Lyme Disease, Relapsing Fever, and Leptospirosis

Guiqing Wang; Maria E. Aguero-Rosenfeld

doi:10.1128/9781555818722.ch47

Chapter 47 : Lyme Disease, Relapsing Fever, and Leptospirosis

Authors: Guiqing Wang¹, Maria E. Aguero-Rosenfeld²

VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS

Affiliations: 1: New York Medical College, Department of Pathology, 100 Woods Road, Westchester Medical Center Rm. 1J-04, Valhalla, NY 10595; 2: NYU Langone Medical Center, Rm. H374A, 560 First Ave., New York, NY 10016

Content Type: Reference

Publication Year: 2016

Category: Immunology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555818722

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555818722.ch47

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:

Lyme Disease, Relapsing Fever, and Leptospirosis, Page 1 of 2

< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818722/9781555818715_CH47-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818722/9781555818715_CH47-2.gif

Abstract:

Lyme disease, relapsing fever, and leptospirosis are infections caused by spirochetes, a phylogenetically ancient and distinct group of microorganisms among the prokaryotes.

Citation: Wang G, Aguero-Rosenfeld M. 2016. Lyme Disease, Relapsing Fever, and Leptospirosis, p 419-432. In Detrick B, Schmitz J, Hamilton R (ed), Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology, Eighth Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818722.ch47

Highlighted Text: Show | Hide

Full text loading...

Figures

Lyme Disease, Relapsing Fever, and Leptospirosis

[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818722.ch47-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818722.ch47-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Guiqing, foaf_name=Guiqing Wang, foaf_surname=Wang, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818722.ch47-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818722.ch47-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818722.ch47-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Maria E., foaf_name=Maria E. Aguero-Rosenfeld, foaf_surname=Aguero-Rosenfeld, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818722.ch47-aff2]]}]]

/content/10.1128/9781555818722.ch47.ch47fig1

FIGURE 1

(A) Examples of positive Lyme IgM (lane 1) and IgG (lane 2) Western blots (MarDx Inc). The IgM and IgG bands in the CDC interpretive criteria are indicated. (B) VlsE–IgG Western blots (Viralab Inc, not currently FDA-approved in the U.S.) ( 26 ). Sequential sera from a culture-confirmed EM patient are shown in lanes 1 to 4. Serum samples were collected at Baseline (BL, lane 4), 8 days (d8, lane 3), 20 days (d20, lane 2) and 3 months (3m, lane 1) post onset of illness.

10.1128/9781555818722/8722ch47fig1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818722/8722ch47fig1.gif

FIGURE 1

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555818722.ch47

1. Krieg NR, Staley JT, Brown DR, Hedlund BP, Paster BJ, Ward NL, Ludwig W, Whitman WB . 2011. The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes ( Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and cetes. In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd ed, vol 4. Springer, New York, NY.

2. Johnson RC . 1984. Borrelia burgdorferi sp. nov.: etiological agent of Lyme disease. Int J Syst Bacteriol 34 : 496– 497.[CrossRef]

3. Wang G, Van Dam AP, Schwartz I, Dankert J . 1999. Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: taxonomic, epidemiological, and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 12 : 633– 653.[PubMed]

4. Stanek G, Reiter M . 2011. The expanding Lyme Borrelia complex—clinical significance of genomic species? Clin Microbiol Infect 17 : 487– 493.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

5. Wang G, Schwartz I, . 2011. Genus Borrelia, p 484– 531. In Krieg NR, Staley JT, Brown DR, Hedlund BP, Paster BJ, Ward NL, Ludwig W, Whitman WB (ed), Bergey's Manual Of Systematic Bacteriology, vol 4: The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes, 2nd ed. Springer, New York, NY.

