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Chapter 31 : Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus

Authors: Michael S. Forman1, Alexandra Valsamakis2
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Affiliations: 1: Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287.; 2: Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287.
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2016

Category: Clinical Microbiology

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Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, Page 1 of 2

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Abstract:

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and molecular methods are inextricably linked, in history and in clinical practice. This virus was the first to be identified with molecular methods (1) and nucleic acid tests have become fundamentally important in the diagnosis of infection and therapeutic management.

Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31
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Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus
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Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555819071.ch31.ch31fig1
FIGURE 1

HCV genome and protein coding scheme. UTR, untranslated region; NS, nonstructural gene; nuc, nucleotide; pos, position; aa, amino acid; gp, glycoprotein. Numbering according to references and .

10.1128/9781555819071/9071ch31fig1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555819071/9071ch31fig1.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

HCV genome and protein coding scheme. UTR, untranslated region; NS, nonstructural gene; nuc, nucleotide; pos, position; aa, amino acid; gp, glycoprotein. Numbering according to references and .

Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31
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FIGURE 2

Clinical features of acute hepatitis C following exposure to low viral inoculum such as occupational needlestick exposure or community-based exposure ( ). Characteristics following higher dose exposure (transfusion with contaminated blood products) may be different. Intermittent viremia phase estimated from needlestick exposure ( ). Kinetics of other characteristics derived from seroconversion panels ( ). ALT, alanine amino transferase. Dashed lines indicate potential viremia patterns as defined by HCV RNA levels in peripheral blood. Adapted from reference .

10.1128/9781555819071/9071ch31fig2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555819071/9071ch31fig2.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

Clinical features of acute hepatitis C following exposure to low viral inoculum such as occupational needlestick exposure or community-based exposure ( ). Characteristics following higher dose exposure (transfusion with contaminated blood products) may be different. Intermittent viremia phase estimated from needlestick exposure ( ). Kinetics of other characteristics derived from seroconversion panels ( ). ALT, alanine amino transferase. Dashed lines indicate potential viremia patterns as defined by HCV RNA levels in peripheral blood. Adapted from reference .

Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31
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FIGURE 3

Liver disease progression in chronic hepatitis C. Factors listed in notched arrow accelerate histologic progression of disease.

10.1128/9781555819071/9071ch31fig3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555819071/9071ch31fig3.gif
Image of FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

Liver disease progression in chronic hepatitis C. Factors listed in notched arrow accelerate histologic progression of disease.

Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31
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FIGURE 4

Recommended testing algorithm for detection of HCV infection. Derived from reference .

10.1128/9781555819071/9071ch31fig4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555819071/9071ch31fig4.gif
Image of FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4

Recommended testing algorithm for detection of HCV infection. Derived from reference .

Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31
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Tables

Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus
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Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555819071.ch31.ch31tab1
TABLE 1

Combination DAA regimens for chronic hepatitis C treatment

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TABLE 1

Combination DAA regimens for chronic hepatitis C treatment

Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555819071.ch31.ch31tab2
TABLE 2

Treatment of special populations of patients: interferon alfa-based therapies versus combination DAAs

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TABLE 2

Treatment of special populations of patients: interferon alfa-based therapies versus combination DAAs

Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555819071.ch31.ch31tab3
TABLE 3

Utility of HCV RNA tests in different treatment regimens

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TABLE 3

Utility of HCV RNA tests in different treatment regimens

Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555819071.ch31.ch31tab4
TABLE 4

Recommendations for chronic hepatitis C screening ( )

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TABLE 4

Recommendations for chronic hepatitis C screening ( )

Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555819071.ch31.ch31tab5
TABLE 5

Viral load monitoring recommendations in combination DAA treatment

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TABLE 5

Viral load monitoring recommendations in combination DAA treatment

Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555819071.ch31.ch31tab6
TABLE 6

Commercial HCV RNA qualitative tests

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TABLE 6

Commercial HCV RNA qualitative tests

Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555819071.ch31.ch31tab7
TABLE 7

Commercial HCV RNA quantification tests

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TABLE 7

Commercial HCV RNA quantification tests

Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555819071.ch31.ch31tab8
TABLE 8

Commercial HCV RNA genotyping tests

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TABLE 8

Commercial HCV RNA genotyping tests

Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555819071.ch31.ch31tab9
TABLE 9

User-defined HCV RNA genotyping tests

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TABLE 9

User-defined HCV RNA genotyping tests

Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555819071.ch31.ch31tab10
TABLE 10

Blood screening NATs for HCV

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TABLE 10

Blood screening NATs for HCV

Citation: Forman M, Valsamakis A. 2016. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus, p 430-448. In Persing D, Tenover F, Hayden R, Ieven M, Miller M, Nolte F, Tang Y, van Belkum A (ed), Molecular Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch31