1887

Chapter 15 :

Authors: Troy Skwor1, Stanislava Králová2
VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations: 1: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; 2: Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2019

Category: Food Microbiology

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:
Preview Magnify
Zoom in
Zoomout

, Page 1 of 2

| /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555819972/9781555819965.ch15-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555819972/9781555819965.ch15-2.gif

Abstract:

Gram-negative species are ubiquitous in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Their adaptability to various ecosystems has resulted in their isolation from a wide variety of organisms, spanning mammals to teleosts. As the awareness of this genus grows, its prevalence and economic impact continue to increase. Because of their aquatic nature, aeromonads have been isolated from most agricultural food products, whether directly or as a result of contamination within the food processing system. Additionally, seafood, especially finfish, is vulnerable to associated diseases. Most food- and water-related human illnesses caused by aeromonads are due to the species , , , and This genus has demonstrated its pathogenic nature in conditions ranging from gastroenteritis to wound infections to severe life-threatening septicemia due to a myriad of virulence factors, including adhesion molecules (i.e., lateral flagella and pili), capsules, cytotonic and cytotoxic enterotoxins (i.e., Alt, Ast, Act and AerA), hemolysins, and degradative enzymes, as well as the formation of biofilms. Thanks to their ubiquitous nature, in combination with overuse of antibiotics agriculturally and clinically, aeromonads have acquired an alarming resistance to a plethora of antibiotics. Therefore, this genus can serve as biological reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes; intergenus gene exchange between members of the and the has been documented Together, spp. present multiple risks: they are foodborne pathogens; they impose economic burdens on the food industry due to contamination, resulting in food spoilage; and they act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance, resulting in clinical infections that are more resilient to treatment.

Citation: Skwor T, Králová S. 2019. , p 415-435. In Doyle M, Diez-Gonzalez F, Hill C (ed), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 5th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819972.ch15
Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

Figures

Aeromonas
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555819972.ch15-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555819972.ch15-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Troy, foaf_name=Troy Skwor, foaf_surname=Skwor, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555819972.ch15-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555819972.ch15-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555819972.ch15-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Stanislava, foaf_name=Stanislava Králová, foaf_surname=Králová, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555819972.ch15-aff2]]}]]
Citation: Skwor T, Králová S. 2019. , p 415-435. In Doyle M, Diez-Gonzalez F, Hill C (ed), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 5th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819972.ch15
/content/10.1128/9781555819972.ch15.ch15fig1
Figure 15.1
Virulence factors associated with spp. causing gastroenteritis. Aeromonads encode numerous virulence factors, though their pathogenic roles vary with disease. The image presents the most influential virulence factors associated with gastroenteritis. Adherence to intestinal epithelial cells and mucosa to initiate infection is mediated via lateral flagella. Additionally, adherence is involved in aggregative behavior with other aeromonads, resulting in a “stacked-brick” formation and biofilm formation (a). Once bound to the epithelial cells of the small intestine, spp. have an arsenal of enterotoxins they can secrete. Two of the enterotoxins, Alt and Ast, act in a cholera toxin-like fashion, elevating adenylate cAMP in the host. The exact mechanisms are not fully elucidated, but this induces an efflux of chloride ions (b), leading to osmotic leakage of water into the intestinal lumen and causing diarrhea. Other virulence factors associated with gastroenteritis include pore-forming aerolysin-related cytotoxic enterotoxin (Act) and aerolysin (AerA). These enterotoxins cause direct damage to the intestinal wall via enterocyte toxicity (c). The release of enterotoxins during disease distorts enterocyte morphology, including loss of microvilli (c) as well as detachment, providing passages through submucosa and tight junctions (d) ( ). Some clinical strains of produce Shiga toxin homologs (encoded by and ), causing a ribotoxic stress response, which in turn leads to inflammation and apoptosis (e), though the exact mechanisms of action of these homologs have yet to be determined.
10.1128/9781555819972/9972ch15fig1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555819972/9972ch15fig1.gif
Image of Figure 15.1
Figure 15.1

