Of Mice and Men: Animal Models of Viral Infection

doi:10.1128/9781555818586.ch2

Chapter 2 : Of Mice and Men: Animal Models of Viral Infection

Authors: John Booss, Marilyn J. August

Content Type: Monograph

Publication Year: 2013

Category: General Interest; Clinical Microbiology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555818586

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555818586.ch2

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:

Of Mice and Men: Animal Models of Viral Infection, Page 1 of 2

< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818586/9781555818586_CH02-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818586/9781555818586_CH02-2.gif

Abstract:

In viral diseases of plants, such as tobacco mosaic disease, the natural host was readily available and appropriate. For human diseases, such as rabies and polio, nonhuman hosts were necessary to isolate and characterize the etiological agent. In the case of rabies, a zoonosis that spreads from animals to humans with catastrophic results, the development of animal models might be expected to be productive. In contrast, polio and human influenza were not known to have animal hosts, nor was an animal host known for yellow fever. Yet, isolation and study of the agents for each of these diseases were achieved in experimental hosts. This chapter discusses the transmission of rabies to dogs and rabbits and polio in monkeys, which served as animal models for study. Isolation in monkeys, and particularly in mice, was exceptionally productive for filterable viruses that caused epidemics of encephalitis. These viruses were transmitted by mosquitoes and came to be called arthropod-borne, later shortened to arbovirus. Rabies is horrific in all aspects: in the savage bites by crazed wolves or dogs to implant infection, in the anxiety and fear in anticipation of whether the disease will develop, in the torturing expression of the acute disease, and in the knowledge that once expressed, rabies is an essentially fatal disease. Studies on biological systems showed that the embryonated egg of chickens was remarkably productive for the understanding of human influenza infection.

Citation: Booss J, August M. 2013. Of Mice and Men: Animal Models of Viral Infection, p 22-50. In To Catch a Virus. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818586.ch2

Highlighted Text: Show | Hide

Full text loading...

Figures

Of Mice and Men: Animal Models of Viral Infection

Citation: Booss J, August M. 2013. Of Mice and Men: Animal Models of Viral Infection, p 22-50. In To Catch a Virus. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818586.ch2

/content/10.1128/9781555818586.ch02.ch02fig01

Figure 1

Mad Dog. The fear of rabid dogs has been portrayed throughout history. This caricature by T. L. Busby was published in London in 1826. (Courtesy Yale University, Harvey Cushing/John Whitney Medical Library.) doi:10.1128/9781555818586.ch2.f1

10.1128/9781555818586/f0025-01_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818586/f0025-01.gif

Figure 1

Citation: Booss J, August M. 2013. Of Mice and Men: Animal Models of Viral Infection, p 22-50. In To Catch a Virus. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818586.ch2

/content/10.1128/9781555818586.ch02.ch02fig02

Figure 2

Louis Pasteur. Pasteur was one of the principal founders of germ theory. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation; linked agricultural, animal, and human diseases to specific infections; and developed vaccinations, including that to prevent rabies. (Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine.) doi:10.1128/9781555818586.ch2.f2

10.1128/9781555818586/f0026-01_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818586/f0026-01.gif

Figure 2

Citation: Booss J, August M. 2013. Of Mice and Men: Animal Models of Viral Infection, p 22-50. In To Catch a Virus. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818586.ch2

/content/10.1128/9781555818586.ch02.ch02fig03

Figure 3

Rabies prevention. The recognition that the Pasteurian treatment could prevent rabies after the bite of a rabid animal resulted in dramatic public acceptance. In this print from 1885, Pasteur is depicted observing the inoculation of a boy to prevent hydrophobia (rabies in humans). (Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine.) doi:10.1128/9781555818586.ch2.f3

10.1128/9781555818586/f0030-01_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818586/f0030-01.gif

Figure 3

Citation: Booss J, August M. 2013. Of Mice and Men: Animal Models of Viral Infection, p 22-50. In To Catch a Virus. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818586.ch2

/content/10.1128/9781555818586.ch02.ch02fig04

Figure 4

Karl Landsteiner. Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1930 for the discovery of human blood groups. Another significant contribution was the demonstration that polio could be transmitted to monkeys by using spinal cord tissue from children who had died from the illness. (Courtesy of the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation.) doi:10.1128/9781555818586.ch2.f4

10.1128/9781555818586/f0034-01_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818586/f0034-01.gif

Figure 4

Citation: Booss J, August M. 2013. Of Mice and Men: Animal Models of Viral Infection, p 22-50. In To Catch a Virus. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818586.ch2

/content/10.1128/9781555818586.ch02.ch02fig05

Figure 5

“Coughs and Sneezes Spread Diseases,” a slogan and poster campaign that was designed to cut down on the spread of respiratory diseases in the United Kingdom in World War II. Disease was portrayed as hampering the war effort at home. No doubt lurking in the minds of the Ministry of Health officials were the devastating effects of the 1919 influenza pandemic. (Courtesy of Yale University, Harvey Cushing/John Whitney Medical Library.) doi:10.1128/9781555818586.ch2.f5

10.1128/9781555818586/f0039-01_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818586/f0039-01.gif

Figure 5

Citation: Booss J, August M. 2013. Of Mice and Men: Animal Models of Viral Infection, p 22-50. In To Catch a Virus. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818586.ch2

/content/10.1128/9781555818586.ch02.ch02fig06

Figure 6

L’influenza à Paris. This cover is from a Parisian weekly in 1890 during the influenza pandemic of 1889–1890. Originating in Russia and spreading westward, influenza became known as “Russian flu.” The cover depicts four scenes relating to the epidemic in Paris (clockwise from top left): a tent set up in a hospital courtyard, the interior of tent ward for the sick, the distribution of clothes to families of victims, and two men singing a new song, “L’influenza, tout l’monde l’a!” (“Influenza, Everyone Has It!”). (Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine.) doi:10.1128/9781555818586.ch2.f6

10.1128/9781555818586/f0040-01_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818586/f0040-01.gif

Figure 6

Citation: Booss J, August M. 2013. Of Mice and Men: Animal Models of Viral Infection, p 22-50. In To Catch a Virus. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818586.ch2

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555818586.ch02

1. Andrewes C. H., Laidlaw P. P., Smith W. 1934. The susceptibility of mice to the viruses of human and swine influenza. Lancet 224: 859– 882.

2. Baltazard M., Bahmanyar M., Chodssi M., Sabeti A., Gajdusek C., Rouzbehi E. 1955. Essai pratique du sérum antirabique chez les mordus par loups enragés. Bull. W. H. O. 13: 747– 772.

3. Beveridge W. I. B., Burnet F. M. 1946. The Cultivation of Viruses and Rickettsiae in the Chick Embryo. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, United Kingdom.

3a. Booss J., Tselis A. A history of viral infections of the central nervous system. In Neurovirology. The Handbook of Clinical Neurology, in press. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

4. Burnet F. M. 1935. Influenza virus isolated from an Australian epidemic. Med. J. Aust. 2: 651– 653.

5. Burnet F. M. 1935. Propagation of the virus of epidemic influenza on the developing egg. Med. J. Austr. 2: 687– 689.

6. Burnet M. 1969. Changing Patterns: an Atypical Autobiography. American Elsevier, New York, NY.

7. Caverly C. S. 1894. Preliminary report of an epidemic of paralytic disease, occurring in Vermont, in the summer of 1894. Yale Med. J. 1: 1– 5.

8. Caverly C. S. 1896. Notes of an epidemic of acute anterior poliomyelitis. JAMA 26: 1– 5.

9. Clark E. R. 1920. Technique of operating on chick embryos. Science 51: 371– 373.

10. Crosby A. W. 2003. America’s Forgotten Pandemic: the Influenza of 1918, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.

11. Debré P. 1998. Louis Pasteur. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. (Translated by E. Forster.)

12. Dubos R. J. 1950. Louis Pasteur, Free Lance of Science. Little, Brown, Boston, MA.

13. Dunkin G. W., Laidlaw P. P. 1926. Studies in dog-distemper. I. Dog-distemper in the ferret. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 39: 201– 212.

14. Dunkin G. W., Laidlaw P. P. 1926. Studies in dog-distemper. II. Experimental distemper in the dog. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 39: 213– 221.

15. Dunkin G. W., Laidlaw P. P. 1926. Studies in dog-distemper. III. The nature of the virus. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 39: 222– 230.

15a. Edinburgh University Library. Accessed 14 September 2008. The Walter Scott digital archive. http://www.walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk/.

16. Flexner S., Lewis P. A. 1909. The transmission of acute poliomyelitis to monkeys. JAMA 53: 1639.

17. Flexner S., Lewis P. A. 1909. The nature of the virus of epidemic poliomyelitis. JAMA 53: 2095.

18. Francis T. Jr. 1934. Transmission of influenza by a filterable virus. Science 80: 457– 459.

19. Francis T. Jr., Magill T. P. 1935. Cultivation of human influenza virus in an artificial medium. Science 82: 353– 354.

20. Galtier M. 1879. Études sur la rage. C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. 89: 444– 446.

21. Geison G. L. 1995. The Private Science of Louis Pasteur. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

22. Goodpasture E. W., Buddingh G. J. 1935. The preparation of anti-smallpox vaccine by culture of the virus in the chorio-allantoic membrane of chick embryos, and its use in human immunization. Am J. Hyg. 21: 319– 360.

23. Goodpasture E. W. 1938. Some uses of the chick embryo for the study of infection and immunity. Am. J. Hyg. 28: 111– 129.

24. Gorgas W. C. 1909. Sanitation of the tropics with special reference to malaria and yellow fever. JAMA 52: 1075– 1077.

25. Hammon W. M. 1943. The epidemic encephalitides of North America. Med. Clin. North Am. 1943: 632– 650.

26. Hirst G. K. 1941. The agglutination of red cells by allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with influenza virus. Science 94: 22– 23.

27. Hirst G. K. 1948. Influenza, p. 93– 121. In T. Francis, Jr. (collator), Diagnostic Procedures for Virus and Rickettsial Diseases. American Public Health Association, New York, NY.

28. Hiss P. H. Jr., Zinsser H. 1919. A Text-Book of Bacteriology. A Practical Treatise for Students and Practitioners of Medicine, 4th ed. D. Appleton, New York, NY.

29. Kawamura R., Kodama M., Ito T., Yasaki T., Kobayakawa Y. 1936. Epidemic encephalitis in Japan. The causative agent compared with that in the St. Louis Epidemic. Arch. Pathol. 22: 510– 523.

30. Kolata G. 1999. Flu: the Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus that Caused It. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, NY.

31. Laidlaw P. P. 1935. Epidemic influenza: a virus disease. Lancet 225: 1118– 1124.

32. Landsteiner K., Levaditi C. 1909. La transmission de la paralysie infantile aux singes. C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. 67: 592– 594.

33. Landsteiner K., Popper E. 1909. Übertragung der Poliomyelitis acuta auf Affen. Z. Immunitätsforsch. 2: 377– 390.

34. Lechevalier H., Solotorovsky M. 1974. Three Centuries of Microbiology. Dover, New York, NY.

35. Lee H. 1960. To Kill a Mockingbird. Warner Books, New York, NY.

36. Lewis P. A., Shope R. E. 1931. Swine influenza. II. A hemophilic bacillus from the respiratory tract of infected swine. J. Exp. Med. 54: 361– 372.

37. Loeffler F., Frosch P. 1898. Berichte der Kommission zur Erforschung der Maul- und Klauenseuche bei dem Institut fur Infectionskrankheiten in Berlin. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 24: 80– 83, 97– 100.

38. Lott G., Bartel J. 1908. Offizielles Protokoll der k.k. Gesellschaft der Aerzte in Wien. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 52: 1829– 1831.

39. Magendie F. 1821. Expérience sur la rage. J. Physiol. Exp. Pathol. 1: 41– 47.

40. McClelland L., Hare R. 1941. The adsorption of influenza virus by red cells and a new in vitro method of measuring antibodies for influenza virus. Can. J. Public Health 32: 530– 538.

41. McFadyean J. 1908. The ultravisible viruses. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 21: 58– 68, 168– 175, 232– 246.

42. Mote J. R. 1940. Human and swine influenzas, p. 429– 516. In H. Zinsser, Virus and Rickettsial Diseases with Special Consideration of Their Public Health Significance. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

43. Muckenfuss R. S., Armstrong C., McCordock H. A. 1933. Encephalitis: studies on experimental transmission. Public Health Rep. 48: 1341– 1343.

