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Chapter 32 : Fermented Dairy Products

Authors: Mark E. Johnson1, James L. Steele2
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Affiliations: 1: Center for Dairy Research, Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1565; 2: Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1565
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2013

Category: Food Microbiology; Applied and Industrial Microbiology

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Abstract:

The fermented dairy products category contains products with a diversity of flavors, textures, and appearances, all of which are directly dependent on microbial metabolism. The enzymes and metabolites required to produce these products are provided by a diverse set of microorganisms, including molds, yeasts, and bacteria. Of these organisms, homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are of the greatest importance, as the manufacture of fermented dairy products is directly dependent on their primary metabolic end product, lactic acid. This chapter describes the potential for production of diacetyl and carbon dioxide from lactose metabolism in lactococci with reduced lactic acid dehydrogenase activity. The main volatile flavor components of fermented milks are acetic acid, acetaldehyde, and diacetyl. Proteolytic systems in LAB contribute to their ability to grow in milk and are necessary for the development of flavor in ripened cheeses. Peptides and amino acids formed by proteolysis may impart flavor directly or serve as flavor precursors in fermented dairy products. The dairy industry has employed improved sanitation regimens, utilized sophisticated starter culture propagation vessels, developed starter culture systems to minimize the impact of phage infection, and isolated and constructed starter strains with enhanced bacteriophage resistance. The power of recombinant DNA approaches is that strains can be constructed that differ in a single defined genetic alteration, e.g., inactivation of a specific gene.

Citation: Johnson M, Steele J. 2013. Fermented Dairy Products, p 825-839. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch32
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Fermented Dairy Products
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Citation: Johnson M, Steele J. 2013. Fermented Dairy Products, p 825-839. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch32
/content/10.1128/9781555818463.chap32.fig32-1
Figure 32.1

Lactose metabolism in homofermentative LAB. doi:10.1128/9781555818463.ch32f1

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Figure 32.1

Lactose metabolism in homofermentative LAB. doi:10.1128/9781555818463.ch32f1

Citation: Johnson M, Steele J. 2013. Fermented Dairy Products, p 825-839. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch32
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Figure 32.2

Lactose metabolism in heterofermentative LAB. doi:10.1128/9781555818463.ch32f2

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Figure 32.2

Lactose metabolism in heterofermentative LAB. doi:10.1128/9781555818463.ch32f2

Citation: Johnson M, Steele J. 2013. Fermented Dairy Products, p 825-839. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch32
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Figure 32.3

Pyruvic acid and citric acid metabolism in LAB. CoA, coenzyme A; Tpp, thiamine pyrophosphate. doi:10.1128/9781555818463.ch32f3

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Image of Figure 32.3
Figure 32.3

Pyruvic acid and citric acid metabolism in LAB. CoA, coenzyme A; Tpp, thiamine pyrophosphate. doi:10.1128/9781555818463.ch32f3

Citation: Johnson M, Steele J. 2013. Fermented Dairy Products, p 825-839. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch32
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Figure 32.4

Schematic representation of the lactococcal proteolytic system. PrtP, cell envelope-associated proteinase; Opp, oligopeptide transport system; Dtp, di-/tripeptide transport systems; AAT, amino acid transport systems; EP, endopeptidases; AP, aminopeptidases; TP, tripeptidases; DP, dipeptidases. doi:10.1128/9781555818463.ch32f4

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Image of Figure 32.4
Figure 32.4

Schematic representation of the lactococcal proteolytic system. PrtP, cell envelope-associated proteinase; Opp, oligopeptide transport system; Dtp, di-/tripeptide transport systems; AAT, amino acid transport systems; EP, endopeptidases; AP, aminopeptidases; TP, tripeptidases; DP, dipeptidases. doi:10.1128/9781555818463.ch32f4

Citation: Johnson M, Steele J. 2013. Fermented Dairy Products, p 825-839. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch32
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Tables

Fermented Dairy Products
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Citation: Johnson M, Steele J. 2013. Fermented Dairy Products, p 825-839. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch32
/content/10.1128/9781555818463.chap32.tab32-1
Table 32.1

Microorganisms involved in the manufacture of cheeses and fermented milks

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Table 32.1

Microorganisms involved in the manufacture of cheeses and fermented milks

Citation: Johnson M, Steele J. 2013. Fermented Dairy Products, p 825-839. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch32
/content/10.1128/9781555818463.chap32.tab32-2
Table 32.2

Peptidases purified and characterized from lactococci

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Table 32.2

Peptidases purified and characterized from lactococci

Citation: Johnson M, Steele J. 2013. Fermented Dairy Products, p 825-839. In Doyle M, Buchanan R (ed), Food Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch32

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