6. Kuehn BM . 2013. CDC Estimates 300,000 US cases of Lyme disease annually. JAMA 310 : 1110.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

7. Centers For Disease Control And Prevention. 2012. Summary of notifiable diseases—United States, 2010. MMWR 59 : 1– 116.[PubMed]

8. O'Connell S, Granstrom M, Gray JS, Stanek G . 1998. Epidemiology of European Lyme borreliosis. Zentralbl Bakteriol 287 : 229– 240.[CrossRef]

9. Anderson JF . 1989. Epizootiology of Borrelia in Ixodes tick vectors and reservoir hosts. Rev Infect Dis 11( Suppl 6) : S1451– S1459.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

10. Hubalek Z, Halouzka J . 1998. Prevalence rates of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in host-seeking Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe. Parasitol Res 84 : 167– 172.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

11. Steere AC . 2001. Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 345 : 115– 125.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

12. Strle F, Nadelman RB, Cimperman J, Nowakowski J, Picken RN, Schwartz I, Maraspin V, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Varde S, Lotric-Furlan S, Wormser GP . 1999. Comparison of culture-confirmed erythema migrans caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in New York State and by Borrelia afzelii in Slovenia. Ann Intern Med 130 : 32– 36.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

13. Tugwell P, Dennis DT, Weinstein A, Wells G, Shea B, Nichol G, Hayward R, Lightfoot R, Baker P, Steere AC . 1997. Laboratory evaluation in the diagnosis of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 127 : 1109– 1123.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

14. Muller I, Freitag MH, Poggensee G, Scharnetzky E, Straube E, Schoerner C, Hlobil H, Hagedorn HJ, Stanek G, Schubert-Unkmeir A, Norris DE, Gensichen J, Hunfeld KP . 2012. Evaluating frequency, diagnostic quality, and cost of Lyme borreliosis testing in Germany: a retrospective model analysis. Clin Develop Immunol 2012 : 595427.

15. Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Nowakowski J, Bittker S, Cooper D, Nadelman RB, Wormser GP . 1996. Evolution of the serologic response to Borrelia burgdorferi in treated patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans. J Clin Microbiol 34 : 1– 9.[PubMed]

16. Fraser CM, Casjens S, Huang WM, Sutton GG, Clayton R, Lathigra R, White O, Ketchum KA, Dodson R, Hickey EK, Gwinn M, Dougherty B, Tomb JF, Fleischmann RD, Richardson D, Peterson J, Kerlavage AR, Quackenbush J, Salzberg S, Hanson M, Van Vugt R, Palmer N, Adams MD, Gocayne J, Venter JC . 1997. Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Nature 390 : 580– 586.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

17. Schriefer ME, . 2011. Borrelia, p 924– 940. In Versalovic J, Carroll KC, Funke G, Jorgensen JH, Landry RL, Warnock DW (ed), Mannual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.

18. Wormser GP, Levin A, Soman S, Adenikinju O, Longo MV, Branda JA . 2013. Comparative cost effectiveness of two-tiered testing strategies for the serodiagnosis of Lyme disease with non-cutaneous manifestations. J Clin Microbiol 51 : 4045– 4049.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

19. Hauser U, Lehnert G, Wilske B . 1999. Validity of interpretation criteria for standardized Western blots (immunoblots) for serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis based on sera collected throughout Europe. J Clin Microbiol 37 : 2241– 2247.[PubMed]

20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1995. Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease. MMWR 44 : 590– 591.[PubMed]

21. Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Wang G, Schwartz I, Wormser GP . 2005. Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 18 : 484– 509.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

22. Branda JA, Linskey K, Kim YA, Steere AC, Ferraro MJ . 2011. Two-tiered antibody testing for Lyme disease with use of 2 enzyme immunoassays, a whole-cell sonicate enzyme immunoassay followed by a VlsE C6 peptide enzyme immunoassay. Clin Infect Dis 53 : 541– 547.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

23. Bacon RM, Biggerstaff BJ, Schriefer ME, Gilmore RD Jr, Philipp MT, Steere AC, Wormser GP, Marques AR, Johnson BJ . 2003. Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant VlsE1 or peptide antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi compared with 2-tiered testing using whole-cell lysates. J Infec Dis 187 : 1187– 1199.[CrossRef]

24. Wormser GP, Schriefer M, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Levin A, Steere AC, Nadelman RB, Nowakowski J, Marques A, Johnson BJ, Dumler JS . 2013. Single-tier testing with the C6 peptide ELISA kit compared with two-tier testing for Lyme disease. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 75 : 9– 15.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

