Antibody and Antigen Detection in Parasitic Infections

doi:10.1128/9781555819002.ch33

Chapter 33 : Antibody and Antigen Detection in Parasitic Infections

Author: Lynne S. Garcia¹

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Content Type: Reference

Publication Year: 2016

Category: Clinical Microbiology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555819002

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555819002.ch33

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Abstract:

Protozoal infections
- Amebiasis
- Babesiosis
- Chagas' disease
- Cryptosporidiosis
- Cyclosporiasis
- Giardiasis
- Leishmaniasis
- Malaria
- Toxoplasmosis
- Trichomoniasis
Helminth infections
- Cysticercosis
- Hydatid disease
- Fascioliasis
- Filariasis
- Onchocerciasis
- Paragonimiasis
- Schistosomiasis
- Strongyloidiasis
- Toxocariasis
- Trichinosis
Intradermal tests
- Casoni test
- Montenegro test

Citation: Garcia L. 2016. Antibody and Antigen Detection in Parasitic Infections, p 986-1018. In Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, Sixth Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819002.ch33

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Antibody and Antigen Detection in Parasitic Infections

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Figure 33.1

African trypanosomiasis. Card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT), antibody detection. doi:10.1128/9781555819002.ch33.f1

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Figure 33.1

African trypanosomiasis. Card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT), antibody detection. doi:10.1128/9781555819002.ch33.f1

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Figure 33.2

ELISA plate. Test can be used for either antibody or antigen detection; yellow color indicates a positive in this particular example. doi:10.1128/9781555819002.ch33.f2

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Figure 33.2

ELISA plate. Test can be used for either antibody or antigen detection; yellow color indicates a positive in this particular example. doi:10.1128/9781555819002.ch33.f2

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Figure 33.3

Triage rapid immunoassay. This test detects the presence of the Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar group, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium spp. antigen in human fecal specimens. doi:10.1128/9781555819002.ch33.f3

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Figure 33.3

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Figure 33.4

Rapid immunoassay for Cryptosporidium spp. This rapid cartridge format detects the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. antigen in human fecal specimens. The cartridge at upper left demonstrates the control spot, while the lower indicates the test is positive (second spot). doi:10.1128/9781555819002.ch33.f4

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Figure 33.4

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Figure 33.5

Rapid immunoassay for Giardia. This rapid cartridge format detects the presence of Giardia antigen in human fecal specimens. The cartridge shows a black control line and a blue test line, indicating a positive result. doi:10.1128/9781555819002.ch33.f5

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Figure 33.5

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Figure 33.6

Example of the Giardia/Cryptosporidium combination FA test result (with test [yellow-green] and counterstain [orange] colors); the large object is a Giardia cyst, while the smaller objects are Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. doi:10.1128/9781555819002.ch33.f6

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Figure 33.6

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Figure 33.7

Plasmodium spp. rapid test (membrane flow): BinaxNOW card (upper) and the four possible results (lower). Interpretation of the four examples of results: (top set of lines) the presence of colored lines at T1 and C indicates a positive result for an infection with P. falciparum; (second set) the presence of three colored lines (T1, T2, and C) indicates a positive result for P. falciparum monoinfection or mixed infection among the four kinds of plasmodium; (third set) the presence of colored lines at T2 and C indicates a negative result for P. falciparum and a positive result for non-P. falciparum (P. vivax, P. malariae, or P.ovale) monoinfection or mixed infection; (bottom set) the presence of one line at C indicates a negative result. This card was not designed to detect P. knowlesi; however, modifications are under way. doi:10.1128/9781555819002.ch33.f7

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Figure 33.7

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Figure 33.8

Filariasis rapid test (membrane flow). The test is also specific, as it tests for specific antigens for lymphatic filariasis and allows for the differentiation between microfilarial diseases. The most useful antigen detection test is the antigen card test known as the ICT. Not only is this test highly specific and highly sensitive, but it also quick (ready in 10 minutes), mobile, and cheap. In addition, this test can be administered during the day or night, unlike other tests that require blood samples to be taken when microfilariae are at high levels in the blood. The antigen detection test cannot differentiate between active and inactive microfilariae. Antigens can still be present in the blood if any trace of dead microfilariae remains in the circulation. Hence, a positive ICT test result may not mean the patient has active, living microfilariae in the blood. Note that if only the control line is positive, this indicates a negative result; both lines positive indicates a positive result. doi:10.1128/9781555819002.ch33.f8

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Figure 33.8

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Tables

Antibody and Antigen Detection in Parasitic Infections

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TABLE 33.1

Serologic, antigen, and probe tests used in the diagnosis of parasitic infections a

TABLE 33.1

Serologic, antigen, and probe tests used in the diagnosis of parasitic infections a

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TABLE 33.2

Antibody detection kits available commercially within the United States for the diagnosis of parasitic diseases other than toxoplasmosis a

TABLE 33.2

Antibody detection kits available commercially within the United States for the diagnosis of parasitic diseases other than toxoplasmosis a

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TABLE 33.3

Serology-based assays: examples of various methods

TABLE 33.3

Serology-based assays: examples of various methods

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TABLE 33.4

Specimen collection and shipment for antibody and antigen detection tests

TABLE 33.4

Specimen collection and shipment for antibody and antigen detection tests

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TABLE 33.5

Antigen detection kits available commercially within the United States for the immunodetection of parasitic organisms or antigens a

TABLE 33.5

Antigen detection kits available commercially within the United States for the immunodetection of parasitic organisms or antigens a

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TABLE 33.6

Toxoplasma kits available commercially in the United States a

TABLE 33.6

Toxoplasma kits available commercially in the United States a

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TABLE 33.7

Toxoplasma gondii serological profile panel (TSP) used in the Toxoplasma Serology Laboratory of the Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute a

TABLE 33.7

Toxoplasma gondii serological profile panel (TSP) used in the Toxoplasma Serology Laboratory of the Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute a