1887

Chapter 31 : Human Polyomaviruses

Authors: Rebecca J. Rockett1, Michael D. Nissen2, Theo P. Sloots3, Seweryn Bialasiewicz4
VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations: 1: Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology - Public Health (CIDM-PH) Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research (ICPMR) Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW, 2145, Sydney, Australia; 2: Children's Health Queensland, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute Brisbane, Queensland 4029 Australia; 3: Centre for Children's Health Research, Children's Health Queensland, and the Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia; 4: Centre for Children's Health Research, Children's Health Queensland, and the Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2016

Category: Clinical Microbiology

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:
Preview Magnify
Zoom in
Zoomout

Human Polyomaviruses, Page 1 of 2

| /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555819156/9781555819149.ch31-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555819156/9781555819149.ch31-2.gif

Abstract:

The expanding family infect a variety of different hosts (1). Generally, avian polyomaviruses are highly pathogenic and have a wide host range, while mammalian polyomaviruses have a limited host range and are asymptomatic in the immunocompetent host (2, 3). At present, 13 of these species are linked to human infection, JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) (4), BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) (5), WU polyomavirus (WUPyV) (6), KI polyomavirus (KIPyV) (7), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) (8), human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) (9), human polyomavirus 7 (HPyV7) (9), Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV) (10) and human polyomavirus 9 (HPyV9) (11), Malawi polyomavirus (MWPyV) (12), St. Louis polyomavirus (STLPyV) (13), human polyomavirus 12 (HPyV12) (14), and New Jersey polyomavirus (NJPyV-2013) (15). Zoonotic infections have not been reported, however they cannot be completely excluded.

Citation: Rockett R, Nissen M, Sloots T, Bialasiewicz S. 2016. Human Polyomaviruses, p 427-442. In Loeffelholz M, Hodinka R, Young S, Pinsky B (ed), Clinical Virology Manual, Fifth Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819156.ch31
Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

Figures

Human Polyomaviruses
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555819156.ch31-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555819156.ch31-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Rebecca J., foaf_name=Rebecca J. Rockett, foaf_surname=Rockett, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555819156.ch31-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555819156.ch31-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555819156.ch31-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Michael D., foaf_name=Michael D. Nissen, foaf_surname=Nissen, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555819156.ch31-aff2]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555819156.ch31-3,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555819156.ch31-3,properties={foaf_givenname=Theo P., foaf_name=Theo P. Sloots, foaf_surname=Sloots, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555819156.ch31-aff3]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555819156.ch31-4,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555819156.ch31-4,properties={foaf_givenname=Seweryn, foaf_name=Seweryn Bialasiewicz, foaf_surname=Bialasiewicz, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555819156.ch31-aff4]]}]]
Citation: Rockett R, Nissen M, Sloots T, Bialasiewicz S. 2016. Human Polyomaviruses, p 427-442. In Loeffelholz M, Hodinka R, Young S, Pinsky B (ed), Clinical Virology Manual, Fifth Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819156.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555819156.ch31.ch31fig1
FIGURE 1

A radial phylogenetic tree generated using a Neighbour-Joining analyses of concatenated VP2, VP1, and LTAg gene sequences from a wide variety of mammalian, bird, and fish polyomavirus species. All known human polyomaviruses are shown in red, with recognized polyomavirus subclades highlighted.

10.1128/9781555819156/9156ch31fig1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555819156/9156ch31fig1.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

A radial phylogenetic tree generated using a Neighbour-Joining analyses of concatenated VP2, VP1, and LTAg gene sequences from a wide variety of mammalian, bird, and fish polyomavirus species. All known human polyomaviruses are shown in red, with recognized polyomavirus subclades highlighted.

Citation: Rockett R, Nissen M, Sloots T, Bialasiewicz S. 2016. Human Polyomaviruses, p 427-442. In Loeffelholz M, Hodinka R, Young S, Pinsky B (ed), Clinical Virology Manual, Fifth Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819156.ch31
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555819156.ch31.ch31fig2
FIGURE 2

Urine cytology micrograph showing polyomavirus infected cells (Decoy cells). (Copyright 2010 Nephron. Permission is granted to copy, distribute, and/or modify this image under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Version 1.3.)

10.1128/9781555819156/9156ch31fig2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555819156/9156ch31fig2.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

Urine cytology micrograph showing polyomavirus infected cells (Decoy cells). (Copyright 2010 Nephron. Permission is granted to copy, distribute, and/or modify this image under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Version 1.3.)

Citation: Rockett R, Nissen M, Sloots T, Bialasiewicz S. 2016. Human Polyomaviruses, p 427-442. In Loeffelholz M, Hodinka R, Young S, Pinsky B (ed), Clinical Virology Manual, Fifth Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819156.ch31
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555819156.ch31.ch31fig3
FIGURE 3

Proposed schematic for the screening and management of BKPyV replication and polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in kidney transplant patients (adapted from ( )).

10.1128/9781555819156/9156ch31fig3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555819156/9156ch31fig3.gif
Image of FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

Proposed schematic for the screening and management of BKPyV replication and polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in kidney transplant patients (adapted from ( )).

Citation: Rockett R, Nissen M, Sloots T, Bialasiewicz S. 2016. Human Polyomaviruses, p 427-442. In Loeffelholz M, Hodinka R, Young S, Pinsky B (ed), Clinical Virology Manual, Fifth Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819156.ch31
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555819156.ch31
1. Johne R, Buck CB, Allander T, Atwood WJ, Garcea RL, Imperiale MJ, Major EO, Ramqvist T, Norkin LC . 2011. Taxonomical developments in the family Polyomaviridae. Arch Virol 156 : 1627– 1634.[PubMed]
2. Johne R, Müller H . 2007. Polyomaviruses of birds: etiologic agents of inflammatory diseases in a tumor virus family. J Virol 81 : 11554– 11559[CrossRef].[PubMed]
3. Imperiale MJ, Major EO, . 2007. Polyomaviruses, p. 2263– 2298. In Knipe DM, Howley PM (ed.), Fields Virology, 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
4. Padgett BL, Walker DL, ZuRhein GM, Eckroade RJ, Dessel BH . 1971. Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Lancet 1 : 1257– 1260.[PubMed]
5. Gardner SD, Field AM, Coleman DV, Hulme B . 1971. New human papovavirus (B.K.) isolated from urine after renal transplantation. Lancet 1 : 1253– 1257.[PubMed]
6. Gaynor AM, Nissen MD, Whiley DM, Mackay IM, Lambert SB, Wu G, Brennan DC, Storch GA, Sloots TP, Wang D . 2007. Identification of a novel polyomavirus from patients with acute respiratory tract infections. PloS Pathog 3 : e64.[PubMed]
7. Allander T, Andreasson K, Gupta S, Bjerkner A, Bogdanovic G, Persson MA, Dalianis T, Ramqvist T, Andersson B . 2007. Identification of a third human polyomavirus. J Virol 81 : 4130– 4136.[PubMed]
8. Feng H, Shuda M, Chang Y, Moore PS . 2008. Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma. Science 319 : 1096– 1100.[PubMed]
9. Schowalter RM, Pastrana DV, Pumphrey KA, Moyer AL, Buck CB . 2010. Merkel cell polyomavirus and two previously unknown polyomaviruses are chronically shed from human skin. Cell Host Microbe 7 : 509– 515.[PubMed]
10. van der Meijden E, Janssens RW, Lauber C, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Gorbalenya AE, Feltkamp MCW . 2010. Discovery of a new human polyomavirus associated with trichodysplasia spinulosa in an immunocompromised patient. PloS Pathog 6 : e1001024.[PubMed]
11. Trusch F, Klein M, Finsterbusch T, Kühn J, Hofmann J, Ehlers B . 2012. Seroprevalence of human polyomavirus 9 and cross-reactivity to African green monkey-derived lymphotropic polyomavirus. J Gen Virol 93 : 698– 705.[PubMed]
12. Siebrasse EA, Reyes A, Lim ESS, Zhao G, Mkakosya RSS, Manary MJJ, Gordon JII, Wang D . 2012. Identification of MW polyomavirus, a novel polyomavirus in human stool. J Virol 86 : 10321– 10326.[PubMed]
13. Lim ES, Reyes A, Antonio M, Saha D, Ikumapayi UN, Adeyemi M, Stine OC, Skelton R, Brennan DC, Mkakosya RS, Manary MJ, Gordon JI, Wang D . 2013. Discovery of STL polyomavirus, a polyomavirus of ancestral recombinant origin that encodes a unique T antigen by alternative splicing. Virology 436 : 295– 303.[PubMed]
14. Korup S, Rietscher J, Calvignac-Spencer S, Trusch F, Hofmann J, Moens U, Sauer I, Voigt S, Schmuck R, Ehlers B . 2013. Identification of a novel human polyomavirus in organs of the gastrointestinal tract. PloS ONE 8 : e58021.[PubMed]
15. Mishra N, Pereira M, Rhodes RH, An P, Pipas JM, Jain K, Kapoor A, Briese T, Faust PL, Lipkin WI . 2014. Identification of a novel polyomavirus in a pancreatic transplant recipient with retinal blindness and vasculitic myopathy. J Infect Dis 210 : 1595– 1599.[PubMed]
16. Imperiale MJ, . 2001. The Human Polyomaviruses: An Overview, p 53– 71. In Khalilil K, Stoner GL (ed), Human Polyomaviruses: Molecular and Clinical Perspective. Wiley-Liss Inc.
17. Nakanishi A, Itoh N, Li PP, Handa H, Liddington RC, Kasamatsu H . 2007. Minor capsid proteins of simian virus 40 are dispensable for nucleocapsid assembly and cell entry but are required for nuclear entry of the viral genome. J Virol 81 : 3778– 3785.[PubMed]
18. Elphick GF, Querbes W, Jordan JA, Gee GV, Eash S, Manley K, Dugan A, Stanifer M, Bhatnagar A, Kroeze WK, Roth BL, Atwood WJ . 2004. The human polyomavirus, JCV, uses serotonin receptors to infect cells. Science 306 : 1380– 1383.[PubMed]
19. Low JA, Magnuson B, Tsai B, Imperiale MJ . 2006. Identification of gangliosides GD1b and GT1b as receptors for BK virus. J Virol 80 : 1361– 1366.[PubMed]
20. Jiang M, Abend JR, Tsai B, Imperiale MJ . 2009. Early events during BK virus entry and disassembly. J Virol 83 : 1350– 1358.[PubMed]
21. Villarreal LP . 1991. Relationship of eukaryotic DNA replication to committed gene expression: general theory for gene control. Microbiol Rev 55 : 512– 542.[PubMed]
22. Khalili K, Sariyer IK, Safak M . 2008. Small tumor antigen of polyomaviruses: role in viral life cycle and cell transformation. J Cell Physiol 215 : 309– 319.[PubMed]
23. Farmerie WG, Folk WR . 1984. Regulation of polyomavirus transcription by large tumor antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81 : 6919– 6923.[PubMed]
24. Khalili K, White MK, Sawa H, Nagashima K, Safak M . 2005. The agnoprotein of polyomaviruses: a multifunctional auxiliary protein. J Cell Physiol 204 : 1– 7.[PubMed]
25. Lagatie O, Tritsmans L, Stuyver LJ . 2013. The miRNA world of polyomaviruses. Virol J 10 : 268[PubMed]