25. Arnaboldi PM, Seedarnee R, Sambir M, Callister SM, Imparato JA, Dattwyler RJ . 2013. Outer surface protein C peptide derived from Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto as a target for serodiagnosis of early Lyme disease. Clin Vaccine Immunol 20 : 474– 481.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

26. Branda JA, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Ferraro MJ, Johnson BJ, Wormser GP, Steere AC . 2010. 2-tiered antibody testing for early and late Lyme disease using only an immunoglobulin G blot with the addition of a VlsE band as the second-tier test. Clin Infect Dis 50 : 20– 26.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

27. Wormser GP, Bittker S, Cooper D, Nowakowski J, Nadelman RB, Pavia C . 2001. Yield of large-volume blood cultures in patients with early Lyme disease. J Infec Dis 184 : 1070– 1072.[CrossRef]

28. Johnson BJ, Pilgard MA, Russell TM . 2014. Assessment of new culture method to detect Borrelia species in serum of Lyme disease patients. J Clin Microbiol 52 : 721– 724.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

29. Schmidt BL . 1997. PCR in laboratory diagnosis of human Borrelia burgdorferi infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 10 : 185– 201.[PubMed]

30. Babady NE, Sloan LM, Vetter EA, Patel R, Binnicker MJ . 2008. Percent positive rate of Lyme real-time polymerase chain reaction in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, and tissue. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 62 : 464– 466.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

31. Halperin JJ, Baker P, Wormser GP . 2013. Common misconceptions about Lyme disease. Am J Med 126 : 264.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

32. Toledo A, Anda P, Escudero R, Larsson C, Bergstrom S, Benach JL . 2010. Phylogenetic analysis of a virulent Borrelia species isolated from patients with relapsing fever. J Clin Microbiol 48 : 2484– 2489.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

33. Lescot M, Audic S, Robert C, Nguyen TT, Blanc G, Cutler SJ, Wincker P, Couloux A, Claverie JM, Raoult D, Drancourt M . 2008. The genome of Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of deadly louse-borne relapsing fever, is a degraded subset of tick-borne Borrelia duttonii. Plos Genet 4 : E1000185.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

34. Cutler SJ . 2006. Possibilities for relapsing fever reemergence. Emerg Infect Dis 12 : 369– 374.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

35. Dworkin MS, Schwan TG, Anderson DE Jr, Borchardt SM . 2008. Tick-borne relapsing fever. Infect Dis Clin North Am 22 : 449– 468.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

36. Rhee KY, Johnson WD Jr, . 2010. Borrelia species (relapsing fever), p 3067– 3069. In Mandell GLB, Dolin JE (ed), Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 7th ed. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, PA.

37. Larsson C, Bergstrom S . 2008. A novel and simple method for laboratory diagnosis of relapsing fever borreliosis. Open Microbiol J 2 : 10– 12.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

38. Elbir H, Henry M, Diatta G, Mediannikov O, Sokhna C, Tall A, Socolovschi C, Cutler SJ, Bilcha KD, Ali J, Campelo D, Barker SC, Raoult D, Drancourt M . 2013. Multiplex real-time PCR diagnostic of relapsing fevers in Africa. Plos Negl Trop Dis 7 : E2042.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

39. Porcella SF, Raffel SJ, Schrumpf ME, Schriefer ME, Dennis DT, Schwan TG . 2000. Serodiagnosis of louse-borne relapsing fever with glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GlpQ) from Borrelia recurrentis. J Clin Microbiol 38 : 3561– 3571.[PubMed]

40. Lopez JE, Schrumpf ME, Nagarajan V, Raffel SJ, Mccoy BN, Schwan TG . 2010. A novel surface antigen of relapsing fever spirochetes can discriminate between relapsing fever and Lyme borreliosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 17 : 564– 571.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

41. Levett PN . 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14 : 296– 326.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

42. Hartskeerl RA, Collares-Pereira M, Ellis WA . 2011. Emergence, control and re-emerging leptospirosis: dynamics of infection in the changing world. Clin Microbiol Infect 17 : 494– 501.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

43. Pope V, Ari MD, Schriefer ME, Levett PN, . 2006. Immunologic methods for diagnosis of spirochetal diseases, p 477– 492. In Detrick B, Hamilton RG, Folds JD (ed), Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology 7th ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.