Virulence factors associated with spp. causing gastroenteritis. Aeromonads encode numerous virulence factors, though their pathogenic roles vary with disease. The image presents the most influential virulence factors associated with gastroenteritis. Adherence to intestinal epithelial cells and mucosa to initiate infection is mediated via lateral flagella. Additionally, adherence is involved in aggregative behavior with other aeromonads, resulting in a “stacked-brick” formation and biofilm formation (a). Once bound to the epithelial cells of the small intestine, spp. have an arsenal of enterotoxins they can secrete. Two of the enterotoxins, Alt and Ast, act in a cholera toxin-like fashion, elevating adenylate cAMP in the host. The exact mechanisms are not fully elucidated, but this induces an efflux of chloride ions (b), leading to osmotic leakage of water into the intestinal lumen and causing diarrhea. Other virulence factors associated with gastroenteritis include pore-forming aerolysin-related cytotoxic enterotoxin (Act) and aerolysin (AerA). These enterotoxins cause direct damage to the intestinal wall via enterocyte toxicity (c). The release of enterotoxins during disease distorts enterocyte morphology, including loss of microvilli (c) as well as detachment, providing passages through submucosa and tight junctions (d) ( ). Some clinical strains of produce Shiga toxin homologs (encoded by and ), causing a ribotoxic stress response, which in turn leads to inflammation and apoptosis (e), though the exact mechanisms of action of these homologs have yet to be determined.

Citation: Skwor T, Králová S. 2019. , p 415-435. In Doyle M, Diez-Gonzalez F, Hill C (ed), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 5th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819972.ch15
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555819972.ch15.ch15fig2
Figure 15.2
Potential role of virulence factors in associated bacteremia. Aeromonads produce a single polar flagellum to aid in motility (a). T2SS releases proaerolysin and proteases, which may either act as activators of aerolysin or break down complement proteins (b). Mature aerolysin is a pore-forming enzyme causing complete lysis of red blood cells (c). Hydrolysis of lymphocytic membranes occurs via secreted lipases mediated by T6SS (d) and can cause irreversible erythrocyte lysis (e). Additionally, T6SS secrete iron-binding proteins (e.g., amonabactin) that enable acquisition of extracellular iron (f). Reversible lysis of erythrocytes may occur following α-hemolysin production. CM, cell membrane. Illustration by Cody Rasmussen-Ivey, Tibor Král, and S. Králová.
10.1128/9781555819972/9972ch15fig2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555819972/9972ch15fig2.gif
Image of Figure 15.2
Figure 15.2

Potential role of virulence factors in associated bacteremia. Aeromonads produce a single polar flagellum to aid in motility (a). T2SS releases proaerolysin and proteases, which may either act as activators of aerolysin or break down complement proteins (b). Mature aerolysin is a pore-forming enzyme causing complete lysis of red blood cells (c). Hydrolysis of lymphocytic membranes occurs via secreted lipases mediated by T6SS (d) and can cause irreversible erythrocyte lysis (e). Additionally, T6SS secrete iron-binding proteins (e.g., amonabactin) that enable acquisition of extracellular iron (f). Reversible lysis of erythrocytes may occur following α-hemolysin production. CM, cell membrane. Illustration by Cody Rasmussen-Ivey, Tibor Král, and S. Králová.

Citation: Skwor T, Králová S. 2019. , p 415-435. In Doyle M, Diez-Gonzalez F, Hill C (ed), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 5th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819972.ch15
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555819972.ch15.ch15fig3
Figure 15.3
Preliminary identification scheme for . This flow chart can be used for rapid preliminary identification of aeromonads. Aeromonads are Gram-negative, facultative anaerobes, ferment glucose, and are positive for oxidase, which differentiates them from oxidase-negative . Distinguishing spp. from other oxidase-positive Gram-negative bacilli (i.e., and ) is possible with the following test results: resistant to vibriostatic compound O/129 (150 μg 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine), negative for ornithine decarboxylase (ORN-decarboxylase), and resistant to ampicillin (10 μg). +, positive reaction; −, negative reaction; v, variable result. a, some strains are sensitive to O/129 (150 µg) ( ); b, except for rare ornithine decarboxylase-positive strains ( ); c, except for ( ).
10.1128/9781555819972/9972ch15fig3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555819972/9972ch15fig3.gif
Image of Figure 15.3
Figure 15.3