26. Taguchi F, Kajioka J, Miyamura T . 1982. Prevalence rate and age of acquisition of antibodies against JC virus and BK virus in human sera. Microbiol Immunol 26 : 1057– 1064.[PubMed]
27. Knowles WA . 2006. Discovery and epidemiology of the human polyomaviruses BK virus (BKV) and JC virus (JCV). Adv Exp Med Biol 577 : 19– 45.[PubMed]
28. Brown P, Tsai T, Gajdusek DC . 1975. Seroepidemiology of human papovaviruses. Discovery of virgin populations and some unusual patterns of antibody prevalence among remote peoples of the world. Am J Epidemiol 102 : 331– 340.[PubMed]
29. Flaegstad T, Traavik T, Kristiansen BE . 1986. Age-dependent prevalence of BK virus IgG and IgM antibodies measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). J Hyg (Lond) 96 : 523– 528.[PubMed]
30. Brown DW, Gardner SD, Gibson PE, Field AM . 1984. BK virus specific IgM responses in cord sera, young children and healthy adults detected by RIA. Arch Virol 82 : 149– 160.[PubMed]
31. Jung M, Krech U, Price PC, Pyndiah MN . 1975. Evidence of chronic persistent infections with polyomaviruses (BK type) in renal transplant recipients. Arch Virol 47 : 39– 46.[PubMed]
32. Gardner SD . 1973. Prevalence in England of antibody to human polyomavirus (B.k.). BMJ 1 : 77– 78.[PubMed]
33. Knowles WA, Pipkin P, Andrews N, Vyse A, Minor P, Brown DWG, Miller E . 2003. Population-based study of antibody to the human polyomaviruses BKV and JCV and the simian polyomavirus SV40. J Med Virol 71 : 115– 123.[PubMed]
34. Carter JJ, Madeleine MM, Wipf GC, Garcea RL, Pipkin PA, Minor PD, Galloway DA . 2003. Lack of serologic evidence for prevalent simian virus 40 infection in humans. J Natl Cancer Inst 95 : 1522– 1530.[PubMed]
35. Neel JV, Major EO, Awa AA, Glover T, Burgess A, Traub R, Curfman B, Satoh C . 1996. Hypothesis: “Rogue cell”-type chromosomal damage in lymphocytes is associated with infection with the JC human polyoma virus and has implications for oncopenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 : 2690– 2695.[PubMed]
36. Knowles WA, Gibson PE, Hand JF, Brown DW . 1992. An M-antibody capture radioimmunoassay (MACRIA) for detection of JC virus-specific IgM. J Virol Methods 40 : 95– 105.[PubMed]
37. Nguyen NL, Le BM, Wang D . 2009. Serologic evidence of frequent human infection with WU and KI polyomaviruses. Emerg Infect Dis 15 : 1199– 1205.[PubMed]
38. Neske F, Prifert C, Scheiner B, Ewald M, Schubert J, Opitz A, Weissbrich B . 2010. High prevalence of antibodies against polyomavirus WU, polyomavirus KI, and human bocavirus in German blood donors. BMC Infect Dis 10 : 215.[PubMed]
39. Nicol JTJ, Robinot R, Carpentier A, Carandina G, Mazzoni E, Tognon M, Touzé A, Coursaget P . 2013. Age-specific seroprevalences of merkel cell polyomavirus, human polyomaviruses 6, 7, and 9, and trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus. Clin Vaccine Immunol 20 : 363– 368.[PubMed]
40. van der Meijden E, Bialasiewicz S, Rockett RJ, Tozer SJ, Sloots TP, Feltkamp MCW . 2013. Different serologic behavior of MCPyV, TSPyV, HpyV6, HpyV7 and HpyV9 polyomaviruses found on the skin. PloS ONE 8 : e81078.[PubMed]
41. Carter JJ, Paulson KG, Wipf GC, Miranda D, Madeleine MM, Johnson LG, Lemos BD, Lee S, Warcola AH, Iyer JG, Nghiem P, Galloway DA . 2009. Association of Merkel cell polyomavirus-specific antibodies with Merkel cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 101 : 1510– 1522.[PubMed]
42. van der Meijden E, Kazem S, Burgers MM, Janssens R, Bouwes Bavinck JN, de Melker H, Feltkamp MCW . 2011. Seroprevalence of trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus. Emerg Infect Dis 17 : 1355– 1363.[PubMed]
43. Chen T, Mattila PS, Jartti T, Ruuskanen O, Söderlund-Venermo M, Hedman K . 2011. Seroepidemiology of the newly found trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus. J Infect Dis 204 : 1523– 1526.[PubMed]
44. Nicol JTJ, Touzé A, Robinot R, Arnold F, Mazzoni E, Tognon M, Coursaget P . 2012. Seroprevalence and cross-reactivity of human polyomavirus 9. Emerg Infect Dis 18 : 1329– 1332.[PubMed]
45. Trusch F, Klein M, Finsterbusch T, Kühn J, Hofmann J, Ehlers B . 2012. Seroprevalence of human polyomavirus 9 and cross-reactivity to African green monkey-derived lymphotropic polyomavirus. J Gen Virol 93 : 698– 705.[PubMed]
46. Nicol JTJ, Leblond V, Arnold F, Guerra G, Mazzoni E, Tognon M, Coursaget P, Touzé A . 2014. Seroprevalence of human Malawi polyomavirus. J Clin Microbiol 52 : 321– 323.[PubMed]
47. Lim ES, Meinerz NM, Primi B, Wang D, Garcea RL . 2014. Common exposure to STL polyomavirus during childhood. Emerg Infect Dis 20 : 1559– 1561.[PubMed]
48. Martel-Jantin C, Pedergnana V, Nicol JTJ, Leblond V, Trégouët D-A, Tortevoye P, Plancoulaine S, Coursaget P, Touzé A, Abel L, Gessain A . 2013. Merkel cell polyomavirus infection occurs during early childhood and is transmitted between siblings. J Clin Virol 58 : 288– 291.[PubMed]
49. Kean JM, Rao S, Wang M, Garcea RL . 2009. Seroepidemiology of human polyomaviruses. PloS Pathog 5 : e1000363.[PubMed]
50. Kato K, Guo J, Taguchi F, Daimaru O, Tajima M, Haibara H, Matsuda J, Sumiya M, Yogo Y . 1994. Phylogenetic comparison between archetypal and disease-associated JC virus isolates in Japan. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 47 : 167– 178.[PubMed]
