Pessoa. 1974. Déterminisme plasmidique du caractère atypique “lactose positif” de souches de S. Typhimurium et de S. oranienburg isolées au Brésil lors d’épidémies de 1971 à 1973. Ann. Microbiol. 125A: 261– 285.
140. Le Minor, L.,, C. Coynault,, R. Rhode,, B. Rowe,, and S. Aleksic. 1973. Localisation plasmidique de déterminant génétique du caractère atypique “saccharose +” des Salmonella. Ann. Microbiol. 124B: 295– 306.
141. Le Minor, L.,, M. Y. Popoff,, B. Laurent,, and D. Hermant. 1986. Individualisation d’une septième sous-espèce de Salmonella: S. choleraesuis subsp. indica subsp. nov. Ann. Inst. Pasteur Microbiol. 137B: 211– 217.
142. Lenglet, A. 2005. E-alert 9 August: over 2000 cases so far in Salmonella Hadar outbreak in Spain associated with consumption of pre-cooked chicken, July-August, 2005. Eurosurveill. Wkly. Rep. 10: 8.
143. Leyer, G. J.,, and E. A. Johnson. 1993. Acid adaptation induces cross-protection against environmental stresses in Salmonella Typhimurium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 1842– 1847.
144. Libby, S. J.,, L. G. Adams,, T. A. Ficht,, C. Allen,, H. A. Whitford,, N. A. Buchmeier,, S. Bossie,, and D. G. Guiney. 1997. The spv genes on the Salmonella Dublin virulence plasmid are required for severe enteritis and systemic infection in the natural host. Infect. Immun. 65: 1786– 1792.
145. Lienau, E. K.,, E. Strain,, C. Wang,, J. Zheng,, A. R. Ottesen,, C. E. Keys,, T. S. Hammack,, S. M. Musser,, E. W. Brown,, M. W. Allard,, G. Cao,, J. Meng,, and R. Stones. Identification of a salmonellosis outbreak by means of molecular sequencing. N. Engl. J. Med. 364: 981– 982.
146. Lim, H.,, K. H. Lee,, C.-H. Hong,, G.-J. Bahk,, and W. S. Choi. 2005. Comparison of four molecular typing methods for the differentiation of Salmonella spp. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 105: 411– 418.
147. Liming, S. H.,, and A. A. Bhagwat. 2004. Application of a molecular beacon-real-time PCR technology to detect Salmonella species contaminating fruits and vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 95: 177– 187.
148. Lin, C.,, and C. Wei. 1997. Transfer of Salmonella Montevideo onto the interior surfaces of tomatoes by cutting. J. Food Prot. 60: 858– 863.
149. Liu, L.,, H. F. He,, C. F. Dai ,, L. H. Liang,, T. Li,, L. H. Li,, H. M. Luo,, and R. Fontain. 2006. Salmonellosis outbreak among factory workers—Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China, July 2004. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 55( Suppl. 01): 35– 38.
150. Luk, J. M.,, U. Kongmuang,, P. R. Reeves,, and A. A. Lindberg. 1993. Selective amplification of abequose and paratose synthase genes ( rfb) by polymerase chain reaction for identification of Salmonella major serogroups (A, B, C2, and D). J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 2118– 2123.
151. Mahmoud, B. S. 2009. Effect of X-ray treatments on inoculated Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella enterica, Shigella flexneri and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in ready-to-eat shrimp. Food Microbiol. 26: 860– 864.
152. Matsuzaki, S.,, M. Rashel,, J. Uchiyama,, S. Sakurai,, T. Ujihara,, M. Kuroda,, M. Ikeuchi,, T. Tani,, M. Fujieda,, H. Wakiguchi,, and S. Imai. 2005. Bacteriophage therapy: a revitalized therapy against bacterial infectious diseases. J. Infect. Chemother. 11: 211– 219.
153. Mattila, L. M., Leirisalo-Repo,, S. Koskimies,, K. Granfors,, and A. Sütonen. 1994. Reactive arthritis following an outbreak of Salmonella infection in Finland. Br. J. Rheumat. 33: 1136– 1141.
154. McClelland, M.,, K. E. Sanderson,, J. Spieth,, S. W. Clifton,, P. Latreille,, L. Courtney,, S. Porwollik,, J. Ali,, M. Dante,, F. Du,, S. Hou,, D. Layman,, S. Leonard,, C. Nguyen,, K. Scott,, A. Holmes,, N. Grewal,, E. Mulvaney,, E. Ryan,, H. Sun,, L. Florea,, W. Miller,, T. Stoneking,, M. Nhan,, R. Waterston,, and R. K. Wilson. 2001. Complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. Nature 413: 852– 856.
155. Miller, S. I.,, A. M. Kukral,, and J. J. Mekalanos. 1989. A two-component regulatory system (phoP/phoQ) controls Salmonella Typhimurium virulence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 5054– 5058.
156. Mintz, E. D.,, M. L. Cartter,, J. L. Hadler,, J. T. Wassell,, J. A. Zingeser, and R. V. Tauxe. 1994. Dose-response effects in an outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis. Epidemiol. Infect. 112: 13– 23.
157. Miyagawa, S.,, and A. Miki. 1992. The epidemiological data of food poisoning in 1991. Food Sanit. Res. 42: 78– 104.
158. Mouzin, E.,, S. B. Werner,, R. G. Bryant, et al. 1997. When a health food becomes a hazard: a large outbreak of salmonellosis associated with alfalfa sprouts—California. Epidemic Intelligence Service Conference, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
159. Nassif, X.,, and P. Sansonetti. 1987. Les systèmes bactériens de captation du fer: leur rôle dans la virulence. Bull. Inst. Pasteur 85: 307– 327.
160. National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods. 1999. Microbiological safety evaluations and recommendations on fresh produce. Food Control 10: 117– 143.
161. National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods. 1999. Microbiological safety evaluations and recommendations on sprouted seeds. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 52: 123– 153.
162. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. 2009. NARMS 2009 Executive Report. U.S. Food and Drug Administration/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/U.S. Department of Agriculture. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/AntimicrobialResistance/NationalAntimicrobialResistanceMonitoringSystem/UCM268954.pdf. Accessed January 2012.
163. Nicolay, N.,, L. Thornton,, S. Cotter,, P. Garvery,, O. Bannon,, P. McKeown,, M. Cormican,, I. Fisher,, C. Little,, N. Boxall,, E. Depinna,, T. M. Peters,, J. Cowden,, R. Salmon,, B. Mason,, N. Irvine,, P. Rooney,, and D. O’Flanagan. 2011. Salmonella enterica serovar Agona European outbreak associated with a food company. Epidemiol. Infect. 139: 1272– 1280.
164. Nield, B. S.,, A. J. Holmes,, M. R. Gillings,, G. D. Recchia,, B. C. Mabbutt,, K. M. Nevalainen,, and H. W. Stokes. 2001. Recovery of new integron classes from environmental DNA. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 195: 59– 65.
165. O’Brien, S.,, and L. Ward. 2002. Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis PT 14b in the United Kingdom—second update. Euro Surveill. 6:pii=1934. http://www.eurosurveil lance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=1934. Accessed January 2012.
166. Ogawa, H.,, H. Tokunou,, M. Sasaki,, T. Kishimoto,, and K. Tamura. 1991. An outbreak of bacterial food poisoning caused by roast cuttlefish “yaki-ika” contaminated with Salmonella spp. Champaign. Jpn. J. Food Microbiol. 7: 151– 157.
167. Ohl, M. E.,, and S. I. Miller. 2001. Salmonella: a model for bacterial pathogenesis. Annu. Rev. Med. 52: 259– 274.
168. Olson, E. R. 1993. Influence of pH on bacterial gene expression. Mol. Microbiol. 8: 5– 14.
169. Otto, H. D., Tezcan-Merdol,, R. Girisch,, F. Haag,, M. Rhen,, and F. Koch-Nolte. 2000. The spvB gene-product of the Salmonella enterica virulence plasmid is a mono (ADP-ribosyl) transferase. Mol. Microbiol. 37: 1106– 1115.
170. Palmer, S. R.,, and B. Rowe, et al. 1986. Trends in Salmonella infections. Microbiol. Dig. 3: 18– 21.
171. Parish, M. E. 1998. Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella serovars associated with a citrus-processing facility implicated in a salmonellosis outbreak. J. Food Prot. 61: 280– 284.