Preliminary identification scheme for . This flow chart can be used for rapid preliminary identification of aeromonads. Aeromonads are Gram-negative, facultative anaerobes, ferment glucose, and are positive for oxidase, which differentiates them from oxidase-negative . Distinguishing spp. from other oxidase-positive Gram-negative bacilli (i.e., and ) is possible with the following test results: resistant to vibriostatic compound O/129 (150 μg 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine), negative for ornithine decarboxylase (ORN-decarboxylase), and resistant to ampicillin (10 μg). +, positive reaction; −, negative reaction; v, variable result. a, some strains are sensitive to O/129 (150 µg) ( ); b, except for rare ornithine decarboxylase-positive strains ( ); c, except for ( ).

Citation: Skwor T, Králová S. 2019. , p 415-435. In Doyle M, Diez-Gonzalez F, Hill C (ed), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 5th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819972.ch15
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555819972.ch15.ch15fig4
Figure 15.4
Cycle of antibiotic resistance within aeromonad reservoirs. The widespread occurrence of aeromonads contributes to their ability to colonize cold- and warm-blooded animals, both aquatic and terrestrial. The use of antibiotics prophylactically and clinically provides environments with subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, creating stress that can lead to resistance. Solid arrows represent the entrance of antibiotics, and dashed arrows represent pathways of transmission of antimicrobial resistance (Ab). Illustration by Andrew Albers and T. Skwor.
10.1128/9781555819972/9972ch15fig4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555819972/9972ch15fig4.gif
Image of Figure 15.4
Figure 15.4

Cycle of antibiotic resistance within aeromonad reservoirs. The widespread occurrence of aeromonads contributes to their ability to colonize cold- and warm-blooded animals, both aquatic and terrestrial. The use of antibiotics prophylactically and clinically provides environments with subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, creating stress that can lead to resistance. Solid arrows represent the entrance of antibiotics, and dashed arrows represent pathways of transmission of antimicrobial resistance (Ab). Illustration by Andrew Albers and T. Skwor.

