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Chapter 9 : The Spore Coat

Authors: Adam Driks1, Patrick Eichenberger2
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Affiliations: 1: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153; 2: Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2016

Category: Bacterial Pathogenesis

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Abstract:

The coat varies considerably in width among species. In , where the coat is relatively wide, it is just less than 200 nm in width, and its multilayered organization is unmistakable by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Importantly, the number of coat layers and the presence or absence of appendages extending from the coat surface vary among species. This interspecies variation and differences in complexity drew attention as soon as spores were imaged at high resolution, and in the decades since ( ). The coat is readily distinguished from the cortex (see reference ) because of its higher electron density. In a large subset of species, the spore also possesses an additional layer surrounding the coat, called the exosporium ( Fig. 1 ; see also references and ).

Citation: Driks A, Eichenberger P. 2016. The Spore Coat, p 179-200. In Driks A, Eichenberger P (ed), The Bacterial Spore: from Molecules to Systems. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TBS-0023-2016
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The Spore Coat
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Citation: Driks A, Eichenberger P. 2016. The Spore Coat, p 179-200. In Driks A, Eichenberger P (ed), The Bacterial Spore: from Molecules to Systems. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TBS-0023-2016
/content/10.1128/9781555819323.chap9.fig9-1
Figure 1

Thin-section TEM analysis of spores from diverse species. Spores were prepared as described in McKenney et al. ( ). Images in the top row were fixed using ruthenium red. Other images were conventionally fixed. Images are not to scale; each image was sized to facilitate comparison. Two images of are shown (one showing a section along the long axis, the other showing a section along the short axis) to point out the thick caps of coat at the poles. The difference in thickness between the two caps is a consistent feature of this species. Two images of are also shown to emphasize the variation in morphology of the distinctive structure (indicated with a brown bracket) associated with the coat. The mother cell envelope, which is still present in these two spores, is indicated with a green bracket. The image of is taken from Semenyuk et al. ( ). The crust (Cr), outer coat (OC), and inner coat (IC) are indicated in the image of in the upper left. The coat and, where it is present, the exosporium are indicated with blue and red brackets, respectively. The image of is courtesy of Dr. Joel Bozue at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID).

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Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Thin-section TEM analysis of spores from diverse species. Spores were prepared as described in McKenney et al. ( ). Images in the top row were fixed using ruthenium red. Other images were conventionally fixed. Images are not to scale; each image was sized to facilitate comparison. Two images of are shown (one showing a section along the long axis, the other showing a section along the short axis) to point out the thick caps of coat at the poles. The difference in thickness between the two caps is a consistent feature of this species. Two images of are also shown to emphasize the variation in morphology of the distinctive structure (indicated with a brown bracket) associated with the coat. The mother cell envelope, which is still present in these two spores, is indicated with a green bracket. The image of is taken from Semenyuk et al. ( ). The crust (Cr), outer coat (OC), and inner coat (IC) are indicated in the image of in the upper left. The coat and, where it is present, the exosporium are indicated with blue and red brackets, respectively. The image of is courtesy of Dr. Joel Bozue at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID).

Citation: Driks A, Eichenberger P. 2016. The Spore Coat, p 179-200. In Driks A, Eichenberger P (ed), The Bacterial Spore: from Molecules to Systems. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TBS-0023-2016
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Figure 2

Model of spore coat assembly during sporulation. In the left column, we list the stages of sporulation as they appear by TEM, phase-contrast microscopy, or fluorescence microscopy in the presence of a membrane stain. The center column contains diagrams of spore coat morphogenesis. Layers of the spore coat are color coded (cyan = basement layer; yellow = inner coat; blue = outer coat; maroon = crust). In the right column, we list the stages of spore coat assembly. DPA, dipicolinic acid. Modified from McKenney et al. ( ). See text for details.

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Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Model of spore coat assembly during sporulation. In the left column, we list the stages of sporulation as they appear by TEM, phase-contrast microscopy, or fluorescence microscopy in the presence of a membrane stain. The center column contains diagrams of spore coat morphogenesis. Layers of the spore coat are color coded (cyan = basement layer; yellow = inner coat; blue = outer coat; maroon = crust). In the right column, we list the stages of spore coat assembly. DPA, dipicolinic acid. Modified from McKenney et al. ( ). See text for details.

Citation: Driks A, Eichenberger P. 2016. The Spore Coat, p 179-200. In Driks A, Eichenberger P (ed), The Bacterial Spore: from Molecules to Systems. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TBS-0023-2016
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Figure 3

Classes of coat proteins based on localization kinetics. Spore coat genes are displayed according to their localization on the chromosome with the origin of replication () on top. Genes whose expression commences before engulfment, under the control of σ, are inside the circle; genes whose expression begins after engulfment, under the control of σ, are outside the circle. Classes are color coded (red = class 1; brown = class 2; orange = class 3; purple = class 4; blue = class 5; turquoise = class 6). Genes encoding morphogenetic proteins are underlined.

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10.1128/9781555819323/fig9-3.gif
Image of Figure 3
Figure 3

Classes of coat proteins based on localization kinetics. Spore coat genes are displayed according to their localization on the chromosome with the origin of replication () on top. Genes whose expression commences before engulfment, under the control of σ, are inside the circle; genes whose expression begins after engulfment, under the control of σ, are outside the circle. Classes are color coded (red = class 1; brown = class 2; orange = class 3; purple = class 4; blue = class 5; turquoise = class 6). Genes encoding morphogenetic proteins are underlined.

Citation: Driks A, Eichenberger P. 2016. The Spore Coat, p 179-200. In Driks A, Eichenberger P (ed), The Bacterial Spore: from Molecules to Systems. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TBS-0023-2016
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Tables

The Spore Coat
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Citation: Driks A, Eichenberger P. 2016. The Spore Coat, p 179-200. In Driks A, Eichenberger P (ed), The Bacterial Spore: from Molecules to Systems. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TBS-0023-2016
/content/10.1128/9781555819323.chap9.tab9-1
Table 1

coat proteins (strain 168)

Generic image for table
Table 1

coat proteins (strain 168)

Citation: Driks A, Eichenberger P. 2016. The Spore Coat, p 179-200. In Driks A, Eichenberger P (ed), The Bacterial Spore: from Molecules to Systems. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TBS-0023-2016
/content/10.1128/9781555819323.chap9.tab9-2
Table 2

coat proteins (strain 630)

Generic image for table
Table 2

coat proteins (strain 630)

Citation: Driks A, Eichenberger P. 2016. The Spore Coat, p 179-200. In Driks A, Eichenberger P (ed), The Bacterial Spore: from Molecules to Systems. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TBS-0023-2016

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