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Chapter 12 : as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control

Authors: Dolores E. Hill1, Jitender P. Dubey2
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Affiliations: 1: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-East, Beltsville, MD 20705; 2: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-East, Beltsville, MD 20705
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2018
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Abstract:

Common parasitic protozoal infections are frequently transmitted by food containing fecally contaminated soil or water, which may carry the environmentally resistant oocyst stage of the parasites , spp., spp., , or spp. However, both and can also be transmitted by consumption of a cyst stage of the parasite which is present in the meat of infected animals; currently, the extent of and infection due to foodborne transmission is unknown ( ). Differences in the definitive and intermediate hosts exist between these pathogens which impact their abundance and geographical distribution in the environment ( Table 1 ). As an example, because and spp. oocysts are excreted in large numbers by cattle, other ruminants, and a wide variety of other species (more than 10 per day), oocysts are very commonly found in the environment, while oocysts of , which are exclusively excreted by felids, are restricted to areas inhabited by wild and domestic cats ( ).

Citation: Hill D, Dubey J. 2018. as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control, p 227-247. In Thakur S, Kniel K (ed), Preharvest Food Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0011-2015
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Toxoplasma gondii as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control
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Citation: Hill D, Dubey J. 2018. as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control, p 227-247. In Thakur S, Kniel K (ed), Preharvest Food Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0011-2015
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Figure 1
Life cycle of .
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Figure 1

Life cycle of .

Citation: Hill D, Dubey J. 2018. as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control, p 227-247. In Thakur S, Kniel K (ed), Preharvest Food Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0011-2015
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Figure 2
Tachyzoites of . Bars = 10 µm. Individual (small arrows), binucleate (large arrow), and divided (arrowhead) tachyzoites. Impression smear of lung. Compare size with red blood cells and leukocytes. Giemsa stain. Tachyzoites in a group (large arrow) and in pairs (small arrows) in section of a mesenteric lymph node. Note that organisms are located in parasitophorous vacuoles and some are dividing (arrowhead). Hematoxylin and eosin stain.
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Figure 2

Tachyzoites of . Bars = 10 µm. Individual (small arrows), binucleate (large arrow), and divided (arrowhead) tachyzoites. Impression smear of lung. Compare size with red blood cells and leukocytes. Giemsa stain. Tachyzoites in a group (large arrow) and in pairs (small arrows) in section of a mesenteric lymph node. Note that organisms are located in parasitophorous vacuoles and some are dividing (arrowhead). Hematoxylin and eosin stain.

Citation: Hill D, Dubey J. 2018. as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control, p 227-247. In Thakur S, Kniel K (ed), Preharvest Food Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0011-2015
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Figure 3
Stages of . Bars in A–D = 20 µm, in E–G = 10 µm. Tachyzoites in impression smear of lung. Note crescent-shaped individual tachyzoites (arrows) and dividing tachyzoites (arrowheads) compared with size of host red blood cells and leukocytes. Giemsa stain. Tissue cysts in section of muscle. The tissue cyst wall is very thin (arrow) and encloses many tiny bradyzoites (arrowheads). Hematoxylin and eosin stain. Tissue cyst separated from host tissue by homogenization of infected brain. Note tissue cyst wall (arrow) and hundreds of bradyzoites (arrowheads). Unstained. Schizont (arrow) with several merozoites (arrowheads) separating from the main mass. Impression smear of infected cat intestine. Giemsa stain. A male gamete with two flagella (arrows). Impression smear of infected cat intestine. Giemsa stain. Unsporulated oocyst in fecal float of cat feces. Unstained. Note double-layered oocyst wall (arrow) enclosing a central undivided mass. Sporulated oocyst with a thin oocyst wall (large arrow) and two sporocysts (arrowheads). Each sporocyst has four sporozoites (small arrow), which are not in complete focus. Unstained.
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Figure 3