Citation: Skwor T, Králová S. 2019. , p 415-435. In Doyle M, Diez-Gonzalez F, Hill C (ed), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 5th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555819972.ch15
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555819972.ch15
1. Sanarelli G. 1891. Über einen neuen Mikroorganismus des Wassers welcher für Tiere mit veränderlicher und konstanter Temperatur pathogen ist. Zbl Bakt P Infekt Hyg 9: 193– 199, 222–228.
2. Stanier RY . 1943. A note on the taxonomy of Proteus Hydrophilus. J Bacteriol 46 : 213– 214.[PubMed]
3. Emmerich R, Weibel C . 1894. Über eine durch Bakterien erzeugte Seuche unter den Forellen. Arch Hyg Bakteriol 21 : 1– 21.
4. Chester F. 1897. A preliminary arrangement of the species of the genus Bacterium. Contribution to determinative bacteriology. Part I. In Ninth Annual Report, Delaware College Agricultural Experimental Station, p 92. Delaware College, Newark, DE.
5. Hill KR, Caselitz FH, Moody LM . 1954. A case of acute, metastatic, myositis caused by a new organism of the family: Pseudomonadaceae; a preliminary report. West Indian Med J 3 : 9– 11.[PubMed]
6. Rosner R . 1964. Aeromonas hydrophila as the etiologic agent in a case of severe gastroenteritis. Am J Clin Pathol 42 : 402– 404[CrossRef].[PubMed]
7. Janda JM, Abbott SL . 2010. The genus Aeromonas: taxonomy, pathogenicity, and infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 23 : 35– 73[CrossRef].[PubMed]
8. Parker JL, Shaw JG . 2011. Aeromonas spp. clinical microbiology and disease. J Infect 62 : 109– 118[CrossRef].[PubMed]
9. Figueras MJ . 2005. Clinical relevance of Aeromonas sM503. Rev Med Microbiol 16 : 145– 153[CrossRef].
10. Figueras MJ, Beaz-Hidalgo R, . 2015. Aeromonas infections in humans, p 65– 108. In Graf J (ed), Aeromonas. Caister Academic Press. Norfolk, UK.[CrossRef]
11. Martin-Carnahan A, Joseph SW . 2015. Aeromonas. In Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., New York, NY.
12. Figueras MJ, Alperi A, Saavedra MJ, Ko WC, Gonzalo N, Navarro M, Martínez-Murcia AJ . 2009. Clinical relevance of the recently described species Aeromonas aquariorum. J Clin Microbiol 47 : 3742– 3746[CrossRef].[PubMed]
13. Roger F, Marchandin H, Jumas-Bilak E, Kodjo A, colBVH study group , Lamy B . 2012. Multilocus genetics to reconstruct aeromonad evolution. BMC Microbiol 12 : 62[CrossRef].[PubMed]
14. Chen PL, Lamy B, Ko WC . 2016. Aeromonas dhakensis, an increasingly recognized human pathogen. Front Microbiol 7 : 793[CrossRef].[PubMed]
15. Rautelin H, Hänninen ML, Sivonen A, Turunen U, Valtonen V . 1995. Chronic diarrhea due to a single strain of Aeromonas caviae. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 14 : 51– 53[CrossRef].[PubMed]
16. Vila J, Ruiz J, Gallardo F, Vargas M, Soler L, Figueras MJ, Gascon J . 2003. Aeromonas spp. and traveler's diarrhea: clinical features and antimicrobial resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 9 : 552– 555[CrossRef].[PubMed]
17. Block K, Braver JM, Farraye FA . 1994. Aeromonas infection and intramural intestinal hemorrhage as a cause of small bowel obstruction. Am J Gastroenterol 89 : 1902– 1903.[PubMed]
18. Wu CJ, Tsai PJ, Chen PL, Wu IC, Lin YT, Chen YH, Wang LR, Ko WC . 2012. Aeromonas aquariorum septicemia and enterocolitis in a cirrhotic patient. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 74 : 406– 408[CrossRef].[PubMed]
19. Itoh H, Kuwata G, Tateyama S, Yamashita K, Inoue T, Kataoka H, Ido A, Ogata K, Takasaki M, Inoue S, Tsubouchi H, Koono M . 1999. Aeromonas sobria infection with severe soft tissue damage and segmental necrotizing gastroenteritis in a patient with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Pathol Int 49 : 541– 546[CrossRef].[PubMed]
20. Fang JS, Chen JB, Chen WJ, Hsu KT . 1999. Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome in an adult male with Aeromonas hydrophila enterocolitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14 : 439– 440[CrossRef].[PubMed]
21. Filler G, Ehrich JH, Strauch E, Beutin L . 2000. Acute renal failure in an infant associated with cytotoxic Aeromonas sobria isolated from patient's stool and from aquarium water as suspected source of infection. J Clin Microbiol 38 : 469– 470.[PubMed]
22. Carnahan AM, Chakraborty T, Fanning GR, Verma D, Ali A, Janda JM, Joseph SW . 1991. Aeromonas trota sp. nov., an ampicillin-susceptible species isolated from clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 29 : 1206– 1210.[PubMed]
23. Isonhood JH, Drake M . 2002. Aeromonas species in foods. J Food Prot 65 : 575– 582[CrossRef].[PubMed]
24. Colston SM, Fullmer MS, Beka L, Lamy B, Gogarten JP, Graf J . 2014. Bioinformatic genome comparisons for taxonomic and phylogenetic assignments using Aeromonas as a test case. mBio 5 : e02136-14[CrossRef].[PubMed]
25. Sha J, Kozlova EV, Chopra AK . 2002. Role of various enterotoxins in Aeromonas hydrophila-induced gastroenteritis: generation of enterotoxin gene-deficient mutants and evaluation of their enterotoxic activity. Infect Immun 70 : 1924– 1935[CrossRef].[PubMed]
26. dos Santos PA, Pereira AC, Braga RL, Rosa AC, Freitas-Almeida AC . 2016. Adhesion and cytotoxicity of Aeromonas caviae to rabbit intestinal epithelium ex vivo. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 109 : 1261– 1270[CrossRef].[PubMed]
27. Tsheten T, Tshering D, Gyem K, Dorji S, Wangchuk S, Tenzin T, Norbu L, Jamtsho T . 2016. An outbreak of Aeromonas hydrophila food poisoning in Deptsang Village, Samdrup Jongkhar, Bhutan, 2016. J Res Health Sci 16 : 224– 227.[PubMed]
28. Krovacek K, Dumontet S, Eriksson E, Baloda SB . 1995. Isolation, and virulence profiles, of Aeromonas hydrophila implicated in an outbreak of food poisoning in Sweden. Microbiol Immunol 39 : 655– 661[CrossRef].[PubMed]
29. Zhang Q, Shi GQ, Tang GP, Zou ZT, Yao GH, Zeng G . 2012. A foodborne outbreak of Aeromonas hydrophila in a college, Xingyi City, Guizhou, China, 2012. Western Pac Surveill Response J 3 : 39– 43[CrossRef].[PubMed]
30. Morgan DR, Johnson PC, DuPont HL, Satterwhite TK, Wood LV . 1985. Lack of correlation between known virulence properties of Aeromonas hydrophila and enteropathogenicity for humans. Infect Immun 50 : 62– 65.[PubMed]
31. Teunis P, Figueras MJ . 2016. Reassessment of the enteropathogenicity of mesophilic Aeromonas species. Front Microbiol 7 : 1395[CrossRef].[PubMed]
32. Ghenghesh K, Ahmed S, El-Khalek R, Al-Gendy A, Klena J. 2008. Aeromonas-associated infections in developing countries. J Infect Dev Ctries 2: 81– 98.
33. Voss LM, Rhodes KH, Johnson KA . 1992. Musculoskeletal and soft tissue Aeromonas infection: an environmental disease. Mayo Clin Proc 67 : 422– 427[CrossRef].[PubMed]
34. Chen P-L, Chen Y-W, Ou C-C, Lee T-M, Wu C-J, Ko W-C, Chen C-S . 2017. A disease model of muscle necrosis caused by Aeromonas dhakensis infection in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Microbiol 7 : 2058[CrossRef].[PubMed]
35. Lau SM, Peng MY, Chang FY . 2000. Outcomes of Aeromonas bacteremia in patients with different types of underlying disease. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 33 : 241– 247.[PubMed]
36. Lamy B, Kodjo A, Laurent F colBVH Study Group . 2009. Prospective nationwide study of Aeromonas infections in France. J Clin Microbiol 47 : 1234– 1237[CrossRef].[PubMed]
37. Chao CM, Lai CC, Tsai HY, Wu CJ, Tang HJ, Ko WC, Hsueh PR . 2013. Pneumonia caused by Aeromonas species in Taiwan, 2004-2011. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 32 : 1069– 1075[CrossRef].[PubMed]
38. Ender PT, Dolan MJ . 1997. Pneumonia associated with near-drowning. Clin Infect Dis 25 : 896– 907[CrossRef].[PubMed]
39. Sohn HJ, Nam DH, Kim YS, Paik HJ . 2007. Endogenous Aeromonas hydrophila endophthalmitis in an immunocompromised patient. Korean J Ophthalmol 21 : 45– 47[CrossRef].[PubMed]
40. Clark NM, Chenoweth CE . 2003. Aeromonas infection of the hepatobiliary system: report of 15 cases and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 37 : 506– 513[CrossRef].[PubMed]
41. Ko WC, Lee HC, Chuang YC, Liu CC, Wu JJ . 2000. Clinical features and therapeutic implications of 104 episodes of monomicrobial Aeromonas bacteraemia. J Infect 40 : 267– 273[CrossRef].[PubMed]
42. Al-Benwan K, Abbott S, Janda JM, Huys G, Albert MJ . 2007. Cystitis caused by Aeromonas caviae. J Clin Microbiol 45 : 2348– 2350[CrossRef].[PubMed]
43. Hua HT, Bollet C, Tercian S, Drancourt M, Raoult D . 2004. Aeromonas popoffii urinary tract infection. J Clin Microbiol 42 : 5427– 5428[CrossRef].[PubMed]
44. Blair JE, Woo-Ming MA, McGuire PK . 1999. Aeromonas hydrophila bacteremia acquired from an infected swimming pool. Clin Infect Dis 28 : 1336– 1337[CrossRef].[PubMed]
45. Popoff M, . 1984. Genus III. Aeromonas, p 545– 548. In Krieg N, Holt J (ed), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
46. Martin-Carnahan A, Joseph S, . 2005. Genus I. Aeromonas Stanier 1943, 243 AL , p 557– 578. In Garrity G, Brenner D, Krieg N, Staley J (ed), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology , vol 3. Springer, New York, NY.
47. Martínez-Murcia AJ . 1999. Phylogenetic positions of Aeromonas encheleia, Aeromonas popoffii, Aeromonas DNA hybridization group 11 and Aeromonas group 501. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49 : 1403– 1408[CrossRef].[PubMed]
48. Huys G, . 2015. Taxonomy, p 3– 44. In Graf J (ed), Aeromonas . Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK.[CrossRef]
49. Martinez-Murcia AJ, Benlloch S, Collins MD . 1992. Phylogenetic interrelationships of members of the genera Aeromonas and Plesiomonas as determined by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing: lack of congruence with results of DNA-DNA hybridizations. Int J Syst Bacteriol 42 : 412– 421[CrossRef].[PubMed]
50. Alperi A, Figueras MJ, Inza I, Martínez-Murcia AJ . 2008. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene mutations in a subset of Aeromonas strains and their impact in species delineation. Int Microbiol 11 : 185– 194.[PubMed]
51. Huys G, Coopman R, Janssen P, Kersters K . 1996. High-resolution genotypic analysis of the genus Aeromonas by AFLP fingerprinting. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46 : 572– 580[CrossRef].[PubMed]
52. Parte AC . 2014. LPSN—list of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. Nucleic Acids Res 42 ( D1) : D613– D616[CrossRef].[PubMed]
53. Neyts K, Huys G, Uyttendaele M, Swings J, Debevere J . 2000. Incidence and identification of mesophilic Aeromonas spp. from retail foods. Lett Appl Microbiol 31 : 359– 363[CrossRef].[PubMed]
54. Grim C, . 2015. Occurrence and virulence potential of Aeromonas in food and water, p 201– 228. In Graf J (ed), Aeromonas . Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK.[CrossRef]
55. Lamy B, Kodjo A, Laurent F ColBVH Study Group . 2011. Identification of Aeromonas isolates by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 71 : 1– 5[CrossRef].[PubMed]
56. Donohue MJ, Best JM, Smallwood AW, Kostich M, Rodgers M, Shoemaker JA . 2007. Differentiation of Aeromonas isolated from drinking water distribution systems using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 79 : 1939– 1946[CrossRef].[PubMed]
57. Knøchel S . 1990. Growth characteristics of motile Aeromonas spp. isolated from different environments. Int J Food Microbiol 10 : 235– 244[CrossRef].[PubMed]
58. Schuman JD, Sheldon BW, Foegeding PM . 1997. Thermal resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila in liquid whole egg. J Food Prot 60 : 231– 236[CrossRef].
