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Chapter 3.2.2 : Sampling for Airborne Microorganisms

Authors: Sergey A. Grinshpun1, Mark P. Buttner2, Gediminas Mainelis3, Klaus Willeke4
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Affiliations: 1: University of Cincinnati, Center for Health-Related Aerosol Studies; 2: School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; 3: Rutgers University; 4: University of Cincinnati
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2016

Category: Environmental Microbiology

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Abstract:

Microbiologists have confronted the challenges of sampling and analysis of airborne microorganisms since the early 20th century. Today, the concentration and composition of airborne microorganisms are of interest in various areas such as agricultural and industrial settings, hospitals, home and office environments, and military installations. In all of these applications, the term "bioaerosol" is used to refer to airborne biological particles, such as bacterial cells, fungal spores, viruses, and pollen grains, and to their fragments and by-products. A wide variety of bioaerosol sampling and analysis methods have been used, and new methods are being developed. However, no single sampling method is suitable for the collection and analysis of all types of bioaerosols and no standardized protocols are currently available. Therefore, data from different studies are often difficult to compare because of differences in sampler designs, collection times, airflow rates, collection media and analysis methods. In addition, human exposure limits have not been established for bioaerosols because of the lack of exposure, dose, and response data.

The purpose of this chapter is to present various bioaerosol sampling and analysis methods that would allow facilitating an intelligent selection of instrumentation and techniques. The principles of bioaerosol sampling are presented, followed by a review of traditional and emerging sampling methods and techniques, including the results of performance evaluations of the various sampler types. Equipment calibration and air sampling considerations such as collection times and the number of samples are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of surface sampling methods are also described.

Citation: Grinshpun S, Buttner M, Mainelis G, Willeke K. 2016. Sampling for Airborne Microorganisms, p 3.2.2-1-3.2.2-17. In Yates M, Nakatsu C, Miller R, Pillai S (ed), Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Fourth Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.2.2
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Sampling for Airborne Microorganisms
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Citation: Grinshpun S, Buttner M, Mainelis G, Willeke K. 2016. Sampling for Airborne Microorganisms, p 3.2.2-1-3.2.2-17. In Yates M, Nakatsu C, Miller R, Pillai S (ed), Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Fourth Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.2.2
/content/10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.2.2.ch3.2.2fig01
FIGURE 1

Mechanisms of collection utilized in bioaerosol sampling. (a) Solid plate impaction; (b) centrifugal impaction; (c) liquid impingement; (d) filtration. F or F, inertial force. (Adapted from Nevalainen et al. ( ) with kind permission from Elsevier Science Ltd., Kidlington, UK). doi:10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.2.2.f1

10.1128/9781555818821/2934ch14f01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818821/2934ch14f01.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Mechanisms of collection utilized in bioaerosol sampling. (a) Solid plate impaction; (b) centrifugal impaction; (c) liquid impingement; (d) filtration. F or F, inertial force. (Adapted from Nevalainen et al. ( ) with kind permission from Elsevier Science Ltd., Kidlington, UK). doi:10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.2.2.f1

Citation: Grinshpun S, Buttner M, Mainelis G, Willeke K. 2016. Sampling for Airborne Microorganisms, p 3.2.2-1-3.2.2-17. In Yates M, Nakatsu C, Miller R, Pillai S (ed), Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Fourth Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.2.2
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/content/10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.2.2.ch3.2.2fig02
FIGURE 2

Collection times for selected bioaerosol samplers. BURK, Burkard spore trap (personal sampler); AND, Andersen six-stage viable impactor sampler; AND-VI, sixth stage of the Andersen six-stage impactor used as a separate sampler; MK-II, Casella MK-II sampler; SAS, surface air system high-flow sampler. (Adapted from Nevalainen et al. ( ) with kind permission from Elsevier Science Ltd., Kidlington, UK). doi:10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.2.2.f2

10.1128/9781555818821/2934ch14f02_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818821/2934ch14f02.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

Collection times for selected bioaerosol samplers. BURK, Burkard spore trap (personal sampler); AND, Andersen six-stage viable impactor sampler; AND-VI, sixth stage of the Andersen six-stage impactor used as a separate sampler; MK-II, Casella MK-II sampler; SAS, surface air system high-flow sampler. (Adapted from Nevalainen et al. ( ) with kind permission from Elsevier Science Ltd., Kidlington, UK). doi:10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.2.2.f2

Citation: Grinshpun S, Buttner M, Mainelis G, Willeke K. 2016. Sampling for Airborne Microorganisms, p 3.2.2-1-3.2.2-17. In Yates M, Nakatsu C, Miller R, Pillai S (ed), Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Fourth Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.2.2
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Tables

Sampling for Airborne Microorganisms
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Citation: Grinshpun S, Buttner M, Mainelis G, Willeke K. 2016. Sampling for Airborne Microorganisms, p 3.2.2-1-3.2.2-17. In Yates M, Nakatsu C, Miller R, Pillai S (ed), Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Fourth Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.2.2
/content/10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.2.2.ch3.2.2tab01
TABLE 1

General characteristics of several commercially available bioaerosol samplers

Generic image for table
TABLE 1

General characteristics of several commercially available bioaerosol samplers

Citation: Grinshpun S, Buttner M, Mainelis G, Willeke K. 2016. Sampling for Airborne Microorganisms, p 3.2.2-1-3.2.2-17. In Yates M, Nakatsu C, Miller R, Pillai S (ed), Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Fourth Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.2.2
/content/10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.2.2.ch3.2.2tab02
TABLE 2

Calculated and reported cutoff diameters (ds) for several commercially available bioaerosol samplers

Generic image for table
TABLE 2

Calculated and reported cutoff diameters (ds) for several commercially available bioaerosol samplers

Citation: Grinshpun S, Buttner M, Mainelis G, Willeke K. 2016. Sampling for Airborne Microorganisms, p 3.2.2-1-3.2.2-17. In Yates M, Nakatsu C, Miller R, Pillai S (ed), Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Fourth Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.2.2