Chlamydia and Chlamydophila Infections

Rosemary She

doi:10.1128/9781555818722.ch50

Chapter 50 : Chlamydia and Chlamydophila Infections

Author: Rosemary She¹

VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS

Affiliations: 1: Keck Medical Center of USC, Pathology, 1441 Eastlake Ave., Suite 2424, Los Angeles, CA 90089

Content Type: Reference

Publication Year: 2016

Category: Immunology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555818722

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555818722.ch50

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:

Chlamydia and Chlamydophila Infections, Page 1 of 2

< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818722/9781555818715_CH50-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818722/9781555818715_CH50-2.gif

Abstract:

Chlamydiaceae is a unique family of bacteria which consists of small Gram-negative coccobacilli that are obligate intracytoplasmic organisms, typically causing infection in warm-blooded animals (1). The genus name Chlamydia first appeared in the literature in 1945 but was not fully recognized until 1956 (1, 2). The family had only one genus until 1999 when the genus Chlamydophila was added. However, the name Chlamydophila has not become widely adopted in the medical community, and Chlamydophila spp. are still commonly referred to as Chlamydia spp.

Citation: She R. 2016. Chlamydia and Chlamydophila Infections, p 453-460. In Detrick B, Schmitz J, Hamilton R (ed), Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology, Eighth Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818722.ch50

Highlighted Text: Show | Hide

Full text loading...

Figures

Chlamydia and Chlamydophila Infections

[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555818722.ch50-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555818722.ch50-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Rosemary, foaf_name=Rosemary She, foaf_surname=She, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555818722.ch50-aff1]]}]]

/content/10.1128/9781555818722.ch50.ch50fig1

FIGURE 1

Example of culture positive for Chlamydia trachomatis, as confirmed by fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody to chlamydial group antigens using reagents from Diagnostic Hybrids (Athens, OH).

10.1128/9781555818722/8722ch50fig1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818722/8722ch50fig1.gif

FIGURE 1

Example of culture positive for Chlamydia trachomatis, as confirmed by fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody to chlamydial group antigens using reagents from Diagnostic Hybrids (Athens, OH).

/content/10.1128/9781555818722.ch50.ch50fig2

FIGURE 2

Example of a positive microimmunofluorescence (MIF) serologic reaction for C. pneumoniae. Bright green fluorescent dot-like staining highlights the elementary bodies which have reacted with the patient serum (100× magnification). Photo courtesy of Marc R Couturier.

10.1128/9781555818722/8722ch50fig2_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555818722/8722ch50fig2.gif

FIGURE 2

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555818722.ch50

1. Breed RS, Murray EGD, Smith NR . 1957. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 7th ed. Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, MD.

2. Jones H, Rake G, Stearns B . 1945. Studies on lymphogranuloma venereum. III. The action of the sulfonamides on the agent of lymphogranuloma venereum. J Infect Dis 76 : 55– 69.[CrossRef]

3. Abdelrahman YM, Belland RJ . 2005. The chlamydial developmental cycle. FEMS Microbiol Rev 29 : 949– 959.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

4. Moulder JW . 1991. Interaction of chlamydiae and host cells in vitro. Microbiol Rev 55 : 143– 190.[PubMed]

5. Mabey D, Peeling RW . 2002. Lymphogranuloma venereum. Sex Transm Infect 78 : 90– 92.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2012. Notice to readers: final 2012 reports of nationally notifiable infectious diseases. MMWR 62 : 669– 682.

7. Johnson RE, Newhall WJ, Papp JR, Knapp JS, Black CM, Gift TL, Steece R, Markowitz LE, Devine OJ, Walsh CM, Wang S, Gunter DC, Irwin KL, DeLisle S, Berman SM . 2002. Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections—2002. MMWR Recomm Rep 51 : 1– 38.[PubMed]

8. Workowski KA, Berman S . 2010. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep 59 : 1– 110.[PubMed]

9. Taylor HR . 2009. Doyne lecture: trachoma, is it history? Eye (Lond) 23 : 2007– 2022.[CrossRef]

10. Nieuwenhuis RF, Ossewaarde JM, Gotz HM, Dees J, Thio HB, Thomeer MG, den Hollander JC, Neumann MH, van der Meijden WI . 2004. Resurgence of lymphogranuloma venereum in western Europe: an outbreak of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar l2 proctitis in The Netherlands among men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis 39 : 996– 1003.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

