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Category: Environmental Microbiology
New Devices for Cultivation, Page 1 of 2
< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818821/9781555818821.ch2.1.3-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818821/9781555818821.ch2.1.3-2.gifAbstract:
One of the most important observations in microbiology is that the vast majority of microorganisms from most environments on the planet do not grow on artificial media. This is a significant impediment for both academic and applied microbiology, necessitating innovations in cultivation technologies. Several recently advanced methodologies offer a promise to close the gap between the high richness of environmental species and low number of their cultivable representatives. This chapter will describe the state of the art in microbial cultivation methods, their principles and application. These methods are categorized into two types: “in situ cultivation” whereby microbes are cultivated in situ, and “high throughput cultivation”, mostly in vitro. In the first group, the following methods are described in detail, 1) Diffusion chamber, 2) i-chip, 3) Microbial trap, and 4) Hollow Fiber Membrane Chamber. In the second group, we focus on Gel miro-droplets (GMDs) based cultivation and micro-fabrication based technologies. The chapter will also discuss their relative merits and respective biases.
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Photographic (a) and schematic (b) image of the diffusion chamber. A polycarbonate membrane is attached to the bottom of the metal disc, the other membrane is glued to the upper surface of disc. The inner space is filled with microbial cells mixed with agar. After the inoculation and assembly the diffusion chamber is placed in the natural environment for incubation. (A part of the figure is reprinted from 23 ). doi:10.1128/9781555818821.ch2.1.3.f1
Photographic (a) and schematic (b) image of the diffusion chamber. A polycarbonate membrane is attached to the bottom of the metal disc, the other membrane is glued to the upper surface of disc. The inner space is filled with microbial cells mixed with agar. After the inoculation and assembly the diffusion chamber is placed in the natural environment for incubation. (A part of the figure is reprinted from 23 ). doi:10.1128/9781555818821.ch2.1.3.f1
Isolation chip, or i-chip, for high-throughput microbial cultivation in situ: (a) dipping a plate with multiple through-holes into a suspension of cells leads to capturing (on average) single cell (b); (c) i-chip assembly; membranes cover arrays of through-holes from each side: Upper and bottom plates with matching holes press the membranes against the central (loaded) plate. Screws provide sufficient pressure to seal the content of individual through-holes, each becoming a miniature diffusion chamber containing (on average) a single cell. (Reprinted from Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology [2010], ed. R. H. Baltz, J. E. Davies, and A. Demain, Washington, DC, ASM Press.). doi:10.1128/9781555818821.ch2.1.3.f2
Isolation chip, or i-chip, for high-throughput microbial cultivation in situ: (a) dipping a plate with multiple through-holes into a suspension of cells leads to capturing (on average) single cell (b); (c) i-chip assembly; membranes cover arrays of through-holes from each side: Upper and bottom plates with matching holes press the membranes against the central (loaded) plate. Screws provide sufficient pressure to seal the content of individual through-holes, each becoming a miniature diffusion chamber containing (on average) a single cell. (Reprinted from Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology [2010], ed. R. H. Baltz, J. E. Davies, and A. Demain, Washington, DC, ASM Press.). doi:10.1128/9781555818821.ch2.1.3.f2
Photographs of a 48-chamber HFMC showing (a) overall system, (b) membrane part, (c) injection part, and (d) cross-sectional SEM image of a hollow fiber membrane. Bar represents 200 µm. (Reprinted from 21 ). doi:10.1128/9781555818821.ch2.1.3.f3
Photographs of a 48-chamber HFMC showing (a) overall system, (b) membrane part, (c) injection part, and (d) cross-sectional SEM image of a hollow fiber membrane. Bar represents 200 µm. (Reprinted from 21 ). doi:10.1128/9781555818821.ch2.1.3.f3
Microscopic image of GMDs before the incubation (a) and containing microcolony after the incubation (b); the bright area in the droplet shown in (b) is a microbial colony. The microcolony containing GMDs was sorted by using cell sorter FACS Aria II (Becton Dickinson) after the incubation. Bars represent 20 µm. doi:10.1128/9781555818821.ch2.1.3.f4
Microscopic image of GMDs before the incubation (a) and containing microcolony after the incubation (b); the bright area in the droplet shown in (b) is a microbial colony. The microcolony containing GMDs was sorted by using cell sorter FACS Aria II (Becton Dickinson) after the incubation. Bars represent 20 µm. doi:10.1128/9781555818821.ch2.1.3.f4