172. Pengues, D. A.,, M. J. Hantman,, I. Behlau,, and S. I. Miller. 1995. PhoP/PhoQ transcriptional repression of Salmonella typhimurium invasion genes: evidence for a role in protein secretion. Mol. Microbiol. 17: 169– 181.
173. Podolak, R.,, E. Enache,, W. Stone,, D. G. Black,, and P. H. Elliott. Sources and risk factors for contamination, survival, persistence, and heat resistance of Salmonella in low-moisture foods. J. Food Prot. 73: 1919– 1936.
174. Polotsky. Y.,, E. Dragunsky,, and T. Khavkin. 1994. Morphologic evaluation of the pathogenesis of bacterial enteric infections. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 20: 161– 208.
175. Pönkä, A.,, Y. Andersson,, A. Sütonen,, B. de Jong,, M. Jahkola,, O. Haikala,, A. Kuhmonen,, and P. Pakkala. 1995. Salmonella in alfalfa sprouts. Lancet 345: 462– 463.
176. Popoff, M. Y.,, and F. Norel. 1992. Bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité des Salmonella. Méd. Mal. Infect. 22: 310– 324.
177. Porwollik, S.,, E. F. Boyd,, C. Choy,, P. Cheng,, L. Florea,, E. Proctor,, and M. McClelland. 2004. Characterization of Salmonella enterica subspecies I genovars by use of microarrays. J. Bacteriol. 186: 5883– 5898.
178. Potter, M. E.,, A. F. Kaufmann,, P. A. Blake,, and R. A. Feldman. 1984. Unpasteurized milk. The hazards of a health fetish. JAMA 252: 2048– 2052.
179. Radford, S. A.,, and R. G. Board. 1995. The influence of sodium chloride and pH on the growth of Salmonella Enteritidis PT 4. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 20: 11– 13.
180. Rahn, K.,, S. A. Grandis,, R. C. Clarke,, S. A. McEwen,, J. E. Galan,, C. Ginocchio,, R. Curtiss III,, and C. L. Gyles. 1992. Amplification of invA gene sequences of Salmonella Typhimurium by polymerase chain reaction as a specific method of detection of Salmonella. Mol. Cell Probes 6: 271– 279.
181. Randall, L. P.,, S. W. Cooles,, M. K. Osborn,, L. J. Piddock,, and M. J. Woodward. 2004. Antibiotic resistance genes, integrons and multiple antibiotic resistance in thirty-five serotypes of Salmonella enterica isolated from humans and animals in the UK. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 53: 208– 216.
182. Ratman, S.,, F. Stratton,, C. O’Keefe,, A. Roberts,, R. Coates,, M. Yetman,, S. Squires,, R. Khakhria,, and J. Hockin. 1999. Salmonella Enteritidis outbreak due to contaminated cheese—Newfoundland. Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 25: 17– 20.
183. Reeves, M. W.,, G. M. Evins,, A. A. Heiba,, B. D. Plikaytis,, and J. J. Farmer III. 1989. Clonal nature of Salmonella typhi and its genetic relatedness to other salmonellae as shown by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and proposal of Salmonella bongori comb. nov. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 313– 320.
184. Richard, F.,, E. Pons,, B. Lelore,, V. Bleuze,, B. Grandbastien,, C. Collinet,, R. Mathis,, J.-F. Diependale,, and P. Legrand. 1994. Toxi-infection alimentaire collective du 8 juin 1993 à Douai. Bull. Epidemiol. Hebd. 3: 9– 11.
185. Richter-Dahlfors, A.,, A. M. J. Buchan,, and B. B. Finlay. 1997. Murine salmonellosis studied by confocal microscopy: Salmonella Typhimurium resides intracellularly inside macrophages and exerts a cytotoxic effect on phagocytes in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 186: 569– 580.
186. Rodríguez-Urrego, J.,, S, Herrera-León,, A. Echeita-Sarriondia,, P. Soler,, F. Simon,, and S. Mateo. 2010. National outbreak of Salmonella serotype Kedougou associated with infant formula, Spain, 2008. Euro Surveill. 15:pii=19582. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19582. Accessed January 2012.
187. Rotger, R.,, and J. Casadesus. 1999. The virulence plasmids of Salmonella. Int. Microbiol. 2: 177– 184.