11. Wang S . 2000. The microimmunofluorescence test for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: technique and interpretation. J Infect Dis 181 : S421– S425.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

12. Corsaro D, Greub G . 2006. Pathogenic potential of novel Chlamydiae and diagnostic approaches to infections due to these obligate intracellular bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 19 : 283– 297.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

13. Jones RB, Katz BP, van der Pol B, Caine VA, Batteiger BE, Newhall WJ . 1986. Effect of blind passage and multiple sampling on recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis from urogenital specimens. J Clin Microbiol 24 : 1029– 1033.[PubMed]

14. Mahony JB, Chernesky MA . 1985. Effect of swab type and storage temperature on the isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 22 : 865– 867.[PubMed]

15. Van Dyck E, Ieven M, Pattyn S, Van Damme L, Laga M . 2001. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by enzyme immunoassay, culture, and three nucleic acid amplification tests. J Clin Microbiol 39 : 1751– 1756.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

16. Ioachim HL, Medeiros LJ . 2009. Ioachim's Lymph Node Pathology, 4th ed, p 119– 122. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.

17. Schachter J . 1997. DFA, EIA, PCR, LCR and other technologies: what tests should be used for diagnosis of chlamydia infections? Immunol Invest 26 : 157– 161.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

18. Black CM, Marrazzo J, Johnson RE, Hook EW 3rd, Jones RB, Green TA, Schachter J, Stamm WE, Bolan G, St Louis ME, Martin DH . 2002. Head-to-head multicenter comparison of DNA probe and nucleic acid amplification tests for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women performed with an improved reference standard. J Clin Microbiol 40 : 3757– 3763.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

19. Chernesky M, Luinstra K, Sellors J, Schachter J, Moncada J, Caul O, Paul I, Mikaelian L, Toye B, Paavonen J, Mahony J . 1998. Can serology diagnose upper genital tract Chlamydia trachomatis infections? Studies on women with pelvic pain, with or without chlamydial plasmid DNA in endometrial biopsy tissue. Sex Transm Dis 25 : 14– 19.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

20. de Vries HJ, Smelov V, Ouburg S, Pleijster J, Geskus RB, Speksnijder AG, Fennema JS, Morre SA . 2010. Anal lymphogranuloma venereum infection screening with IgA anti- Chlamydia trachomatis-specific major outer membrane protein serology. Sex Transm Dis 37 : 789– 795.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

21. Black CM . 1997. Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 10 : 160– 184.[PubMed]

22. Kumar S, Hammerschlag MR . 2007. Acute respiratory infection due to Chlamydia pneumoniae: current status of diagnostic methods. Clin Infect Dis 44 : 568– 576.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

23. She RC, Welch R, Wilson AR, Davis D, Litwin CM . 2011. Correlation of Chlamydia and Chlamydophila spp. IgG and IgM antibodies by microimmunofluorescence with antigen detection methods. J Clin Lab Anal 25 : 305– 308.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

24. Mahony JB, Chernesky MA, Bromberg K, Schachter J . 1986. Accuracy of immunoglobulin M immunoassay for diagnosis of chlamydial infections in infants and adults. J Clin Microbiol 24 : 731– 735.[PubMed]

25. Moss TR, Darougar S, Woodland RM, Nathan M, Dines RJ, Cathrine V . 1993. Antibodies to Chlamydia species in patients attending a genitourinary clinic and the impact of antibodies to C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci on the sensitivity and the specificity of C. trachomatis serology tests. Sex Transm Dis 20 : 61– 65.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

26. Van der Pol B, Liesenfeld O, Williams JA, Taylor SN, Lillis RA, Body BA, Nye M, Eisenhut C, Hook EW 3rd . 2012. Performance of the cobas CT/NG test compared to the Aptima AC2 and Viper CTQ/GCQ assays for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol 50 : 2244– 2249.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

27. Van der Pol B, Quinn TC, Gaydos CA, Crotchfelt K, Schachter J, Moncada J, Jungkind D, Martin DH, Turner B, Peyton C, Jones RB . 2000. Multicenter evaluation of the AMPLICOR and automated COBAS AMPLICOR CT/NG tests for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. J Clin Microbiol 38 : 1105– 1112.[PubMed]