59. Tahoun A, Ahmed HA, Abou Elez RMM, El-Gedawy AA, Elsohaby I, Abd El-Ghafar AE . 2016. Molecular characterisation, genotyping and survival of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from milk, dairy products and humans in Egypt. Int Dairy J 63 : 52– 58[CrossRef].
60. Kirov SM, Ardestani EK, Hayward LJ . 1993. The growth and expression of virulence factors at refrigeration temperature by Aeromonas strains isolated from foods. Int J Food Microbiol 20 : 159– 168[CrossRef].[PubMed]
61. Osman K, Aly M, Kheader A, Mabrok K . 2012. Molecular detection of the Aeromonas virulence aerolysin gene in retail meats from different animal sources in Egypt. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 28 : 1863– 1870[CrossRef].[PubMed]
62. Ambili VS, Latha C, Nanu E . 2007. Prevalence and pathogenicity of Aeromonas spp, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp in fresh, chilled and frozen beef frankfurters. J Food Sci Technol 44 : 623– 625.
63. Castro-Escarpulli G, Figueras MJ, Aguilera-Arreola G, Soler L, Fernández-Rendón E, Aparicio GO, Guarro J, Chacón MR . 2003. Characterisation of Aeromonas spp. isolated from frozen fish intended for human consumption in Mexico. Int J Food Microbiol 84 : 41– 49[CrossRef].[PubMed]
64. Al-Harbi AH, Uddin MN . 2005. Microbiological quality changes in the intestine of hybrid tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus) in fresh and frozen storage condition. Lett Appl Microbiol 40 : 486– 490[CrossRef].[PubMed]
65. Mary P, Sautour M, Chihib NE, Tierny Y, Hornez JP . 2003. Tolerance and starvation induced cross-protection against different stresses in Aeromonas hydrophila . Int J Food Microbiol 87 : 121– 130[CrossRef].[PubMed]
66. Pianetti A, Manti A, Boi P, Citterio B, Sabatini L, Papa S, Rocchi MB, Bruscolini F . 2008. Determination of viability of Aeromonas hydrophila in increasing concentrations of sodium chloride at different temperatures by flow cytometry and plate count technique. Int J Food Microbiol 127 : 252– 260[CrossRef].[PubMed]
67. Nagar V, Godambe LP, Bandekar JR, Shashidhar R . 2017. Biofilm formation by Aeromonas strains under food-related environmental stress conditions. J Food Process Preserv 41 :e13182[CrossRef].
68. Vivekanandhan G, Savithamani K, Lakshmanaperumalsamy P . 2003. Influence of pH, salt concentration and temperature on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila. J Environ Biol 24 : 373– 379.[PubMed]
69. Lambert RJ, Bidlas E . 2007. Gamma study of pH, nitrite, and salt inhibition of Aeromonas hydrophila. Appl Environ Microbiol 73 : 2239– 2246[CrossRef].[PubMed]
70. Weigel KM, Nguyen FK, Kearney MR, Meschke JS, Cangelosi GA . 2017. Molecular viability testing of UV-inactivated bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 83 :e00331-17[CrossRef].[PubMed]
71. Nagar V, Godambe LP, Shashidhar R . 2017. Radiation sensitivity of planktonic and biofilm-associated Shigella spp. and Aeromonas spp. on food and food-contact surfaces. Int J Food Sci Technol 52 : 258– 265[CrossRef].
72. Nagar V, Bandekar JR . 2011. Effectiveness of radiation processing in elimination of Aeromonas from food. Radiat Phys Chem 80 : 911– 916[CrossRef].
73. Ito H, Rashid HO, Sangthong N, Adulyatham P, Rattagool P, Ishigaki I . 1993. Effect of gamma-irradaition on frozen shrimps for decontamination of pathogenic bacteria. Radiat Phys Chem 42 : 279– 282[CrossRef].
74. Jahid IK, Han N, Ha SD . 2014. Inactivation kinetics of cold oxygen plasma depend on incubation conditions of Aeromonas hydrophila biofilm on lettuce. Food Res Int 55 : 181– 189[CrossRef].
75. Vanlint D, Rutten N, Michiels CW, Aertsen A . 2012. Emergence and stability of high-pressure resistance in different food-borne pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 78 : 3234– 3241[CrossRef].[PubMed]