51. Zhong S, Randhawa PS, Ikegaya H, Chen Q, Zheng H-Y, Suzuki M, Takeuchi T, Shibuya A, Kitamura T, Yogo Y . 2009. Distribution patterns of BK polyomavirus (BKV) subtypes and subgroups in American, European and Asian populations suggest co-migration of BKV and the human race. J Gen Virol 90 : 144– 152.[PubMed]
52. Pastrana DV, Ray U, Magaldi TG, Schowalter RM, Çuburu N, Buck CB . 2013. BK polyomavirus genotypes represent distinct serotypes with distinct entry tropism. J Virol 87 : 10105– 10113.[PubMed]
53. Walker DL, Padgett BL . 1983. The epidemiology of human polyomaviruses. Prog Clin Biol Res 105 : 99– 106.[PubMed]
54. Chang D, Liou ZM, Ou WC, Wang KZ, Wang M, Fung CY, Tsai RT . 1996. Production of the antigen and the antibody of the JC virus major capsid protein VP1. J Virol Methods 59 : 177– 187.[PubMed]
55. Agostini HT, Ryschkewitsch CF, Stoner GL . 1998. JC virus Type 1 has multiple subtypes: three new complete genomes. J Gen Virol 79 : 801– 805.[PubMed]
56. Bialasiewicz S, Rockett R, Whiley DW, Abed Y, Allander T, Binks M, Boivin G, Cheng AC, Chung J-Y, Ferguson PE, Gilroy NM, Leach AJ, Lindau C, Rossen JW, Sorrell TC, Nissen MD, Sloots TP . 2010. Whole-genome characterization and genotyping of global WU polyomavirus strains. J Virol 84 : 6229– 6234.[PubMed]
57. Sundsfjord A, Spein AR, Lucht E, Flaegstad T, Seternes OM, Traavik T . 1994. Detection of BK virus DNA in nasopharyngeal aspirates from children with respiratory infections but not in saliva from immunodeficient and immunocompetent adult patients. J Clin Microbiol 32 : 1390– 1394.[PubMed]
58. Goudsmit J, Wertheim-van Dillen P, van Strien A, van der Noordaa J . 1982. The role of BK virus in acute respiratory tract disease and the presence of BKV DNA in tonsils. J Med Virol 10 : 91– 99.[PubMed]
59. Kuypers DRJ . 2012. Management of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in renal transplant recipients. Nat Rev Nephrol 8 : 390– 402.[PubMed]
60. Polo C, Pérez JL, Mielnichuck A, Fedele CG, Niubò J, Tenorio A . 2004. Prevalence and patterns of polyomavirus urinary excretion in immunocompetent adults and children. Clin Microbiol Infect 10 : 640– 644.[PubMed]
61. Gosert R, Rinaldo CH, Funk GA, Egli A, Ramos E, Drachenberg CB, Hirsch HH . 2008. Polyomavirus BK with rearranged noncoding control region emerge in vivo in renal transplant patients and increase viral replication and cytopathology. J Exp Med 205 : 841– 852.[PubMed]
62. Hirsch HH, Snydman DR . 2005. BK virus: opportunity makes a pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 41 : 354– 360.[PubMed]
63. Dalianis T, Hirsch HH . 2013. Human polyomaviruses in disease and cancer. Virology 437 : 63– 72.[PubMed]
64. Bialasiewicz S, Cho Y, Rockett R, Preston J, Wood S, Fleming S, Shepherd B, Barraclough K, Sloots TP, Isbel N . 2013. Association of micropapillary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and BK viruria in kidney transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 15 : 283– 289.[PubMed]
65. Abend JR, Jiang M, Imperiale MJ . 2009. BK virus and human cancer: innocent until proven guilty. Semin Cancer Biol 19 : 252– 260.[PubMed]
66. Giraud G, Ramqvist T, Ragnarsson-Olding B, Dalianis T . 2008. DNA from BK virus and JC virus and from KI, WU, and MC polyomaviruses as well as from simian virus 40 is not detected in non-UV-light-associated primary malignant melanomas of mucous membranes. J Clin Microbiol 46 : 3595– 3598.[PubMed]
67. Bouvard V, Baan RA, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Straif K WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group . 2012. Carcinogenicity of malaria and of some polyomaviruses. Lancet Oncol 13 : 339– 340.[PubMed]
68. Gheuens S, Wüthrich C, Koralnik IJ . 2013. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: why gray and white matter. Annu Rev Pathol 8 : 189– 215.[PubMed]
69. Khanna N, Elzi L, Mueller NJ, Garzoni C, Cavassini M, Fux CA, Vernazza P, Bernasconi E, Battegay M, Hirsch HH Swiss HIV Cohort Study . 2009. Incidence and outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy over 20 years of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 48 : 1459– 1466.[PubMed]
70. Hoepner R, Faissner S, Salmen A, Gold R, Chan A . 2014. Efficacy and side effects of natalizumab therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 6 : 41– 49.[PubMed]
71. Dang X, Koralnik IJ . 2006. A granule cell neuron-associated JC virus variant has a unique deletion in the VP1 gene. J Gen Virol 87 : 2533– 2537.[PubMed]
72. Delbue S, Ferraresso M, Ghio L, Carloni C, Carluccio S, Belingheri M, Edefonti A, Ferrante P . 2013. A review on JC virus infection in kidney transplant recipients. Clin Dev Immunol 2013 : 1.[PubMed]
73. Dalianis T, Garcea RL . 2009. Welcome to the Polyomaviridae. Semin Cancer Biol 19 : 209– 210.[PubMed]
74. Wattier RL, Vázquez M, Weibel C, Shapiro ED, Ferguson D, Landry ML, Kahn JS . 2008. Role of human polyomaviruses in respiratory tract disease in young children. Emerg Infect Dis 14 : 1766– 1768.[PubMed]