188. Rowe, B.,, E. J. Threlfall,, L. R. Ward,, and A. S. Ashley. 1979. International spread of multiresistant strains of Salmonella Typhimurium phage types 204 and 193 from Britain to Europe. Vet. Rec. 105: 468– 469.
189. Ryan, C. A.,, M. K. Nickels,, N. T. Hargrett-Bean,, M. E. Potter,, T. Endo,, L. Mayer,, C. W. Langkop,, C. Gibson,, R. C. McDonald,, R. T. Kenney,, N. D. Puhr,, P. J. McDonnell,, R. J. Martin,, M. L. Cohen,, and P. A. Blake. 1987. Massive outbreak of antimicrobial-resistant salmonellosis traced to pasteurized milk. JAMA 258: 3269– 3274.
190. Schmidt, H.,, and M. Hensel. 2004. Pathogenicity islands in bacterial pathogenesis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17: 14– 56.
191. Schraidt, O.,, M. D. Lefebre,, M. J. Brunner,, W. H. Schmied,, A. Schmidt,, J. Radics,, K. Mechtler,, J. E. Galán,, and T. C. Marlovits. 2010. Topology and organization of the Salmonella typhimurium type iii secretion needle complex components. PLoS Pathog. 6( 4): e1000824. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000824
192. Seglenieks, Z.,, and S. Dixon. 1977. Outbreak of milk-borne Salmonella gastroenteritis—South Australia MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 26: 127.
193. Sivapalasingam, S.,, E. Barrett,, A. Kumura,, S. Van Duyne,, W. De Witt,, M. Ying,, A. Frisch,, Q. Phan,, E. Gould,, P. Shillam,, V. Reddy,, T. Cooper,, M. Hoekstra,, C. Higgins,, J. P. Sanders,, R. V. Tauxe,, and L. Slutsker. 2003. A multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica Serotype Newport infection linked to mango consumption: impact of water-dip disinfestations technology. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37: 1585– 1590.
194. Smith, J. L. 1994. Arthritis and foodborne bacteria. J. Food Prot. 57: 935– 941.
195. Spika, J. S.,, S. H. Waterman,, G. W. Soo Hoo,, M. E. St.Louis,, R. E. Pacer,, S. M. James,, M. L. Bissett,, L. W. Mayer,, J. Y. Chiu,, B. Hall,, K. Greene,, M. E. Potter,, M. L. Cohen,, and P. A. Blake. 1987. Chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella Newport traced through hamburger to dairy farms. N. Engl. J. Med. 316: 565– 570.
196. Stackhouse, R. R.,, N. G. Faith,, C. W. Kaspar,, C. J. Czuprynski,, and A. C. Wong. 2012. Survival and virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis filaments induced by reduced water activity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78: 2213– 2220.
197. Statens Serum Institut. 2011. Salmonella outbreak associated with imported tomatoes. Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. http://www.ssi.dk/English/News/News/2011/Salm%20imported%20tomatoes.aspx. Accessed January 2012.
198. Stokes, H. W.,, and R. M. Hall. 1989. A novel family of potentially mobile DNA elements encoding site-specific gene integration functions: integrons. Mol. Microbiol. 3: 1669– 1683.
199. Taira, S.,, P. Heiskanen,, R. Hurme,, H. Heikkilä,, P. Riikonen,, and M. Rhen. 1995. Evidence for functional polymorphism of the spv R gene regulating virulence gene expression in Salmonella. Mol. Gen. Genet. 246: 437– 444.
200. Takkinen, J.,, U. M. Nakari,, T. Johansson,, T. Niskanen,, A. Siitonen,, and M. Kuusi. 2005. A nationwide outbreak of multiresistant Salmonella Typhimurium var Copenhagen DT 104B infection in Finland due to contaminated lettuce from Spain, May 2005. Eurosurveill. Rep. 10: 26.
201. Tanaka, N. 1993. Food hygiene in Japan—Japanese food hygiene regulations and food poisoning incidence. Dairy Food Environ. Sanit. 13: 152– 156.
202. Thomson, G. T. D.,, D. A. DeRubeis,, M. A. Hodge,, C. Rajanayagam,, and R. D. Inman. 1995. Post- Salmonella reactive arthritis: late clinical sequelae in point source cohort. Am. J. Med. 98: 13– 21.
203. Threlfall, E. J.,, F. J. Angulo,, and P. G. Wall. 1998. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Vet. Rec. 142: 255.
