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Chapter 2 : Characterization of the Funeral Groups Associated with Plague Epidemics

Authors: Stéfan Tzortzis1, Michel Signoli2
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Affiliations: 1: UMR 7268 ADES, Anthropologie bio-culturelle, Droit, Ethique, Santé - AMU/CNRS/EFS, Marseille, France; 2: UMR 7268 ADES, Anthropologie bio-culturelle, Droit, Ethique, Santé - AMU/CNRS/EFS, Marseille, France
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2016

Category: General Interest; Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology

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Characterization of the Funeral Groups Associated with Plague Epidemics, Page 1 of 2

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Abstract:

There are several scenarios regarding how burial sites in archaeological contexts are discovered. We will focus on two scenarios according to the degree of historical knowledge regarding the studied sector. The excavation may be performed in a known funeral place or a highly suspected place (e.g., the interior or immediate exterior space in a religious monument or a parish cemetery). Also, the excavation of unexpected graves or graves discovered by chance may occur in places that had unknown or forgotten funeral purposes.

Citation: Tzortzis S, Signoli M. 2016. Characterization of the Funeral Groups Associated with Plague Epidemics, p 13-20. In Drancourt M, Raoult D (ed), Paleomicrobiology of Humans. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0011-2015
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Characterization of the Funeral Groups Associated with Plague Epidemics
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Citation: Tzortzis S, Signoli M. 2016. Characterization of the Funeral Groups Associated with Plague Epidemics, p 13-20. In Drancourt M, Raoult D (ed), Paleomicrobiology of Humans. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0011-2015
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Figure 1

Grave in the “Major” cathedral in Marseille: the view southward (copyright INRAP).

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Figure 1

Grave in the “Major” cathedral in Marseille: the view southward (copyright INRAP).

Citation: Tzortzis S, Signoli M. 2016. Characterization of the Funeral Groups Associated with Plague Epidemics, p 13-20. In Drancourt M, Raoult D (ed), Paleomicrobiology of Humans. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0011-2015
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Figure 2

General overview of the cemetery in Lariey—distribution of graves (drafted by B. B. Bizot and M. Olive; computer-aided design by B. B. Bizot).

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Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

General overview of the cemetery in Lariey—distribution of graves (drafted by B. B. Bizot and M. Olive; computer-aided design by B. B. Bizot).

Citation: Tzortzis S, Signoli M. 2016. Characterization of the Funeral Groups Associated with Plague Epidemics, p 13-20. In Drancourt M, Raoult D (ed), Paleomicrobiology of Humans. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0011-2015
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Figure 3

Detailed view of a burial site during the excavation of Lazzaretto Vecchio at the Venice site (copyright Michel Signoli).

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Image of Figure 3
Figure 3

Detailed view of a burial site during the excavation of Lazzaretto Vecchio at the Venice site (copyright Michel Signoli).

Citation: Tzortzis S, Signoli M. 2016. Characterization of the Funeral Groups Associated with Plague Epidemics, p 13-20. In Drancourt M, Raoult D (ed), Paleomicrobiology of Humans. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0011-2015
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Figure 4

Distributions by age group (gender mixed) of the adult population before (November of 1720) and following (June of 1721) the plague episode. A nonparametric test (Mann-Whitney U test) revealed that there were no significant differences at the threshold of 0.01 between the two distributions.

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Figure 4

Distributions by age group (gender mixed) of the adult population before (November of 1720) and following (June of 1721) the plague episode. A nonparametric test (Mann-Whitney U test) revealed that there were no significant differences at the threshold of 0.01 between the two distributions.

Citation: Tzortzis S, Signoli M. 2016. Characterization of the Funeral Groups Associated with Plague Epidemics, p 13-20. In Drancourt M, Raoult D (ed), Paleomicrobiology of Humans. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0011-2015
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Figure 5

(Top) Proportional distributions of the living adult population by age group before the epidemic (November of 1720) and for the archaeological sample. The two series did not differ from each other at the threshold of 0.01. (Bottom) Proportional distributions of the living adult population by age group following the epidemic (June of 1721) and for the archaeological sample. The two series did not differ significantly from each other at the threshold of 0.01 (nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test).

10.1128/9781555819170/fig2-5_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555819170/fig2-5.gif
Image of Figure 5
Figure 5

(Top) Proportional distributions of the living adult population by age group before the epidemic (November of 1720) and for the archaeological sample. The two series did not differ from each other at the threshold of 0.01. (Bottom) Proportional distributions of the living adult population by age group following the epidemic (June of 1721) and for the archaeological sample. The two series did not differ significantly from each other at the threshold of 0.01 (nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test).