75. Mourez T, Bergeron A, Ribaud P, Scieux C, de Latour RP, Tazi A, Socié G, Simon F, LeGoff J . 2009. Polyomaviruses KI and WU in immunocompromised patients with respiratory disease. Emerg Infect Dis 15 : 107– 109.[PubMed]
76. Norja P, Ubillos I, Templeton K, Simmonds P . 2007. No evidence for an association between infections with WU and KI polyomaviruses and respiratory disease. J Clin Virol 40 : 307– 311.[PubMed]
77. Koljonen V, Kukko H, Pukkala E, Sankila R, Böhling T, Tukiainen E, Sihto H, Joensuu H . 2009. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients have a high risk of Merkel-cell polyomavirus DNA-positive Merkel-cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 101 : 1444– 1447.[PubMed]
78. Ohnishi Y, Murakami S, Ohtsuka H, Miyauchi S, Shinmori H, Hashimoto K . 1997. Merkel cell carcinoma and multiple Bowen's disease: incidental association or possible relationship to inorganic arsenic exposure? J Dermatol 24 : 310– 316.[PubMed]
79. Sahi H, Koljonen V, Böhling T, Neuvonen PJ, Vainio H, Lamminpää A, Kyyrönen P, Pukkala E . 2012. Increased incidence of Merkel cell carcinoma among younger statin users. Cancer Epidemiol 36 : 421– 424.[PubMed]
80. Vilkin A, Ronen Z, Levi Z, Morgenstern S, Halpern M, Niv Y . 2012. Presence of JC virus DNA in the tumor tissue and normal mucosa of patients with sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) or with positive family history and Bethesda criteria. Dig Dis Sci 57 : 79– 84.[PubMed]
81. Poulin DL, DeCaprio JA . 2006. Is there a role for SV40 in human cancer? J Clin Oncol 24 : 4356– 4365.[PubMed]
82. Pastrana DV, Tolstov YL, Becker JC, Moore PS, Chang Y, Buck CB . 2009. Quantitation of human seroresponsiveness to Merkel cell polyomavirus. PloS Pathog 5 : e1000578.[PubMed]
83. Houben R, Shuda M, Weinkam R, Schrama D, Feng H, Chang Y, Moore PS, Becker JC . 2010. Merkel cell polyomavirus-infected Merkel cell carcinoma cells require expression of viral T antigens. J Virol 84 : 7064– 7072.[PubMed]
84. Touzé A, Le Bidre E, Laude H, Fleury MJJ, Cazal R, Arnold F, Carlotti A, Maubec E, Aubin F, Avril M-F, Rozenberg F, Tognon M, Maruani A, Guyetant S, Lorette G, Coursaget P . 2011. High levels of antibodies against merkel cell polyomavirus identify a subset of patients with merkel cell carcinoma with better clinical outcome. J Clin Oncol 29 : 1612– 1619.[PubMed]
85. van der Zalm MM, Rossen JW, van Ewijk BE, Wilbrink B, van Esch PC, Wolfs TF, van der Ent CK . 2008. Prevalence and pathogenicity of WU and KI polyomaviruses in children, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 14 : 1787– 1789.[PubMed]
86. Siebrasse E, Nguyen NL, Smith C, Simmonds P, Wang D. 2014. Immunohistochemical detection of KI polyomavirus in lung and spleen. Virology 468-470C: 178– 184.
87. Rockett RJ, Bialasiewicz S, Mhango L, Gaydon J, Holding R, Whiley DM, Lambert SB, Ware RS, Nissen MD, Grimwood K, Sloots TP . 2015. Acquisition of human polyomaviruses in the first 18 months of life. Emerg Infect Dis 21 : 365– 367.[PubMed]
88. Bialasiewicz S, Whiley DM, Lambert SB, Nissen MD, Sloots TP . 2009. Detection of BK, JC, WU, or KI polyomaviruses in faecal, urine, blood, cerebrospinal fluid and respiratory samples. J Clin Virol 45 : 249– 254.[PubMed]
89. Dang X, Vidal JE, Oliveira AC, Simpson DM, Morgello S, Hecht JH, Ngo LH, Koralnik IJ . 2012. JC virus granule cell neuronopathy is associated with VP1 C terminus mutants. J Gen Virol 93 : 175– 183.[PubMed]
90. Babakir-Mina M, Ciccozzi M, Campitelli L, Aquaro S, Lo Coco A, Perno CF, Ciotti M . 2009. Identification of the novel KI Polyomavirus in paranasal and lung tissues. J Med Virol 81 : 558– 561.[PubMed]
91. Fischer MK, Kao GF, Nguyen HP, Drachenberg CB, Rady PL, Tyring SK, Gaspari AA . 2012. Specific detection of trichodysplasia spinulosa–associated polyomavirus DNA in skin and renal allograft tissues in a patient with trichodysplasia spinulosa. Arch Dermatol 148 : 726– 733.[PubMed]
92. Scuda N, Hofmann J, Calvignac-Spencer S, Ruprecht K, Liman P, Kühn J, Hengel H, Ehlers B . 2011. A novel human polyomavirus closely related to the African green monkey-derived lymphotropic polyomavirus. J Virol 85 : 4586– 4590.[PubMed]
93. Sauvage V, Foulongne V, Cheval J, Ar Gouilh M, Pariente K, Dereure O, Manuguerra JC, Richardson J, Lecuit M, Burguière A, Caro V, Eloit M . 2011. Human polyomavirus related to African green monkey lymphotropic polyomavirus. Emerg Infect Dis 17 : 1364– 1370.[PubMed]
94. Ho J, Jedrych JJ, Feng H, Natalie AA, Grandinetti L, Mirvish E, Crespo MM, Yadav D, Fasanella KE, Kuan S, Pastrana DV, Buck CB, Shuda Y, Moore PS, Chang Y. 2014. Human polyomavirus 7-associated pruritic rash and viremia in transplant recipients. J. Infect. Dis. Sep 17. Pii: jiu524. Pre-print:1–16.
95. Rennspiess D, Pujari S, Keijzers M, Abdul-Hamid MA, Hochstenbag M, Dingemans A-M, Kurz AK, Speel E-J, Haugg A, Pastrana DV, Buck CB, De Baets MH, Zur Hausen A . 2015. Detection of human polyomavirus 7 in human thymic epithelial tumors. J Thorac Oncol 10 : 360– 366.[PubMed]
96. Buck CB, Phan GQ, Raiji MT, Murphy PM, McDermott DH, McBride AA . 2012. Complete genome sequence of a tenth human polyomavirus. J Virol 86 : 10887.[PubMed]
