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Chapter 3.14 : Culture

Author: Paul N. Levett
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2016

Category: Clinical Microbiology

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Culture, Page 1 of 2

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Abstract:

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by spirochetes of the genus . Pathogenic leptospires are maintained in nature by chronic renal infection of carrier mammals, which excrete the organism in their urine ( ). Human infection is acquired by contact of mucous membranes or broken skin with infected animal tissues or body fluids or with water, damp soil, or sewage contaminated with the urine of infected animals ( ). The genus was previously divided into two species, comprising all pathogenic strains, and , containing saprophytic strains isolated from water; the two species were differentiated by a number of phenotypic tests ( ).

Citation: Levett P. 2016. Culture, p 3.14.1-3.14.5. In Leber A (ed), Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, Fourth Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818814.ch3.14
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References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555818814.chap3.14
1. Levett PN. 2011. Leptospira, p 916– 923. In Versalovic J, Carroll KC, Jorgensen JG, Funke G, Landry ML, Warnock DW (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
2. Levett PN. 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 296– 326.
3. Kmety E, Dikken H. 1993. Classification of the Species Leptospira interrogans and History of Its Serovars. University Press Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
4. Levett PN. 2003. Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 36: 447– 452.
5. Bulach DM, Kalambaheti T, de La Peña-Moctezuma A, Adler B. 2000. Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Leptospira. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2: 375– 380.
6. Brenner DJ, Kaufmann AF, Sulzer KR, Steigerwalt AG, Rogers FC, Weyant RS. 1999. Further determination of DNA relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with a proposal for Leptospira alexanderi sp. nov. and four new Leptospira genomospecies. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49: 839– 858.
7. Morey RE, Galloway RL, Bragg SL, Steigerwalt AG, Mayer LW, Levett PN. 2006. Species-specific identification of Leptospiraceae by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 44: 3510– 3516.
8. Shieh WJ, Edwards C, Levett PN, Zaki SR. 2006. Leptospirosis, p 511– 518. In Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF (ed), Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens and Practice. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, PA.
9. Hartskeerl RA, Collares-Pereira M, Ellis WA. 2011. Emergence, control and re-emerging leptospirosis: dynamics of infection in the changing world. Clin Microbiol Infect 17: 494– 501.
10. Stoddard RA, Gee JE, Wilkins PP, McCaustland K, Hoffmaster AR. 2009. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. through TaqMan polymerase chain reaction targeting the LipL32 gene. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 64: 247– 255.
11. Thaipadunpanit J, Chierakul W, Wuthiekanun V, Limmathurotsakul D, Amornchai P, Boonslip S, Smythe LD, Limpaiboon R, Hoffmaster AR, Day NP, Peacock SJ. 2011. Diagnostic accuracy of real-time PCR assays targeting 16S rRNA and LipL32 genes for human leptospirosis in Thailand: a case-control study. PLoS One 6: e16236.
12. Ellinghausen HC, McCullough WG. 1965. Nutrition of Leptospira pomona and growth of 13 other serotypes: fractionation of oleic albumin complex and a medium of bovine albumin and polysorbate 80. Am J Vet Res 26: 45– 51.
13. Johnson RC, Harris VG. 1967. Differentiation of pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires. 1. Growth at low temperatures. J Bacteriol 94: 27– 31.
14. Turner LH. 1970. Leptospirosis III. Maintenance, isolation and demonstration of leptospires. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 64: 623– 646.
15. Adler B, Faine S. 2006. The genus Leptospira, p 294– 317. In Dworkin M, Falkow S, Rosenberg E, Schleifer K-H, Stackebrandt E (ed), The Prokaryotes, 3rd ed, vol 7. Springer, New York, NY.
16. Vijayachari P, Sugunan AP, Umapathi T, Sehgal SC. 2001. Evaluation of darkground microscopy as a rapid diagnostic procedure in leptospirosis. Indian J Med Res 114: 54– 58.
17. Johnson RC, Rogers P. 1964. 5-Fluorouracil as a selective agent for growth of leptospirae. J Bacteriol 87: 422– 426.
18. Smythe LD, Smith IL, Smith GA, Dohnt MF, Symonds ML, Barnett LJ, McKay DB. 2002. A quantitative PCR (TaqMan) assay for pathogenic Leptospira spp. BMC Infect Dis 2: 13.
19. Levett PN, Morey RE, Galloway RL, Turner DE, Steigerwalt AG, Mayer LW. 2005. Detection of pathogenic leptospires by real-time quantitative PCR. J Med Microbiol 54: 45– 49.
20. Galloway RL, Levett PN. 2010. Application and validation of PFGE for serovar identification of Leptospira clinical isolates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e824.

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