28. Van der Pol B, Ferrero DV, Buck-Barrington L, Hook E 3rd, Lenderman C, Quinn T, Gaydos CA, Lovchik J, Schachter J, Moncada J, Hall G, Tuohy MJ, Jones RB . 2001. Multicenter evaluation of the BDProbeTec ET system for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine specimens, female endocervical swabs, and male urethral swabs. J Clin Microbiol. 39 : 1008– 1016.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

29. Hammerschlag MR, Guillen CD . 2010. Medical and legal implications of testing for sexually transmitted infections in children. Clin Microbiol Rev 23 : 493– 506.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

30. Association of Public Health Laboratories & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2009. Laboratory Diagnostic Testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Expert Consultation Meeting Summary Report. 13–15 January 2009. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. http://www.aphl.org/aphlprograms/infectious/std/documents/ctgclabguidelinesmeetingreport.pdf

31. Song L, Carlson JH, Whitmire WM, Kari L, Virtaneva K, Sturdevant DE, Watkins H, Zhou B, Sturdevant GL, Porcella SF, McClarty G, Caldwell HD . 2013. Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid-encoded Pgp4 is a transcriptional regulator of virulence-associated genes. Infect Immun 81 : 636– 644.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

32. Savage EJ, Ison CA, van de Laar MJ . 2007. Results of a Europe-wide investigation to assess the presence of a new variant of Chlamydia trachomatis. Euro Surveill 12 : E3– E4.[PubMed]

33. Ripa T, Nilsson P . 2006. A variant of Chlamydia trachomatis with deletion in cryptic plasmid: implications for use of PCR diagnostic tests. Euro Surveill 11 : E061109– E061102.[PubMed]

34. Everett KD, Bush RM, Andersen AA . 1999. Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49 : 415– 440.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

35. Kuo CC, Jackson LA, Campbell LA, Grayston JT . 1995. Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR). Clin Microbiol Rev 8 : 451– 461.[PubMed]

36. Thom DH, Grayston JT, Wang SP, Kuo CC, Altman J . 1990. Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and viral infections in acute respiratory disease in a university student health clinic population. Am J Epidemiol 132 : 248– 256.[PubMed]

37. Conklin L, Adjemian J, Loo J, Mandal S, Davis C, Parks S, Parsons T, McDonough B, Partida J, Thurman K, Diaz MH, Benitez A, Pondo T, Whitney CG, Winchell JM, Kendig N, Van Beneden C . 2013. Investigation of a Chlamydia pneumoniae outbreak in a federal correctional facility in Texas. Clin Infect Dis 57 : 639– 647.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

38. File TM Jr, . Plouffe JF Jr, . Breiman RF, Skelton SK . 1999. Clinical characteristics of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as the sole cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 29 : 426– 428.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

39. Verkooyen RP, Willemse D, Hiep-van Casteren SC, Joulandan SA, Snijder RJ, Van den Bosch JM, Van Helden HP, Peeters MF, Verbrugh HA . 1998. Evaluation of PCR, culture, and serology for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae respiratory infections. J Clin Microbiol 36 : 2301– 2307.[PubMed]

40. Tufano A, Di Capua M, Coppola A, Conca P, Cimino E, Cerbone AM, Di Minno G . 2012. The infectious burden in atherothrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost 38 : 515– 523.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

41. Dowell SF, Peeling RW, Boman J, Carlone GM, Fields BS, Guarner J, Hammerschlag MR, Jackson LA, Kuo CC, Maass M, Messmer TO, Talkington DF, Tondella ML, Zaki SR . 2001. Standardizing Chlamydia pneumoniae assays: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) and the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (Canada). Clin Infect Dis 33 : 492– 503.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

42. Maass M, Dalhoff K . 1995. Transport and storage conditions for cultural recovery of Chlamydia pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 33 : 1793– 1796.[PubMed]

43. Hvidsten D, Halvorsen DS, Berdal BP, Gutteberg TJ . 2009. Chlamydophila pneumoniae diagnostics: importance of methodology in relation to timing of sampling. Clin Microbiol Infect 15 : 42– 49.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

44. She RC, Thurber A, Hymas WC, Stevenson J, Langer J, Litwin CM, Petti CA . 2010. Limited utility of culture for Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae for diagnosis of respiratory tract infections. J Clin Microbiol 48 : 3380– 3382.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