97. Yu G, Greninger AL, Isa P, Phan TG, Martínez MA, de la Luz Sanchez M, Contreras JF, Santos-Preciado JI, Parsonnet J, Miller S, DeRisi JL, Delwart E, Arias CF, Chiu CY . 2012. Discovery of a novel polyomavirus in acute diarrheal samples from children. PloS ONE 7 : e49449.[PubMed]
98. Wu S-W, Chang H-R, Lian J-D . 2009. The effect of low-dose cidofovir on the long-term outcome of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24 : 1034– 1038.[PubMed]
99. Palazzo E, Yahia SA . 2012. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in autoimmune diseases. Joint Bone Spine 79 : 351– 355.[PubMed]
100. Yatawara A, Gaidos G, Rupasinghe CN, O'Hara BA, Pellegrini M, Atwood WJ, Mierke DF . 2015. Small-molecule inhibitors of JC polyomavirus infection. J Pept Sci 21 : 236– 242.[PubMed]
101. Bofill-Mas S, Rodriguez-Manzano J, Calgua B, Carratala A, Girones R . 2010. Newly described human polyomaviruses Merkel cell, KI and WU are present in urban sewage and may represent potential environmental contaminants. Virol J 7 : 141.[PubMed]
102. Sauerbrei A, Wutzler P . 2009. Testing thermal resistance of viruses. Arch Virol 154 : 115– 119.[PubMed]
103. Li X, Yang Q, Bai J, Yang Y, Zhong L, Wang Y . 2015. Identification of optimal reference genes for quantitative PCR studies on human mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Med Rep. 11 : 1304- 1311[PubMed]
104. Alsaleh AN, Whiley DM, Bialasiewicz S, Lambert SB, Ware RS, Nissen MD, Sloots TP, Grimwood K . 2014. Nasal swab samples and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays in community-based, longitudinal studies of respiratory viruses: the importance of sample integrity and quality control. BMC Infect Dis 14 : 15.[PubMed]
105. Bialasiewicz S, Whiley DM, Nissen MD, Sloots TP . 2007. Impact of competitive inhibition and sequence variation upon the sensitivity of malaria PCR. J Clin Microbiol 45 : 1621– 1623.[PubMed]
106. Rockett R, Barraclough KA, Isbel NM, Dudley KJ, Nissen MD, Sloots TP, Bialasiewicz S . 2015. Specific rolling circle amplification of low-copy human polyomaviruses BKV, HpyV6, HpyV7, TSPyV, and STLPyV. J. Virol. Methods 215-216C: 17– 21.
107. Drachenberg CB, Beskow CO, Cangro CB, Bourquin PM, Simsir A, Fink J, Weir MR, Klassen DK, Bartlett ST, Papadimitriou JC . 1999. Human polyoma virus in renal allograft biopsies: morphological findings and correlation with urine cytology. Hum Pathol 30 : 970– 977.[PubMed]
108. Nickeleit V, Hirsch HH, Binet IF, Gudat F, Prince O, Dalquen P, Thiel G, Mihatsch MJ . 1999. Polyomavirus infection of renal allograft recipients: from latent infection to manifest disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 10 : 1080– 1089.[PubMed]
109. Fogazzi GB, Cantú M, Saglimbeni L . 2001. ‘Decoy cells’ in the urine due to polyomavirus BK infection: easily seen by phase-contrast microscopy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16 : 1496– 1498.[PubMed]
110. Ranzi AD, Prolla JC, Keitel E, Brackmann R, Kist R, dos Santos G, Bica CG . 2012. The role of urine cytology for ‘decoy cells’ as a screening tool in renal transplant recipients. Acta Cytol 56 : 543– 547.[PubMed]
111. Viscount HB, Eid AJ, Espy MJ, Griffin MD, Thomsen KM, Harmsen WS, Razonable RR, Smith TF . 2007. Polyomavirus polymerase chain reaction as a surrogate marker of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy. Transplantation 84 : 340– 345.[PubMed]
112. Bedi A, Miller CB, Hanson JL, Goodman S, Ambinder RF, Charache P, Arthur RR, Jones RJ . 1995. Association of BK virus with failure of prophylaxis against hemorrhagic cystitis following bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Oncol 13 : 1103– 1109.[PubMed]
113. Pinto GG, Poloni JAT, Carneiro LC, Baethgen LF, Barth AL, Pasqualotto AC . 2013. Evaluation of different urine protocols and DNA extraction methods for quantitative detection of BK viruria in kidney transplant patients. J Virol Methods 188 : 94– 96.[PubMed]
114. Hirsch HH, Randhawa P AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice . 2013. BK polyomavirus in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 13( Suppl 4) : 179– 188.[PubMed]
115. Drew RJ, Walsh A, Ní Laoi B, Conneally E, Crowley B . 2013. BK virus (BKV) plasma dynamics in patients with BKV-associated hemorrhagic cystitis following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 15 : 276– 282.[PubMed]
116. Randhawa P, Kant J, Shapiro R, Tan H, Basu A, Luo C . 2011. The impact of genomic sequence variability on quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays for the diagnosis of polyomavirus BK infection. J Clin Microbiol 49 : 4072– 4076.[PubMed]
117. Carr MJ, McCormack GP, Mutton KJ, Crowley B . 2006. Unique BK virus non-coding control region (NCCR) variants in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with and without hemorrhagic cystitis. J Med Virol 78 : 485– 493.[PubMed]
118. Hirsch HH, Kardas P, Kranz D, Leboeuf C . 2013. The human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV): virological background and clinical implications. APMIS 121 : 685– 727.[PubMed]
119. Wüthrich C, Kesari S, Kim W-K, Williams K, Gelman R, Elmeric D, De Girolami U, Joseph JT, Hedley-Whyte T, Koralnik IJ . 2006. Characterization of lymphocytic infiltrates in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: co-localization of CD8(+) T cells with JCV-infected glial cells. J Neurovirol 12 : 116– 128.[PubMed]