Citation: Tzortzis S, Signoli M. 2016. Characterization of the Funeral Groups Associated with Plague Epidemics, p 13-20. In Drancourt M, Raoult D (ed), Paleomicrobiology of Humans. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0011-2015
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Figure 6

Comparative analysis of the resulting percentages (%) of demographic reduction for each ten-year age group due to the smallpox epidemic of 1705, the wheat production crisis during Great Frost in 1709-1710, and the plague epidemic of 1720-1721 in Martigues.

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Image of Figure 6
Figure 6

Comparative analysis of the resulting percentages (%) of demographic reduction for each ten-year age group due to the smallpox epidemic of 1705, the wheat production crisis during Great Frost in 1709-1710, and the plague epidemic of 1720-1721 in Martigues.

Citation: Tzortzis S, Signoli M. 2016. Characterization of the Funeral Groups Associated with Plague Epidemics, p 13-20. In Drancourt M, Raoult D (ed), Paleomicrobiology of Humans. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0011-2015
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References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555819170.chap2
1. Signoli M . 2006. Étude anthropologique de crises démographiques en contexte épidémique. Aspects paléo- et biodémographiques de la peste en Provence. BAR International Series 1515, Oxford, UK.
2. Paone F,, Mellinand P,, Parent F . 2009. Esplanade Major, p 138– 139. Bilan Scientifique Régional PACA 2008, Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles, Service Régional de l’Archéologie, Marseille, France.
3. Tzortzis S . 2009. Archives biologiques et archives historiques. Une approche anthropologique de l’épidémie de peste de 1720-1721 à Martigues (Bouches-du-Rhône, France). Thèse de doctorat d’anthropologie biologique. Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France.
4. Tzortzis S,, Signoli M . 2009. Les tranchées des Capucins de Ferrières (Martigues, Bouches-du-Rhône, France). Un charnier de l’épidémie de peste de 1720-1722 en Provence. C R Palevol 8 : 749– 760.[CrossRef]
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6. Signoli M,, Tzortzis S,, Bizot B,, Ardagna Y,, Rigeade C,, Seguy I, . 2007. Discovery of a 17th century plague cemetery (Puy-Saint-Pierre, Hautes-Alpes, France), p 115– 119. In Signoli M,, Cheve D,, Adalian P,, Boëtsch G,, Dutour O (ed), La peste: entre épidémies et sociétés. Actes du colloque ICEPID 4, 23-26 juillet 2001, Marseille. Firenze University Press, Florence, Italy.
7. Accoto J,, Bello S,, Bouttevin C,, Castex D,, Duday H,, Dutour O,, Moreau N,, Pannuel M,, Reynaud P,, Signoli M, . 2005. Des données archéologiques et anthropologiques aux interprétations, p 37– 62. In Bizot B,, Castex D,, Reynaud P,, Signoli M (ed), La saison d’une peste (avril-septembre 1590). Le cimetière des Fédons à Lambesc (Bouches-du-Rhône). CNRS Éditions, Paris, France.
8. Drancourt M,, Aboudharam G,, Signoli M,, Dutour O,, Raoult D . 1998. Detection of 400-year-old Yersinia pestis DNA in human dental pulp: an approach to the diagnosis of ancient septicemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 : 12637– 12640.[PubMed] [CrossRef]
9. Bianucci R,, Rahalison L,, Rabino Massa E,, Peluso A,, Ferroglio E,, Signoli M . 2008. Technical note: a rapid diagnostic test detects plague in ancient human remains: an example of the interaction between archeological and biological approaches (Southeastern France, 16th-18th centuries). Am J Phys Anthropol 136 : 361– 367.[PubMed] [CrossRef]
10. Signoli M,, Gambaro L,, Rigeade C,, Drusini A, . 2009. Les fouilles du Lazzareto Vecchio (Venise, Italie), p 333– 346. In Buchet L,, Rigeade C,, Séguy I,, Signoli M (ed), Vers une anthropologie des catastrophes, Actes des 9e journées d’anthropologie de Valbonne. Éditions INED/APDCA, Paris, France.
11. Séguy I,, Pennec S,, Tzortzis S,, Signoli M, . 2006. Modélisation de l’impact de la peste à travers l’exemple de Martigues (Bouches-du-Rhône), p 323– 331 In Buchet L,, Dauphin C,, Seguy I (ed), La paléodémographie. Mémoire d’os, mémoire d’hommes. Actes des 8e journées anthropologiques de Valbonne. APDCA, Antibes, France.
12. Séguy I,, Signoli M,, Tzortzis S, . 2007. Caractérisation des crises démographiques en basse Provence (1650-1725), p 197– 204. In Signoli M,, Cheve D,, Adalian P,, Boetsch G,, Dutour O (ed), Peste: entre épidémies et sociétés. Actes du colloque international ICEPID 4, Marseille, 23-26 juillet 2001. Firenze University Press, Florence, Italy.
13. Biraben JN . 1975. Les hommes et la peste en France et dans les pays européens et méditerranéens. EHESS, Centre de Recherches Historiques, Mouton, Paris, France.

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