Stages of . Bars in A–D = 20 µm, in E–G = 10 µm. Tachyzoites in impression smear of lung. Note crescent-shaped individual tachyzoites (arrows) and dividing tachyzoites (arrowheads) compared with size of host red blood cells and leukocytes. Giemsa stain. Tissue cysts in section of muscle. The tissue cyst wall is very thin (arrow) and encloses many tiny bradyzoites (arrowheads). Hematoxylin and eosin stain. Tissue cyst separated from host tissue by homogenization of infected brain. Note tissue cyst wall (arrow) and hundreds of bradyzoites (arrowheads). Unstained. Schizont (arrow) with several merozoites (arrowheads) separating from the main mass. Impression smear of infected cat intestine. Giemsa stain. A male gamete with two flagella (arrows). Impression smear of infected cat intestine. Giemsa stain. Unsporulated oocyst in fecal float of cat feces. Unstained. Note double-layered oocyst wall (arrow) enclosing a central undivided mass. Sporulated oocyst with a thin oocyst wall (large arrow) and two sporocysts (arrowheads). Each sporocyst has four sporozoites (small arrow), which are not in complete focus. Unstained.

Citation: Hill D, Dubey J. 2018. as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control, p 227-247. In Thakur S, Kniel K (ed), Preharvest Food Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0011-2015
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Figure 4
Transmission electron micrograph of a tachyzoite of in a mouse peritoneal exudate cell. Am, amylopectin granule; Co, conoid; Dg, electron-dense granule; Fp, finger-like projection of tachyzoite plasmalemma; Go, Golgi complex; Hc, host cell cytoplasm; Im, inner membrane complex; Mi, mitochondrion; Mn, microneme; Nu, nucleus; Pl, plasmalemma; Pv, parasitophorous vacuole; Rh, rhoptry; Sm, subpellicular microtubule; Tv, tubulovesicular membranes. Bar = 1 µm.
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Figure 4

Transmission electron micrograph of a tachyzoite of in a mouse peritoneal exudate cell. Am, amylopectin granule; Co, conoid; Dg, electron-dense granule; Fp, finger-like projection of tachyzoite plasmalemma; Go, Golgi complex; Hc, host cell cytoplasm; Im, inner membrane complex; Mi, mitochondrion; Mn, microneme; Nu, nucleus; Pl, plasmalemma; Pv, parasitophorous vacuole; Rh, rhoptry; Sm, subpellicular microtubule; Tv, tubulovesicular membranes. Bar = 1 µm.

Citation: Hill D, Dubey J. 2018. as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control, p 227-247. In Thakur S, Kniel K (ed), Preharvest Food Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0011-2015
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Figure 5
stages in and preparations. Tachyzoites in culture of human foreskin fibroblast cells. Giemsa stain. Bar = 25 µm. Rosettes of tachyzoites in human foreskin fibroblasts. Immunohistochemical stain with antitachyzoite-specific antibody. Smear. Bar = 10 µm. Tachyzoites in a cytospin smear of pleural fluid from a cat with pneumonia. Giemsa stain. Compare the size of tachyzoites (arrow) with host cells. Giemsa stain. Bar = 10 µm. Tachyzoites (arrows) and tissue cysts (large arrow) in section of mouse brain. Immunohistochemical stain with –specific antibody. Bar = 10 µm.
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Figure 5

stages in and preparations. Tachyzoites in culture of human foreskin fibroblast cells. Giemsa stain. Bar = 25 µm. Rosettes of tachyzoites in human foreskin fibroblasts. Immunohistochemical stain with antitachyzoite-specific antibody. Smear. Bar = 10 µm. Tachyzoites in a cytospin smear of pleural fluid from a cat with pneumonia. Giemsa stain. Compare the size of tachyzoites (arrow) with host cells. Giemsa stain. Bar = 10 µm. Tachyzoites (arrows) and tissue cysts (large arrow) in section of mouse brain. Immunohistochemical stain with –specific antibody. Bar = 10 µm.

Citation: Hill D, Dubey J. 2018. as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control, p 227-247. In Thakur S, Kniel K (ed), Preharvest Food Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0011-2015
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Figure 6
Tissue cysts of . Bar = 10 µm. Two tissue cysts (arrows). Note the thin cyst wall enclosing bradyzoites. Impression smear of mouse brain. Silver impregnation and Giemsa stain. A tissue cyst freed from mouse brain by homogenization in saline. Note the thin cyst wall (arrow) enclosing many bradyzoites. Unstained. A large tissue cyst in a section of rat brain 14 months postinfection. Note the thin cyst wall (arrow). Hematoxylin and eosin stain. A small tissue cyst with intact cyst wall (arrow) and four bradyzoites (arrowheads) with terminal nuclei adjacent to it. Section of mouse brain 8 months postinfection. Hematoxylin and eosin stain. A tissue cyst in a section of mouse brain. Note Periodic acid Schiff (PAS)–negative cyst wall (arrow) enclosing many PAS-positive bradyzoites (arrowheads). The bradyzoites stain bright red with PAS but they appear black in this photograph. PAS hematoxylin stain. An elongated tissue cyst (arrow) in a section of skeletal muscle of a mouse. PASH stain.
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Figure 6