204. Threlfall, E. J.,, L. R. Ward,, J. A. Skinner,, and B. Rowe. 1997. Increase in multiple antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal salmonellas from humans in England and Wales: a comparison of data for 1994 and 1996. Microb. Drug Resist. 3: 263– 266.
205. Torok, T. J.,, R. V. Tauxe,, R. P. Wise, J. R. Livengood,, R. Sokolow,, S. Mauvais,, K. A. Birkness,, M. R. Skeels,, J. M. Horan,, and L. R. Foster. 1997. A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars. JAMA 278: 389– 395.
206. Toth, B.,, D. Bodager,, R. M. Hammond, S. Stenzel,, J. K. Adams,, T. Kass-Hout,, R. M. Hoekstra,, P. S. Mead,, and P. Srikantiah. 2002. Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Javiana infections—Orlando, Florida, June 2002. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51: 31.
207. Troller, J. A. 1986. Water relations of foodborne bacterial pathogens—an updated review. J. Food Prot. 49: 656– 670.
208. Tsujii, H.,, and K. Hamada. 1999. Outbreak of salmonellosis caused by ingestion of cuttlefish chips contaminated by both Salmonella Chester and Salmonella Oranienburg. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 52: 138– 139.
209. Uesugi, A. R.,, M. D. Danyluk,, and L. J. Harris. 2006. Survival of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 30 on inoculated almonds stored at -20, 4, 23, and 35 degrees C. J. Food Prot. 69: 1851– 1857.
210. UK Food Standards Agency. 2006. Cadbury recall update 1 August 2006. UK Food Standards Agency, London, United Kingdom. http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2006/aug/cadbury. Accessed January 2012.
211. UK Health Protection Agency. 2010. Outbreaks of Salmonella cases linked to bean sprouts continue. UK Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom. http://www.hpa.org.uk/NewsCentre/NationalPressReleases/2010PressReleases/101028SBareillyoutbreakcontinues/. Accessed January 2012.
212. UK Health Protection Agency. 2010. S. Enteritidis infections in England in 2009: national case control study report. UK Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom. http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/archives/2010/news0610.htm#pt14b. Accessed January 2012.
213. Unicomb, L. E.,, G. Simmons,, T. Merritt,, J. Gregory,, C. Nicol,, P. Jelfs,, M. Kirk,, A. Tan,, R. Thomson,, J. Adamopoulos,, C. L. Little,, A. Currie,, and C. B. Dalton. 2005. Sesame seed products contaminated with Salmonella: three outbreaks associated with tahini. Epidemiol. Infect. 133: 1065– 1072.
214. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Newport infections associated with consumption of unpasteurized Mexican-style aged cheese—Illinois, March 2006-April 2007. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 57: 432– 435.
215. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. CDC foodborne outbreak online database (food). U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, . http://wwwn.cdc.gov/foodborneoutbreaks/. Accessed January, 2012.
216. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Investigation announcement: multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Heidelberg infections. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/heidelberg/080111/. Accessed January 2012.
217. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Investigation of an outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul infections linked to raw alfalfa sprout. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/saintpaul/alfalfa/. Accessed January, 2012.
218. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Investigation of outbreak of human infections caused by Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:-. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/4512eyeminus.html. Accessed January, 2012.
219. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Investigation update: multistate outbreak of human Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:-infections linked to alfalfa sprouts. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/i4512i-/021011/index.html. Accessed January, 2012.
220. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Agona infections linked to whole, fresh imported papayas. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/agona-papayas/index.html. Accessed January, 2012.
221. U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety Inspection Service. 2010. Progress report on Salmonella testing of raw meat and poultry products, 1998-2010. USDA/FSIS, Washington, DC.
222. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2009. Prevention of Salmonella Enteritidis in shell eggs during production, storage, and transportation. Final rule. Fed. Reg. 74: 33029– 33101.
223. Van Duynhoven, Y. T. H. P.,, M. Widdowson,, C. M. de Jager,, T. Fernandes,, S. Neppelenbroek,, W. van den Brandhof,, W. J. B. Wannet,, J. A. van Kooij,, H. J. M. Rietveld,, and W. van Pelt. 2002. Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis phage type 4b outbreak associated with bean sprouts. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8: 440– 443.
224. Weigel, R. M.,, B. Qiao,, B. Teferedegne,, D. K. Suh,, D. A. Barber,, R. E. Isaacson,, and B. A. White. 2004. Comparison of pulsed field gel electrophoresis and repetitive sequence polymerase chain reaction as genotyping methods for detection of genetic diversity and inferring transmission of Salmonella. Vet. Microbiol. 100: 205– 217.
225. Weissman, J. B.,, R. M. A. D. Deen,, M. Williams,, N. Swanton,, and S. Ali. 1977. An island-wide epidemic of salmonellosis in Trinidad traced to contaminated powdered milk. West Indies Med. J. 26: 135– 143.
226. Werber, D.,, J. Dreesman,, F. Feil,, U. van Treeck,, G. Fell,, S. Ethelberg,, A. M. Hauri,, P. Roggentin,, R. Prager,, I. S. Fisher,, S. C. Behnke,, E. Bartelt,, E. Weise,, A. Ellis,, A. Siitonen,, Y. Andersson,, H. Tschape,, M. H. Kramer,, and A. Ammon. 2005. International outbreak of Salmonella Oranienburg due to German chocolate. BMC Infect. Dis. 5: 7.
227. White, A. P.,, and M. G. Surette. 2006. Comparative genetics of the rdar morphotype in Salmonella. J Bacteriol. 188: 8395– 8406.
228. White, D. G.,, S. Zhao,, R. Sudler,, S. Ayers,, S. Friedman,, S. Chen,, P. F. McDermott,, S. McDermott,, D. D. Wagner,, and J. Meng. 2001. The isolation of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella from retail ground meats. N. Engl. J. Med. 345: 1147– 1154.
229. Wilson, M. K.,, A. B. Lane,, B. F. Law,, W. G. Miller,, L. A. Joens,, M. E. Konkel,, and B. A. White. 2009. Analysis of the pan genome of Campylobacter jejuni isolates recovered from poultry by pulse-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and repetitive sequence polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) reveals different discriminatory capabilities. Microb. Ecol. 58: 843– 855.
230. Winthrop, K. L.,, M. S. Palumbo,, J. A. Farra,, J. C. Mohle-Boetani,, S. Abbot,, M. E. Beatty,, G. Inami,, and S. B. Serner. 2003. Alfalfa sprouts and Salmonella Kottbus infection: a multistate outbreak following inadequate seed disinfection with heat and chlorine. J. Food Prot. 66: 13– 17.
231. World Health Organization. 2004. German study looks at prevalence of Salmonella in sesame seed products. WHO Newsl. No. 80, June 2004.
232. Ye, X. L.,, C. C. Yan,, H. H. Xie,, X. P. Tan,, Y. Z. Wang,, and L. M. Ye. 1990. An outbreak of food poisoning due to Salmonella Typhimurium in the People’s Republic of China. J. Diarrheal Dis. Res. 8: 97– 98.
233. Zhou, D.,, W. D. Hardt,, and J. E. Galan. 1999. Salmonella Typhimurium encodes a putative iron transport system within the centisome 63 pathogenicity island. Infect. Immun. 67: 1974– 1981.