120. Muñoz-Mármol AM, Mola G, Fernández-Vasalo A, Vela E, Mate JL, Ariza A . 2004. JC virus early protein detection by immunohistochemistry in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a comparative study with in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 63 : 1124– 1130.[PubMed]
121. Berger JR, Aksamit AJ, Clifford DB, Davis L, Koralnik IJ, Sejvar JJ, Bartt R, Major EO, Nath A . 2013. PML diagnostic criteria: consensus statement from the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section. Neurology 80 : 1430– 1438.[PubMed]
122. Delbue S, Elia F, Carloni C, Tavazzi E, Marchioni E, Carluccio S, Signorini L, Novati S, Maserati R, Ferrante P . 2012. JC virus load in cerebrospinal fluid and transcriptional control region rearrangements may predict the clinical course of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Cell Physiol 227 : 3511– 3517.[PubMed]
123. Marzocchetti A, Di Giambenedetto S, Cingolani A, Ammassari A, Cauda R, De Luca A . 2005. Reduced rate of diagnostic positive detection of JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid in cases of suspected progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Microbiol 43 : 4175– 4177.[PubMed]
124. Ryschkewitsch CF, Jensen PN, Major EO . 2013. Multiplex qPCR assay for ultra sensitive detection of JCV DNA with simultaneous identification of genotypes that discriminates non-virulent from virulent variants. J Clin Virol 57 : 243– 248.[PubMed]
125. Ferrante P, Caldarelli-Stefano R, Omodeo-Zorini E, Vago L, Boldorini R, Costanzi G . 1995. PCR detection of JC virus DNA in brain tissue from patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Med Virol 47 : 219– 225.[PubMed]
126. Delbue S, Sotgiu G, Fumagalli D, Valli M, Borghi E, Mancuso R, Marchioni E, Maserati R, Ferrante P . 2005. A case of a progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy patient with four different JC virus transcriptional control region rearrangements in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, serum, and urine. J Neurovirol 11 : 51– 57.[PubMed]
127. Dang X, Wüthrich C, Gordon J, Sawa H, Koralnik IJ . 2012. JC virus encephalopathy is associated with a novel agnoprotein-deletion JCV variant. PloS ONE 7 : e35793.[PubMed]
128. Gorelik L, Lerner M, Bixler S, Crossman M, Schlain B, Simon K, Pace A, Cheung A, Chen LL, Berman M, Zein F, Wilson E, Yednock T, Sandrock A, Goelz SE, Subramanyam M . 2010. Anti-JC virus antibodies: implications for PML risk stratification. Ann Neurol 68 : 295– 303.[PubMed]
129. Goelz SE, Gorelik L, Subramanyam M . 2011. Assay design and sample collection can affect anti-John Cunningham virus antibody detection. Ann Neurol 69 : 429– 430, author reply 430–431.[PubMed]
130. Smith KG, Isbel NM, Catton MG, Leydon JA, Becker GJ, Walker RG . 1998. Suppression of the humoral immune response by mycophenolate mofetil. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13 : 160– 164.[PubMed]
131. Bialasiewicz S, Whiley DM, Lambert SB, Gould A, Nissen MD, Sloots TP . 2007. Development and evaluation of real-time PCR assays for the detection of the newly identified KI and WU polyomaviruses. J Clin Virol 40 : 9– 14.[PubMed]
132. Antonsson A, Bialasiewicz S, Rockett RJ, Jacob K, Bennett IC, Sloots TP . 2012. Exploring the prevalence of ten polyomaviruses and two herpes viruses in breast cancer. PloS ONE 7 : e39842.[PubMed]
133. Teramoto S, Kaiho M, Takano Y, Endo R, Kikuta H, Sawa H, Ariga T, Ishiguro N . 2011. Detection of KI polyomavirus and WU polyomavirus DNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction in nasopharyngeal swabs and in normal lung and lung adenocarcinoma tissues. Microbiol Immunol 55 : 525– 530.[PubMed]
134. Foulongne V, Dereure O, Kluger N, Molès JP, Guillot B, Segondy M . 2010. Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA detection in lesional and nonlesional skin from patients with Merkel cell carcinoma or other skin diseases. Br J Dermatol 162 : 59– 63.[PubMed]
135. Sastre-Garau X, Peter M, Avril M-F, Laude H, Couturier J, Rozenberg F, Almeida A, Boitier F, Carlotti A, Couturaud B, Dupin N . 2009. Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin: pathological and molecular evidence for a causative role of MCV in oncogenesis. J Pathol 218 : 48– 56.[PubMed]
136. Kassem A, Schöpflin A, Diaz C, Weyers W, Stickeler E, Werner M, Zur Hausen A . 2008. Frequent detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinomas and identification of a unique deletion in the VP1 gene. Cancer Res 68 : 5009– 5013.[PubMed]
137. Pastrana DV, Wieland U, Silling S, Buck CB, Pfister H . 2012. Positive correlation between Merkel cell polyomavirus viral load and capsid-specific antibody titer. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 201 : 17– 23.[PubMed]
138. Mertz KD, Junt T, Schmid M, Pfaltz M, Kempf W . 2010. Inflammatory monocytes are a reservoir for Merkel cell polyomavirus. J Invest Dermatol 130 : 1146– 1151.[PubMed]
139. Bialasiewicz S, Lambert SB, Whiley DM, Nissen MD, Sloots TP . 2009. Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA in respiratory specimens from children and adults. Emerg Infect Dis 15 : 492– 494.[PubMed]