44. Negri A. 1903. Beitrag zum Stadium der Aetiologie der Tolwuth. Hyg. Infektionskr. 43: 507– 528.

45. Noguchi H. 1919. Etiology of yellow fever. II. Transmission experiments on yellow fever. J. Exp. Med. 29: 565– 584.

46. Patterson D. K., Pyle G. F. 1991. The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Bull. Hist. Med. 65: 4– 21.

47. Paul J. R. 1971. A History of Poliomyelitis. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

48. Pfeiffer R. 1893. Die Aetiologie der Influenza. Z. Hyg. 13: 357– 386.

49. Porter K. A. 1972. Pale horse, pale rider, p. 269– 317. In K. A. Porter, The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter. Harcourt, New York, NY.

50. Reed W., Carroll J. 1902. The etiology of yellow fever: a supplemental note. Am. Med. 3: 301– 305.

51. Remlinger D. 1903. Le passage du virus rabique à travers les filtres. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 17: 834– 849.

52. Rous P., Murphy J. B. 1911. Tumor implications in the developing embryo. JAMA 56: 741– 742.

53. Sawyer W. A., Lloyd W. 1931. The use of mice in tests of immunity against yellow fever. J. Exp. Med. 54: 533– 555.

54. Shope R. E. 1931. Swine influenza. I. Experimental transmission and pathology. J. Exp. Med. 54: 349– 359.

55. Shope R. E. 1931. Swine influenza. III. Filtration experiments and etiology. J. Exp. Med. 54: 373– 385.

56. Shope R. E. 1958. Influenza: history, epidemiology, and speculation. Public Health Rep. 73: 165– 178.

57. Smith W., Andrewes C. H., Laidlaw P. P. 1933. A virus obtained from influenza patients. Lancet ii: 66– 69.

58. Smith W. 1935. Cultivation of the virus of influenza. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 16: 508– 512.

59. Stokes A., Bauer J. H., Hudson N. P. 1928. Experimental transmission of yellow fever to laboratory animals. Am. J. Trop. Med. 8: 103– 164.

60. Theiler M. 1951. The virus, p. 39– 136. In G. K. Strode (ed.), Yellow Fever. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.

61. Theiler M. 1930. Susceptibility of white mice to the virus of yellow fever. Science 71: 367.

62. Theiler M., Smith H. G. 1937. The use of yellow fever virus modified by in vitro cultivation for human immunization. J. Exp. Med. 65: 787– 800.

63. Vallery-Radot R. 1900. The Life of Pasteur. (R. L. Devonshire, translated from “La Vie de Pasteur,” 1900, Hachette, Paris.) Garden City Publishing Co., New York, NY.

64. Warrell D. A., Davison N. M., Pope H. M., Bailie W. E., Lawrie J. H., Ormerod L. D., Kertesz A., Lewis P. 1976. Pathophysiologic studies in human rabies. Am. J. Med. 60: 180– 190.

65. Warren A. J. 1951. Landmarks in the conquest of yellow fever, p. 1– 38. In G. K. Strode (ed.), Yellow Fever. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.

66. Webster L. T., Fite G. L. 1933. A virus encountered in the study of material from cases of encephalitis in the St. Louis and Kansas City epidemics of 1933. Science 78: 463– 465.

67. Wickman I. 1913. Acute Poliomyelitis (Heine-Medin’s Disease). The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company, New York, NY. (Translated by W. J. A. M. Maloney.)

68. Wilkinson L. 1992. Animals and Disease: an Introduction to the History of Comparative Medicine. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.

69. Wilkinson L. 2002. History, p. 1– 22. In A. C. Jackson and W. H. Wunner (ed.), Rabies. Academic Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

70. Williams G. 1959. Virus Hunters. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY.

71. Woodruff A. M., Goodpasture E. W. 1931. The susceptibility of the chorio-allantoic membrane of chick embryos to infection with the fowl-pox virus. Am. J. Pathol. 7: 209– 222.

72. Zinke G. G. 1804. Neue Ansichten der Hundswuth, ihrer Ursachen und Folgen, nebst einer sichern Behandlungsart der von tollen Tieren gebissenen Menschen. C. B. Gabler, Jena, Germany.