Tables

Salmonella Species†
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Haiping, foaf_name=Haiping Li, foaf_surname=Li, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Hua, foaf_name=Hua Wang, foaf_surname=Wang, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-aff2]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-3,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-3,properties={foaf_givenname=Jean-Yves, foaf_name=Jean-Yves D'Aoust, foaf_surname=D'Aoust, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-aff3]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-4,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-4,properties={foaf_givenname=John, foaf_name=John Maurer, foaf_surname=Maurer, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10-aff4]]}]]
Citation: Li H, Wang H, D'Aoust J, Maurer J. 2013. Species , p 225-261. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10.tab10-1
Table 10.1

Taxonomical schemes for spp.

10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-1.gif
Generic image for table
Table 10.1

Taxonomical schemes for spp.

Citation: Li H, Wang H, D'Aoust J, Maurer J. 2013. Species , p 225-261. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10.tab10-2
Table 10.2

Species within the genus

10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-2.gif
Generic image for table
Table 10.2

Species within the genus

Citation: Li H, Wang H, D'Aoust J, Maurer J. 2013. Species , p 225-261. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10.tab10-3
Table 10.3

Physiological limits for the growth of spp. in foods and bacteriological media

10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-3.gif
Generic image for table
Table 10.3

Physiological limits for the growth of spp. in foods and bacteriological media

Citation: Li H, Wang H, D'Aoust J, Maurer J. 2013. Species , p 225-261. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10.tab10-4
Table 10.4

Examples of major foodborne outbreaks of human salmonellosis from dairy products

10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-4.gif
Generic image for table
Table 10.4

Examples of major foodborne outbreaks of human salmonellosis from dairy products

Citation: Li H, Wang H, D'Aoust J, Maurer J. 2013. Species , p 225-261. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10.tab10-5
Table 10.5

Examples of major foodborne outbreaks of human salmonellosis from fruits and vegetables

10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-5a_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-5a.gif
Generic image for table
Table 10.5

Examples of major foodborne outbreaks of human salmonellosis from fruits and vegetables

Citation: Li H, Wang H, D'Aoust J, Maurer J. 2013. Species , p 225-261. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10.tab10-6
Table 10.6

Examples of major foodborne outbreaks of human salmonellosis from meats and meat products

10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-6_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-6.gif
Generic image for table
Table 10.6

Examples of major foodborne outbreaks of human salmonellosis from meats and meat products

Citation: Li H, Wang H, D'Aoust J, Maurer J. 2013. Species , p 225-261. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10.tab10-7
Table 10.7

Examples of major foodborne outbreaks of human salmonellosis from fish and fish products

10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-7_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-7.gif
Generic image for table
Table 10.7

Examples of major foodborne outbreaks of human salmonellosis from fish and fish products

Citation: Li H, Wang H, D'Aoust J, Maurer J. 2013. Species , p 225-261. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10.tab10-8
Table 10.8

Examples of major foodborne outbreaks of human salmonellosis from eggs and egg products

10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-8_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-8.gif
Generic image for table
Table 10.8

Examples of major foodborne outbreaks of human salmonellosis from eggs and egg products

Citation: Li H, Wang H, D'Aoust J, Maurer J. 2013. Species , p 225-261. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10.tab10-9
Table 10.9

Examples of major foodborne outbreaks of human salmonellosis from other products

10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-9_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-9.gif
Generic image for table
Table 10.9

Examples of major foodborne outbreaks of human salmonellosis from other products

Citation: Li H, Wang H, D'Aoust J, Maurer J. 2013. Species , p 225-261. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555818463.chap10.tab10-10
Table 10.10

Human infectious doses of

10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-10_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818463/tab10-10.gif
Generic image for table
Table 10.10

Human infectious doses of

Citation: Li H, Wang H, D'Aoust J, Maurer J. 2013. Species , p 225-261. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch10

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error