140. Signorini L, Belingheri M, Ambrogi F, Pagani E, Binda S, Ticozzi R, Ferraresso M, Ghio L, Giacon B, Ferrante P, Delbue S . 2014. High frequency of Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA in the urine of kidney transplant recipients and healthy controls. J Clin Virol 61 : 565– 570.[PubMed]
141. Wieland U, Mauch C, Kreuter A, Krieg T, Pfister H . 2009. Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA in persons without merkel cell carcinoma. Emerg Infect Dis 15 : 1496– 1498.[PubMed]
142. Matsushita M, Kuwamoto S, Iwasaki T, Higaki-Mori H, Yashima S, Kato M, Murakami I, Horie Y, Kitamura Y, Hayashi K . 2013. Detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in the human tissues from 41 Japanese autopsy cases using polymerase chain reaction. Intervirology 56 : 1– 5.[PubMed]
143. Foulongne V, Courgnaud V, Champeau W, Segondy M . 2011. Detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus on environmental surfaces. J Med Virol 83 : 1435– 1439.[PubMed]
144. Rodig SJ, Cheng J, Wardzala J, DoRosario A, Scanlon JJ, Laga AC, Martinez-Fernandez A, Barletta JA, Bellizzi AM, Sadasivam S, Holloway DT, Cooper DJ, Kupper TS, Wang LC, DeCaprio JA . 2012. Improved detection suggests all Merkel cell carcinomas harbor Merkel polyomavirus. J Clin Invest 122 : 4645– 4653.[PubMed]
145. Busam KJ, Jungbluth AA, Rekthman N, Coit D, Pulitzer M, Bini J, Arora R, Hanson NC, Tassello JA, Frosina D, Moore P, Chang Y . 2009. Merkel cell polyomavirus expression in merkel cell carcinomas and its absence in combined tumors and pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 33 : 1378– 1385.[PubMed]
146. Shuda M, Arora R, Kwun HJ, Feng H, Sarid R, Fernández-Figueras M-T, Tolstov Y, Gjoerup O, Mansukhani MM, Swerdlow SH, Chaudhary PM, Kirkwood JM, Nalesnik MA, Kant JA, Weiss LM, Moore PS, Chang Y . 2009. Human Merkel cell polyomavirus infection I. MCV T antigen expression in Merkel cell carcinoma, lymphoid tissues and lymphoid tumors. Int J Cancer 125 : 1243– 1249.[PubMed]
147. Shuda M, Kwun HJ, Feng H, Chang Y, Moore PS . 2011. Human Merkel cell polyomavirus small T antigen is an oncoprotein targeting the 4E-BP1 translation regulator. J Clin Invest 121 : 3623– 3634.[PubMed]
148. Elaba Z, Hughey L, Isayeva T, Weeks B, Solovan C, Solovastru L, Andea A . 2012. Ultrastructural and molecular confirmation of the trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus in biopsies of patients with trichodysplasia spinulosa. J Cutan Pathol 39 : 1004– 1009.[PubMed]
149. Kazem S, van der Meijden E, Kooijman S, Rosenberg AS, Hughey LC, Browning JC, Sadler G, Busam K, Pope E, Benoit T, Fleckman P, de Vries E, Eekhof JA, Feltkamp MC . 2012. Trichodysplasia spinulosa is characterized by active polyomavirus infection. J Clin Virol 53 : 225– 230.[PubMed]
150. Wanat KA, Holler PD, Dentchev T, Simbiri K, Robertson E, Seykora JT, Rosenbach M . 2012. Viral-associated trichodysplasia: characterization of a novel polyomavirus infection with therapeutic insights. Arch Dermatol 148 : 219– 223.[PubMed]
151. Delbue S, Tremolada S, Elia F, Carloni C, Amico S, Tavazzi E, Marchioni E, Novati S, Maserati R, Ferrante P . 2010. Lymphotropic polyomavirus is detected in peripheral blood from immunocompromised and healthy subjects. J Clin Virol 47 : 156– 160.[PubMed]
152. Costa C, Bergallo M, Terlizzi ME, Cavallo GP, Cavalla P, Cavallo R . 2011. Lack of detection of lymphotropic polyomavirus DNA in different clinical specimens. J Clin Virol 51 : 148– 149.[PubMed]
153. Gardner SD, MacKenzie EF, Smith C, Porter AA . 1984. Prospective study of the human polyomaviruses BK and JC and cytomegalovirus in renal transplant recipients. J Clin Pathol 37 : 578– 586.[PubMed]
154. Cesaro S, Facchin C, Tridello G, Messina C, Calore E, Biasolo MA, Pillon M, Varotto S, Brugiolo A, Mengoli C, Palù G . 2008. A prospective study of BK-virus-associated haemorrhagic cystitis in paediatric patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 41 : 363– 370.[PubMed]
155. Leung AYH, Yuen K-Y, Kwong Y-L . 2005. Polyoma BK virus and haemorrhagic cystitis in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a changing paradigm. Bone Marrow Transplant 36 : 929– 937.[PubMed]
156. Rinaldo CH, Tylden GD, Sharma BN . 2013. The human polyomavirus BK (BKPyV): virological background and clinical implications. APMIS 121 : 728– 745.[PubMed]
157. Harkensee C, Vasdev N, Gennery AR, Willetts IE, Taylor C . 2008. Prevention and management of BK-virus associated haemorrhagic cystitis in children following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation—a systematic review and evidence-based guidance for clinical management. Br J Haematol 142 : 717– 731.[PubMed]
158. Drachenberg CB, Hirsch HH, Papadimitriou JC, Gosert R, Wali RK, Munivenkatappa R, Nogueira J, Cangro CB, Haririan A, Mendley S, Ramos E . 2007. Polyomavirus BK versus JC replication and nephropathy in renal transplant recipients: a prospective evaluation. Transplantation 84 : 323– 330.[PubMed]
159. Rao N, Schepetiuk S, Choudhry M, Juneja R, Passaris G, Higgins G, Barbara J . 2012. JC viraemia in kidney transplant recipients: to act or not to act? Clin Kidney J 5 : 471– 473.[PubMed]