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Chapter 45 : The Insect Pathogens

Authors: Brian Lovett1, Raymond J. St. Leger2
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Affiliations: 1: Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; 2: Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2017

Category: Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology; Environmental Microbiology

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Abstract:

Estimates of the number of arthropod species vary between 1,170,000 and 10 million, accounting for over 80% of all known living animal species. One arthropod subgroup, insects, is the most species-rich member of all ecological guilds in land and freshwater environments ( ). As arthropods were emerging as the dominant animals they are today, fungi were also colonizing the land. Over the past 400 million years fungi and insects have coevolved a wide array of intimate interactions ( ). These interactions include mutualistic endosymbiosis ( ); fungi as obligate food sources, such as those found in fungus-gardening ants ( ); sexually and behaviorally transmitted parasites, such as ( ); and the most common disease-causing agents of insects ( ). Entomopathogenicity has evolved independently and repeatedly in all the major phyla of the Kingdom Fungi ( ). The heterogeneity of entomopathogenic fungi probably derives from both they and their hosts having short generation times, i.e., rapidly driving new diversity with each generation, and from their occupation of a wide range of habitats, with near ubiquity in the soil and on plants. Interactions among fungi, hosts, and the environment are therefore diverse and dynamic, which complicates comparisons between different fungi infecting different insects since their interactions may be necessarily disparate. Historically, this quandary was dealt with by intensively studying the host pathogen interactions of a couple of experimentally tractable fungal species, and then extrapolating these results to distantly related species. Consequently, most of what we know about the biochemical and molecular basis of interactions between fungi and insects has been determined with the experimentally tractable hypocrealean ascomycete genera (family ) and (family ). , in particular, has also emerged as an excellent model to explore a broad array of questions in ecology and evolution, host preference and host switching, and the mechanisms of speciation.

Citation: Lovett B, St. Leger R. 2017. The Insect Pathogens, p 925-943. In Heitman J, Howlett B, Crous P, Stukenbrock E, James T, Gow N (ed), The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0001-2016
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The Insect Pathogens
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Citation: Lovett B, St. Leger R. 2017. The Insect Pathogens, p 925-943. In Heitman J, Howlett B, Crous P, Stukenbrock E, James T, Gow N (ed), The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0001-2016
/content/10.1128/9781555819583.chap45.fig45-1
Figure 1

Scanning electron micrograph of growing on caterpillar () cuticle; appressoria (Ap) were most frequently produced on zones of weakness such as hair sockets. Diagrammatic representation of cuticle penetration by using an appressorium along a seta (brown), glandular duct (beige), and trichogen cell (purple) followed by budding off of yeast-like blastospores in the hemolymph. Shown are -infected fly wings incubated with specific histochemical substrates to demonstrate aminopeptidase, subtilisin protease, and esterase activity, respectively, on appressoria and appressorial plates as described by St. Leger et al. ( ).

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10.1128/9781555819583/fig45-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Scanning electron micrograph of growing on caterpillar () cuticle; appressoria (Ap) were most frequently produced on zones of weakness such as hair sockets. Diagrammatic representation of cuticle penetration by using an appressorium along a seta (brown), glandular duct (beige), and trichogen cell (purple) followed by budding off of yeast-like blastospores in the hemolymph. Shown are -infected fly wings incubated with specific histochemical substrates to demonstrate aminopeptidase, subtilisin protease, and esterase activity, respectively, on appressoria and appressorial plates as described by St. Leger et al. ( ).

Citation: Lovett B, St. Leger R. 2017. The Insect Pathogens, p 925-943. In Heitman J, Howlett B, Crous P, Stukenbrock E, James T, Gow N (ed), The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0001-2016
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Figure 2

Malaria vector mosquito killed by a transgenic strain of expressing GFP and the spider toxin, Hybrid. Fully matured fruiting bodies of emerging from a silk worm pupa. A fruiting body of forming on the subterranean larvae of its specific host . Images B and C courtesy of Chengshu Wang.

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10.1128/9781555819583/fig45-2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Malaria vector mosquito killed by a transgenic strain of expressing GFP and the spider toxin, Hybrid. Fully matured fruiting bodies of emerging from a silk worm pupa. A fruiting body of forming on the subterranean larvae of its specific host . Images B and C courtesy of Chengshu Wang.

Citation: Lovett B, St. Leger R. 2017. The Insect Pathogens, p 925-943. In Heitman J, Howlett B, Crous P, Stukenbrock E, James T, Gow N (ed), The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0001-2016
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Figure 3

A phylogenetic tree representing relatedness of entomopathogenic fungal taxa. Important entomopathogenic groups are indicated in parentheses. (From reference , with permission.)

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Image of Figure 3
Figure 3

A phylogenetic tree representing relatedness of entomopathogenic fungal taxa. Important entomopathogenic groups are indicated in parentheses. (From reference , with permission.)

Citation: Lovett B, St. Leger R. 2017. The Insect Pathogens, p 925-943. In Heitman J, Howlett B, Crous P, Stukenbrock E, James T, Gow N (ed), The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0001-2016
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Figure 4

A Brazilian carpenter ant biting a leaf with just beginning its growth out of the ant’s body. fruiting body emerging from the head of the Thai carpenter ant, . Spore-producing bodies of on the Brazilian carpenter ant . Images courtesy of David Hughes.

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10.1128/9781555819583/fig45-4.gif
Image of Figure 4
Figure 4

A Brazilian carpenter ant biting a leaf with just beginning its growth out of the ant’s body. fruiting body emerging from the head of the Thai carpenter ant, . Spore-producing bodies of on the Brazilian carpenter ant . Images courtesy of David Hughes.

Citation: Lovett B, St. Leger R. 2017. The Insect Pathogens, p 925-943. In Heitman J, Howlett B, Crous P, Stukenbrock E, James T, Gow N (ed), The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0001-2016
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Figure 5

Live cicada with its abdomen replaced by sporulating : the insect host disseminates the fungus during this stage of the disease. Image courtesy of Mike Raupp.

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10.1128/9781555819583/fig45-5.gif
Image of Figure 5
Figure 5

Live cicada with its abdomen replaced by sporulating : the insect host disseminates the fungus during this stage of the disease. Image courtesy of Mike Raupp.

Citation: Lovett B, St. Leger R. 2017. The Insect Pathogens, p 925-943. In Heitman J, Howlett B, Crous P, Stukenbrock E, James T, Gow N (ed), The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0001-2016
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