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Chapter 3 : Bifidobacteria and Their Health-Promoting Effects

Authors: Claudio Hidalgo-Cantabrana1, Susana Delgado2, Lorena Ruiz3, Patricia Ruas-Madiedo4, Borja Sánchez5, Abelardo Margolles6
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Affiliations: 1: Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; 2: Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; 3: Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; 4: Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; 5: Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; 6: Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2018

Category: Clinical Microbiology; General Interest

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Abstract:

The genus is included within the phylum , class (high G+C Gram-positive bacteria), order , and family . Currently, this genus contains more than 50 species, including several subspecies; this number rises every year. From a metabolic point of view, the more typical trait of this genus is the catabolism of monosaccharides. Bifidobacteria use a particular route for monosaccharide degradation, the so-called fructose 6-phosphate pathway, or bifid shunt. The fructose 6-phosphate phosphoketolase (Xfp) is the main enzyme of this path. Xfp possesses a dual-substrate specificity on fructose 6-phosphate or xylulose 5-phosphate. The end metabolites of the pathway are acetate, lactate, and ethanol ( ). Xfp activity on fructose 6-phosphate is the most common phenotypic test for bifidobacteria, and for many years it has been the main taxonomic test to identify this genus, since this activity is present in members of the family , but it is not present in other Gram-positive intestinal bacteria. However, currently, DNA-sequencing-based analyses are the standard techniques for identification and typing of bifidobacteria.

Citation: Hidalgo-Cantabrana C, Delgado S, Ruiz L, Ruas-Madiedo P, Sánchez B, Margolles A. 2018. Bifidobacteria and Their Health-Promoting Effects, p 73-98. In Britton R, Cani P (ed), Bugs as Drugs. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.BAD-0010-2016
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Bifidobacteria and Their Health-Promoting Effects
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Citation: Hidalgo-Cantabrana C, Delgado S, Ruiz L, Ruas-Madiedo P, Sánchez B, Margolles A. 2018. Bifidobacteria and Their Health-Promoting Effects, p 73-98. In Britton R, Cani P (ed), Bugs as Drugs. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.BAD-0010-2016
/content/10.1128/9781555819705.chap3.fig3-1
Figure 1

Positive effects of some strains on gastrointestinal functions studied by means of human intervention studies.

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Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Positive effects of some strains on gastrointestinal functions studied by means of human intervention studies.

Citation: Hidalgo-Cantabrana C, Delgado S, Ruiz L, Ruas-Madiedo P, Sánchez B, Margolles A. 2018. Bifidobacteria and Their Health-Promoting Effects, p 73-98. In Britton R, Cani P (ed), Bugs as Drugs. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.BAD-0010-2016
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Figure 2

Visualization of subsp. growth in skimmed milk by using confocal scanner laser microcopy. The staining method was previously reported by Ruas-Madiedo and Zoon ( ); in short, two dyes, rhodamine B (which dyes proteins) and acridine orange (which dyes nucleic acids), were added to the milk at final concentration of 0.001 and 0.002%, respectively. Afterward, stained milk was inoculated (5%) and carefully placed into high-optical-quality plastic μ-Slides (Ibidi GmbH) for direct confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis. The microplates were incubated at 37°C until they reached a pH of ≤4.5, and the confocal microscope Ultra-Spectral Leica TCS AOBS SP2 (Leica Microsystems GmbH, located in the University of Oviedo facilities) was used. Bacteria dyed with acridine orange were visualized with the laser 488 nm ion argon/krypton (green), and proteins (mainly caseins) dyed with rhodamine B were visualized with the laser 543 nm He/Ne (red) but also with the laser 488 nm. Thus, after image treatment, the bacteria are visualized in green and the casein matrix in yellow (combination red and green). The oil immersion objective 63×/1.40 combined with an amplification zoom of 1.58 was directly used (×100 magnification). Microphotographs: (A) a Z-projection (thickness about 10 μm) of 10 slides of an XY-field (bar, 10 μm); (B) a slide of an XY-field (bar, 10 μm); (C) an optical zoom of a region inside the XY-field showed in B (bar, 5 μm).

10.1128/9781555819705/fig3-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555819705/fig3-2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Visualization of subsp. growth in skimmed milk by using confocal scanner laser microcopy. The staining method was previously reported by Ruas-Madiedo and Zoon ( ); in short, two dyes, rhodamine B (which dyes proteins) and acridine orange (which dyes nucleic acids), were added to the milk at final concentration of 0.001 and 0.002%, respectively. Afterward, stained milk was inoculated (5%) and carefully placed into high-optical-quality plastic μ-Slides (Ibidi GmbH) for direct confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis. The microplates were incubated at 37°C until they reached a pH of ≤4.5, and the confocal microscope Ultra-Spectral Leica TCS AOBS SP2 (Leica Microsystems GmbH, located in the University of Oviedo facilities) was used. Bacteria dyed with acridine orange were visualized with the laser 488 nm ion argon/krypton (green), and proteins (mainly caseins) dyed with rhodamine B were visualized with the laser 543 nm He/Ne (red) but also with the laser 488 nm. Thus, after image treatment, the bacteria are visualized in green and the casein matrix in yellow (combination red and green). The oil immersion objective 63×/1.40 combined with an amplification zoom of 1.58 was directly used (×100 magnification). Microphotographs: (A) a Z-projection (thickness about 10 μm) of 10 slides of an XY-field (bar, 10 μm); (B) a slide of an XY-field (bar, 10 μm); (C) an optical zoom of a region inside the XY-field showed in B (bar, 5 μm).

Citation: Hidalgo-Cantabrana C, Delgado S, Ruiz L, Ruas-Madiedo P, Sánchez B, Margolles A. 2018. Bifidobacteria and Their Health-Promoting Effects, p 73-98. In Britton R, Cani P (ed), Bugs as Drugs. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.BAD-0010-2016
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Tables

Bifidobacteria and Their Health-Promoting Effects
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Citation: Hidalgo-Cantabrana C, Delgado S, Ruiz L, Ruas-Madiedo P, Sánchez B, Margolles A. 2018. Bifidobacteria and Their Health-Promoting Effects, p 73-98. In Britton R, Cani P (ed), Bugs as Drugs. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.BAD-0010-2016
/content/10.1128/9781555819705.chap3.tab3-1
TABLE 1

strains used as probiotics with demonstrated effectivity in humans trials

Generic image for table
TABLE 1

strains used as probiotics with demonstrated effectivity in humans trials

Citation: Hidalgo-Cantabrana C, Delgado S, Ruiz L, Ruas-Madiedo P, Sánchez B, Margolles A. 2018. Bifidobacteria and Their Health-Promoting Effects, p 73-98. In Britton R, Cani P (ed), Bugs as Drugs. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.BAD-0010-2016
/content/10.1128/9781555819705.chap3.tab3-2
TABLE 2

Selection of meta-analyses and reviews about the effect of probiotic products containing bifidobacteria on certain diseases

Generic image for table
TABLE 2

Selection of meta-analyses and reviews about the effect of probiotic products containing bifidobacteria on certain diseases

Citation: Hidalgo-Cantabrana C, Delgado S, Ruiz L, Ruas-Madiedo P, Sánchez B, Margolles A. 2018. Bifidobacteria and Their Health-Promoting Effects, p 73-98. In Britton R, Cani P (ed), Bugs as Drugs. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.BAD-0010-2016