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Category: Clinical Microbiology
Primary Isolation of Viruses, Page 1 of 2
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Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and thus are propagated using living cells in the form of cultured cells, embryonated hen's eggs, or laboratory animals. Culture has long been considered the “gold standard” for viral diagnosis because it secures an isolate for further analysis, is more “open-minded” than methods that target single agents, and allows the unexpected or even novel agent to be recovered. In practice, use of specialized cell culture systems, embryonated eggs, and laboratory animals is confined to research or major public health reference laboratories, with cell cultures in monolayers the sole isolation system utilized in routine diagnostic laboratories. The past two decades have seen conventional cell culture methods supplemented or even replaced by more rapid and targeted cell culture methods. Rapid culture methods can be performed by less experienced personnel, with less labor, and with results reported within 1 to 5 days of inoculation.
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Uninfected cell cultures and cell cultures showing CPE of viruses commonly isolated. (A) Uninfected A549 cells, (B) HSV-2 in A549, (C) adenovirus in A549, (D) uninfected MRC-5 fibroblasts, (E) CMV in MRC-5, (F) rhinovirus in MRC-5, (G) uninfected RhMK, (H) enterovirus in RhMk, (I) influenza A in RhMk, (J) uninfected HEp-2, (K) RSV in HEp-2, and (L) monkey virus contaminant in RhMk. ×85. (Photos by permission, Leland and Ginocchio [ 6 ].)
Uninfected cell cultures and cell cultures showing CPE of viruses commonly isolated. (A) Uninfected A549 cells, (B) HSV-2 in A549, (C) adenovirus in A549, (D) uninfected MRC-5 fibroblasts, (E) CMV in MRC-5, (F) rhinovirus in MRC-5, (G) uninfected RhMK, (H) enterovirus in RhMk, (I) influenza A in RhMk, (J) uninfected HEp-2, (K) RSV in HEp-2, and (L) monkey virus contaminant in RhMk. ×85. (Photos by permission, Leland and Ginocchio [ 6 ].)
Hemadsorption of guinea pig red blood cells by parainfluenza virus in monkey kidney (MK) cells. (A) Uninfected MK cells; (B) specific hemadsorption in parainfluenza infected MK cells; (C) nonspecific hemadsorption seen with aged red blood cells in uninfected cell cultures. Modified from Hsiung et al. ( 72 ). (Reprinted from last edition.)
Hemadsorption of guinea pig red blood cells by parainfluenza virus in monkey kidney (MK) cells. (A) Uninfected MK cells; (B) specific hemadsorption in parainfluenza infected MK cells; (C) nonspecific hemadsorption seen with aged red blood cells in uninfected cell cultures. Modified from Hsiung et al. ( 72 ). (Reprinted from last edition.)
Centrifugation culture: detection of CMV immediate early antigens in infected nuclei at 16 to 24 hours postinoculation (immunofluorescence stain). (Reprinted from last edition.)
Centrifugation culture: detection of CMV immediate early antigens in infected nuclei at 16 to 24 hours postinoculation (immunofluorescence stain). (Reprinted from last edition.)
R-mix cells in shell vial format. (A) Stained with respiratory virus screen reagent at day 1 postinoculation; (B) identified as influenza A by spotting shell vial cells onto a multiwell slide and staining with individual antibodies (immunofluorescence stain). Photos courtesy of Diagnostic Hybrids, Inc. (Reprinted from last edition.)
R-mix cells in shell vial format. (A) Stained with respiratory virus screen reagent at day 1 postinoculation; (B) identified as influenza A by spotting shell vial cells onto a multiwell slide and staining with individual antibodies (immunofluorescence stain). Photos courtesy of Diagnostic Hybrids, Inc. (Reprinted from last edition.)
Detection of HSV in ELVIS cells. Blue cells positive for HSV infection (X-Gal stain). Photo courtesy of Diagnostic Hybrids, Inc. (Reprinted from last edition.)
Detection of HSV in ELVIS cells. Blue cells positive for HSV infection (X-Gal stain). Photo courtesy of Diagnostic Hybrids, Inc. (Reprinted from last edition.)
Types of cell cultures commonly used in a clinical virology laboratory
Types of cell cultures commonly used in a clinical virology laboratory
Conventional cell cultures for viruses commonly isolated in a clinical virology laboratory a , b
Supplies and equipment needed for isolation of viruses in cell culture
Supplies and equipment needed for isolation of viruses in cell culture
Mixed cell culture methods used in clinical laboratories
Mixed cell culture methods used in clinical laboratories