45. Maass M, Harig U . 1995. Evaluation of culture conditions used for isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae. Am J Clin Pathol 103 : 141– 148.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

46. Tjhie JH, Roosendaal R, MacLaren DM, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM . 1997. Improvement of growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae on HEp-2 cells by pretreatment with polyethylene glycol in combination with additional centrifugation and extension of culture time. J Clin Microbiol 35 : 1883– 1884.[PubMed]

47. Kuo CC, Grayston JT . 1990. A sensitive cell line, HL cells, for isolation and propagation of Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. J Infect Dis 162 : 755– 758.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

48. Peeling RW, Wang SP, Grayston JT, Blasi F, Boman J, Clad A, Freidank H, Gaydos CA, Gnarpe J, Hagiwara T, Jones RB, Orfila J, Persson K, Puolakkainen M, Saikku P, Schachter J . 2000. Chlamydia pneumoniae serology: interlaboratory variation in microimmunofluorescence assay results. J Infect Dis 181 : S426– S429.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

49. Hoymans VY, Bosmans JM, Van Renterghem L, Mak R, Ursi D, Wuyts F, Vrints CJ, Ieven M . 2003. Importance of methodology in determination of Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity in healthy subjects and in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. J Clin Microbiol 41 : 4049– 4053.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

50. Hermann C, Graf K, Groh A, Straube E, Hartung T . 2002. Comparison of eleven commercial tests for Chlamydia pneumoniae-specific immunoglobulin G in asymptomatic healthy individuals. J Clin Microbiol 40 : 1603– 1609.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

51. Gnarpe J, Naas J, Lundback A . 2000. Comparison of a new commercial EIA kit and the microimmunofluorescence technique for the determination of IgG and IgA antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae. APMIS 108 : 819– 824.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

52. Persson K, Boman J . 2000. Comparison of five serologic tests for diagnosis of acute infections by Chlamydia pneumoniae. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 7 : 739– 744.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

53. Miyashita N, Obase Y, Fukuda M, Shoji H, Mouri K, Yagi S, Yoshida K, Ouchi K, Oka M . 2006. Evaluation of serological tests detecting Chlamydophila pneumoniae-specific immunoglobulin M antibody. Intern Med 45 : 1127– 1131.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

54. Hyman CL, Roblin PM, Gaydos CA, Quinn TC, Schachter J, Hammerschlag MR . 1995. Prevalence of asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of Chlamydia pneumoniae in subjectively healthy adults: assessment by polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay and culture. Clin Infect Dis 20 : 1174– 1178.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

55. Page LA . 1966. Revision of the family Chlamydiaceae Rake (Rickettsiales): unification of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum-trachoma group of organisms in the genus Chlamydia Jones, Rake and Stearns, 1945. Int J Syst Bacteriol 16 : 223– 252.[CrossRef]

56. Smith KA, Campbell CT, Murphy J, Stobierski MG, Tengelsen LA . 2011. Compendium of measures to control Chlamydophila psittaci infection among humans (psittacosis) and pet birds (avian chlamydiosis), 2010 National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians (NASPHV). J Exotic Pet Med 20 : 32– 45.[CrossRef]

57. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2012. Summary of notifiable diseases—United States, 2010. MMWR 59 : 1– 111.[PubMed]

58. Spears P, Storz J . 1979. Chlamydia psittaci: growth characteristics and enumeration of serotypes 1 and 2 in cultured cells. J Infect Dis 140 : 959– 967.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

59. Pearson JE, Gustafson GA, Senne DA, Peterson LA . 1989. Isolation and identification of Chlamydia psittaci from pet birds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195 : 1564– 1567.[PubMed]

60. Eidson M . 2002. Psittacosis/avian chlamydiosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221 : 1710– 1712.[PubMed].[CrossRef]

61. Rohde G, Straube E, Essig A, Reinhold P, Sachse K . 2010. Chlamydial zoonoses. Dtsch Arztebl Int 107 : 174– 180.[CrossRef].[PubMed]

Tables

Chlamydia and Chlamydophila Infections

/content/10.1128/9781555818722.ch50.ch50tab1

TABLE 1

Select nucleic acid-amplified methods (FDA-cleared) for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis from clinical specimens

TABLE 1

Select nucleic acid-amplified methods (FDA-cleared) for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis from clinical specimens