Chapter 33 : Molecular Detection of Human Papillomaviruses

Schematic diagram of genomic organization of the open reading frame of human papillomavirus 16. P97 refers to dominant promoter. All papillomaviruses are similar in their genetic organization and appearance by electron microscopy. URR, upstream regulatory region.

Phylogenetic tree based on the L1 open reading frame sequences of 170 HPV types, single animal papillomaviruses, and newly identified HPVs using metagenomic sequencing. The maximum likelihood method was used for the analysis and the tree was constructed using the MEGA5.1 program. The numbers at the ends of each of the branches identify an HPV type; m-numbers refer to metagenomics. All other abbreviations refer to animal PV types. The outermost semicircular symbols identify PV genera (e.g., the genus Alphapapillomavirus). The number at the inner semicircular symbol refers to PV species. To give an example taken from the upper part of the figure, the HPV types 33, 58, 67, 52, 31, 16, and 35 together form the HPV species 9 in the genus Alphapapillomavirus. Reprinted from de Villiers ( 5 ) with permission of the publisher.