Tissue cysts of . Bar = 10 µm. Two tissue cysts (arrows). Note the thin cyst wall enclosing bradyzoites. Impression smear of mouse brain. Silver impregnation and Giemsa stain. A tissue cyst freed from mouse brain by homogenization in saline. Note the thin cyst wall (arrow) enclosing many bradyzoites. Unstained. A large tissue cyst in a section of rat brain 14 months postinfection. Note the thin cyst wall (arrow). Hematoxylin and eosin stain. A small tissue cyst with intact cyst wall (arrow) and four bradyzoites (arrowheads) with terminal nuclei adjacent to it. Section of mouse brain 8 months postinfection. Hematoxylin and eosin stain. A tissue cyst in a section of mouse brain. Note Periodic acid Schiff (PAS)–negative cyst wall (arrow) enclosing many PAS-positive bradyzoites (arrowheads). The bradyzoites stain bright red with PAS but they appear black in this photograph. PAS hematoxylin stain. An elongated tissue cyst (arrow) in a section of skeletal muscle of a mouse. PASH stain.

Citation: Hill D, Dubey J. 2018. as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control, p 227-247. In Thakur S, Kniel K (ed), Preharvest Food Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0011-2015
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Figure 7
Transmission electron micrograph of a tissue cyst in the brain of a mouse 6 months postinfection. Note the thin cyst wall (opposing arrows), numerous bradyzoites each with a conoid (C), and electron-dense rhoptries (R). Bar = 3.0 µm.
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Image of Figure 7
Figure 7

Transmission electron micrograph of a tissue cyst in the brain of a mouse 6 months postinfection. Note the thin cyst wall (opposing arrows), numerous bradyzoites each with a conoid (C), and electron-dense rhoptries (R). Bar = 3.0 µm.

Citation: Hill D, Dubey J. 2018. as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control, p 227-247. In Thakur S, Kniel K (ed), Preharvest Food Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0011-2015
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Tables

Toxoplasma gondii as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control
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Citation: Hill D, Dubey J. 2018. as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control, p 227-247. In Thakur S, Kniel K (ed), Preharvest Food Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0011-2015
/content/10.1128/9781555819644.chap12.tab12-1
TABLE 1
Protozoans of food safety importance and their hosts
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TABLE 1

Protozoans of food safety importance and their hosts

Citation: Hill D, Dubey J. 2018. as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control, p 227-247. In Thakur S, Kniel K (ed), Preharvest Food Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0011-2015
/content/10.1128/9781555819644.chap12.tab12-2
TABLE 2
Host tissues invaded by protozoan parasites
Generic image for table
TABLE 2

Host tissues invaded by protozoan parasites

Citation: Hill D, Dubey J. 2018. as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control, p 227-247. In Thakur S, Kniel K (ed), Preharvest Food Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0011-2015
/content/10.1128/9781555819644.chap12.tab12-3
TABLE 3
Oocyst characteristics of protozoans of food safety importance
Generic image for table
TABLE 3

Oocyst characteristics of protozoans of food safety importance

Citation: Hill D, Dubey J. 2018. as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control, p 227-247. In Thakur S, Kniel K (ed), Preharvest Food Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0011-2015
/content/10.1128/9781555819644.chap12.tab12-4
TABLE 4
Clinical signs in humans
Generic image for table
TABLE 4

Clinical signs in humans

Citation: Hill D, Dubey J. 2018. as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control, p 227-247. In Thakur S, Kniel K (ed), Preharvest Food Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0011-2015
/content/10.1128/9781555819644.chap12.tab12-5
TABLE 5
Diagnosis and treatment
Generic image for table
TABLE 5

Diagnosis and treatment

Citation: Hill D, Dubey J. 2018. as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control, p 227-247. In Thakur S, Kniel K (ed), Preharvest Food Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0011-2015

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