44. Bourhy P, Vray M, Picardeau M . 2013. Evaluation of an in-house ELISA using the intermediate species Leptospira fainei for diagnosis of leptospirosis. J Med Microbiol 62 : 822– 827.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

45. Signorini ML, Lottersberger J, Tarabla HD, Vanasco NB . 2013. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to diagnose human leptospirosis: a meta-analysis of the published literature. Epidemiol Infect 141 : 22– 32.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

46. Wuthiekanun V, Amornchai P, Paris DH, Langla S, Thaipadunpanit J, Chierakul W, Smythe LD, White NJ, Day NP, Limmathurotsakul D, Peacock SJ . 2013. Rapid isolation and susceptibility testing of Leptospira spp. using a new solid medium, LVW agar. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57 : 297– 302.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

47. Wuthiekanun V, Chierakul W, Limmathurotsakul D, Smythe LD, Symonds ML, Dohnt MF, Slack AT, Limpaiboon R, Suputtamongkol Y, White NJ, Day NP, Peacock SJ . 2007. Optimization of culture of Leptospira from humans with leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 45 : 1363– 1365.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

48. Limmathurotsakul D, Turner EL, Wuthiekanun V, Thaipadungpanit J, Suputtamongkol Y, Chierakul W, Smythe LD, Day NP, Cooper B, Peacock SJ . 2012. Fool's gold: why imperfect reference tests are undermining the evaluation of novel diagnostics: a reevaluation of 5 diagnostic tests for leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 55 : 322– 331.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

49. Agampodi SB, Matthias MA, Moreno AC, Vinetz JM . 2012. Utility of quantitative polymerase chain reaction in leptospirosis diagnosis: association of level of leptospiremia and clinical manifestations in Sri Lanka. Clin Infect Dis 54 : 1249– 55.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

50. Cermakova Z, Kucerova P, Pliskova L, Kubickova P . 2013. Real-time PCR method for the detection of the gene encoding surface lipoprotein lipL32 of pathogenic Leptospira: use in the laboratory diagnosis of the acute form of leptospirosis. Scand J Infect Dis 45 : 593– 599.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

51. Villumsen S, Pedersen R, Borre MB, Ahrens P, Jensen JS, Krogfelt KA . 2012. Novel TaqMan PCR for detection of Leptospira species in urine and blood: pit-falls of in silico validation. J Microbiol Methods 91 : 184– 190.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

Tables

Lyme Disease, Relapsing Fever, and Leptospirosis

/content/10.1128/9781555818722.ch47.ch47tab1

TABLE 1

Characteristics of selected Borrelia species associated with Lyme disease and relapsing fever a

TABLE 1

Characteristics of selected Borrelia species associated with Lyme disease and relapsing fever a

/content/10.1128/9781555818722.ch47.ch47tab2

TABLE 2

Clinical manifestations of Lyme disease and specimen types for laboratory diagnosis

TABLE 2

Clinical manifestations of Lyme disease and specimen types for laboratory diagnosis

/content/10.1128/9781555818722.ch47.ch47tab3

TABLE 3

Comparative sensitivity of different immunologic methods to detect antibodies to B. burgdorferi in Lyme disease patients from the United States a

TABLE 3

Comparative sensitivity of different immunologic methods to detect antibodies to B. burgdorferi in Lyme disease patients from the United States a

/content/10.1128/9781555818722.ch47.ch47tab4

TABLE 4

Comparison of different modalities for laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease

TABLE 4

Comparison of different modalities for laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease

/content/10.1128/9781555818722.ch47.ch47tab5

TABLE 5

Leptospira species and selected pathogenic serovars

TABLE 5

Leptospira species and selected pathogenic serovars