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Chapter 52 : Fungal Enzymes and Yeasts for Conversion of Plant Biomass to Bioenergy and High-Value Products

Author: Lene Lange1
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Affiliations: 1: Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for Bioprocess Engineering, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2017

Category: Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology; Environmental Microbiology

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Abstract:

Fungi are now widely used in industrial biotechnology, for example, as production hosts for technical and food and feed processing enzymes, as gene donors for such enzymes, as production hosts for organic acids and cholesterol-lowering drugs (the statins), and as starter cultures and probiotics ( ). Around half of the industrial enzymes used globally are of fungal origin; the other half are of bacterial origin. However, this balance is now moving toward the use of more enzymes from a wider spectrum of families of the fungal kingdom. There are several reasons for this. Fungal enzymes are efficient, compatible, and suitable for industrial processing: they have sufficient protein stability to give the enzyme products an acceptable shelf life; they provide customer solutions, meet regulatory approval demands, and fulfill end user needs.

Citation: Lange L. 2017. Fungal Enzymes and Yeasts for Conversion of Plant Biomass to Bioenergy and High-Value Products, p 1029-1048. In Heitman J, Howlett B, Crous P, Stukenbrock E, James T, Gow N (ed), The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0007-2016
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Fungal Enzymes and Yeasts for Conversion of Plant Biomass to Bioenergy and High-Value Products
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Citation: Lange L. 2017. Fungal Enzymes and Yeasts for Conversion of Plant Biomass to Bioenergy and High-Value Products, p 1029-1048. In Heitman J, Howlett B, Crous P, Stukenbrock E, James T, Gow N (ed), The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0007-2016
/content/10.1128/9781555819583.chap51.fig51-1
Figure 1

A schematic overview of a biorefinery. The product portfolio from biorefineries is not only fuels and chemicals but also includes higher-value products such as food and feed ingredients, cosmetics, skin care, and new functional biomaterials; it is also expected that many types of biorefineries will be developed for improved resource efficiency: the yellow (straw, stover, and wood chips), the green (fresh grass, clover, leaves), the blue (seaweed and fish bycatch and waste), the gray (agroindustrial side streams), and a biorefinery for upgrade of household waste and sludge (the brown biorefinery). Adapted from reference with permission.

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10.1128/9781555819583/fig51-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

A schematic overview of a biorefinery. The product portfolio from biorefineries is not only fuels and chemicals but also includes higher-value products such as food and feed ingredients, cosmetics, skin care, and new functional biomaterials; it is also expected that many types of biorefineries will be developed for improved resource efficiency: the yellow (straw, stover, and wood chips), the green (fresh grass, clover, leaves), the blue (seaweed and fish bycatch and waste), the gray (agroindustrial side streams), and a biorefinery for upgrade of household waste and sludge (the brown biorefinery). Adapted from reference with permission.

Citation: Lange L. 2017. Fungal Enzymes and Yeasts for Conversion of Plant Biomass to Bioenergy and High-Value Products, p 1029-1048. In Heitman J, Howlett B, Crous P, Stukenbrock E, James T, Gow N (ed), The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0007-2016
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Figure 2

Enzymatic breakdown of cellulose polymer includes several glycohydrolases (at least one endoglucanase, at least two cellobiohydrolases, reducing end and non-reducing-end active, and at least one β-glucosidase). Further, the activity of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase acts in synergy with the endoglucanase in breaking down the crystallinity of the cellulose polymer. Adapted from reference with permission. Hemicellulose is a very complex, highly branched and substituted polymer. The figure shows seven types of sugar components and lists the seven types of enzymes needed to break the linkages to such sugar moieties. However, enzyme hydrolysis of lignocellulose may not need the presence of all these seven hemicellulases because most of the standard pretreatment procedures will lead to the breakdown of several of the hemicellulose bonds. Adapted from reference with permission.

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10.1128/9781555819583/fig51-2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Enzymatic breakdown of cellulose polymer includes several glycohydrolases (at least one endoglucanase, at least two cellobiohydrolases, reducing end and non-reducing-end active, and at least one β-glucosidase). Further, the activity of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase acts in synergy with the endoglucanase in breaking down the crystallinity of the cellulose polymer. Adapted from reference with permission. Hemicellulose is a very complex, highly branched and substituted polymer. The figure shows seven types of sugar components and lists the seven types of enzymes needed to break the linkages to such sugar moieties. However, enzyme hydrolysis of lignocellulose may not need the presence of all these seven hemicellulases because most of the standard pretreatment procedures will lead to the breakdown of several of the hemicellulose bonds. Adapted from reference with permission.

Citation: Lange L. 2017. Fungal Enzymes and Yeasts for Conversion of Plant Biomass to Bioenergy and High-Value Products, p 1029-1048. In Heitman J, Howlett B, Crous P, Stukenbrock E, James T, Gow N (ed), The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0007-2016
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Figure 3

“Fungal Hall of Fame” illustrating the five most important players in industrial lignocellulose biorefinery processing and in research. , along with and , are the most widely used monocomponent enzyme production organisms. is included due to its exceptional secretion capacity; it is the preferred production host for enzyme blends specifically designed for efficient biomass conversion. is the organism of choice for production of ethanol from the biomass conversion-derived sugar platform. is the expression host most often used for producing laboratory-scale volumes of newly discovered enzymes to facilitate characterization and evaluation of the new enzymes for industrial potentials. , along with another thermophilic fungus, , represents alternatives to production of enzymes by species of . Credits: (A) Courtesy of Reinhard Wilting, Novozymes A/S; (B) from Read ND, (Mendgen K, Lesemann D-E, ed), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1991, with permission; (C) U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (http://www.jgi.doe.gov/sequencing/why/Treesei.html); (D) Sciencephoto.com; (E) courtesy of Ronald de Vries, CBS-KNAW, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, The Netherlands.

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10.1128/9781555819583/fig51-3.gif
Image of Figure 3
Figure 3

“Fungal Hall of Fame” illustrating the five most important players in industrial lignocellulose biorefinery processing and in research. , along with and , are the most widely used monocomponent enzyme production organisms. is included due to its exceptional secretion capacity; it is the preferred production host for enzyme blends specifically designed for efficient biomass conversion. is the organism of choice for production of ethanol from the biomass conversion-derived sugar platform. is the expression host most often used for producing laboratory-scale volumes of newly discovered enzymes to facilitate characterization and evaluation of the new enzymes for industrial potentials. , along with another thermophilic fungus, , represents alternatives to production of enzymes by species of . Credits: (A) Courtesy of Reinhard Wilting, Novozymes A/S; (B) from Read ND, (Mendgen K, Lesemann D-E, ed), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1991, with permission; (C) U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (http://www.jgi.doe.gov/sequencing/why/Treesei.html); (D) Sciencephoto.com; (E) courtesy of Ronald de Vries, CBS-KNAW, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, The Netherlands.

Citation: Lange L. 2017. Fungal Enzymes and Yeasts for Conversion of Plant Biomass to Bioenergy and High-Value Products, p 1029-1048. In Heitman J, Howlett B, Crous P, Stukenbrock E, James T, Gow N (ed), The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0007-2016
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Tables

Fungal Enzymes and Yeasts for Conversion of Plant Biomass to Bioenergy and High-Value Products
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Citation: Lange L. 2017. Fungal Enzymes and Yeasts for Conversion of Plant Biomass to Bioenergy and High-Value Products, p 1029-1048. In Heitman J, Howlett B, Crous P, Stukenbrock E, James T, Gow N (ed), The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0007-2016
/content/10.1128/9781555819583.chap51.tab51-1
Table 1

A selection of well-studied lignocellulose degraders across the fungal kingdom

Generic image for table
Table 1

A selection of well-studied lignocellulose degraders across the fungal kingdom

Citation: Lange L. 2017. Fungal Enzymes and Yeasts for Conversion of Plant Biomass to Bioenergy and High-Value Products, p 1029-1048. In Heitman J, Howlett B, Crous P, Stukenbrock E, James T, Gow N (ed), The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0007-2016

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