76. Egorov AI, Best JM, Frebis CP, Karapondo MS . 2011. Occurrence of Aeromonas spp. in a random sample of drinking water distribution systems in the USA. J Water Health 9 : 785– 798[CrossRef].[PubMed]
77. Sisti M, Albano A, Brandi G . 1998. Bactericidal effect of chlorine on motile Aeromonas spp. in drinking water supplies and influence of temperature on disinfection efficacy. Lett Appl Microbiol 26 : 347– 351[CrossRef].[PubMed]
78. Liltved H, Hektoen H, Efraimsen H . 1995. Inactivation of bacterial and viral fish pathogens by ozonation or UV irradiation in water of different salinity. Aquacult Eng 14 : 107– 122[CrossRef].
79. Ritola O, Lyytikainen T, Pylkko P, Molsa H, Lindstrom-Seppa P . 2000. Glutathione-dependent defence system and monooxygenase enzyme activities in Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) exposed to ozone. Aquaculture 185 : 219– 233[CrossRef].
80. Wang H, Zhang X, Wang G, Jia K, Xu X, Zhou G . 2017. Bacterial community and spoilage profiles shift in response to packaging in yellow-feather broiler, a highly popular meat in Asia. Front Microbiol 8 : 2588[CrossRef].[PubMed]
81. Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson MA, Roy SL, Jones JL, Griffin PM . 2011. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 17 : 7– 15[CrossRef].[PubMed]
82. Skwor T, Shinko J, Augustyniak A, Gee C, Andraso G . 2014. Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii predominate among potentially pathogenic ciprofloxacin- and tetracycline-resistant Aeromonas isolates from Lake Erie. Appl Environ Microbiol 80 : 841– 848[CrossRef].[PubMed]
83. Moyer NP . 1987. Clinical significance of Aeromonas species isolated from patients with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 25 : 2044– 2048.[PubMed]
84. Scoaris DO, Colacite J, Nakamura CV, Ueda-Nakamura T, de Abreu Filho BA, Dias Filho BP . 2008. Virulence and antibiotic susceptibility of Aeromonas spp. isolated from drinking water. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 93 : 111– 122[CrossRef].[PubMed]
85. Chauret C, Volk C, Creason R, Jarosh J, Robinson J, Warnes C . 2001. Detection of Aeromonas hydrophila in a drinking-water distribution system: a field and pilot study. Can J Microbiol 47 : 782– 786[CrossRef].[PubMed]
86. Craveiro S, Alves-Barroco C, Crespo MTB, Barreto AS, Semedo-Lemsaddek T . 2015. Aeromonas biofilm on stainless steel: efficiency of commonly used disinfectants. Int J Food Sci Technol 50 : 851– 856[CrossRef].
87. Falkinham JO III , Pruden A, Edwards M . 2015. Opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens: increasingly important pathogens in drinking water. Pathogens 4 : 373– 386[CrossRef].[PubMed]
88. Stalder T, Top E . 2016. Plasmid transfer in biofilms: a perspective on limitations and opportunities. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2 :16022[CrossRef].[PubMed]
89. Ma L, Li B, Jiang XT, Wang YL, Xia Y, Li AD, Zhang T . 2017. Catalogue of antibiotic resistome and host-tracking in drinking water deciphered by a large scale survey. Microbiome 5 : 154[CrossRef].[PubMed]
90. Ng C, Tay M, Tan B, Le TH, Haller L, Chen H, Koh TH, Barkham TMS, Gin KYH . 2017. Characterization of metagenomes in urban aquatic compartments reveals high prevalence of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes in wastewaters. Front Microbiol 8 : 2200. CORRIGENDUM Front Microbiol 9 : 175.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
91. Al-Jassim N, Ansari MI, Harb M, Hong PY . 2015. Removal of bacterial contaminants and antibiotic resistance genes by conventional wastewater treatment processes in Saudi Arabia: is the treated wastewater safe to reuse for agricultural irrigation? Water Res 73 : 277– 290[CrossRef].[PubMed]
92. Figueira V, Vaz-Moreira I, Silva M, Manaia CM . 2011. Diversity and antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas spp. in drinking and waste water treatment plants. Water Res 45 : 5599– 5611[CrossRef].[PubMed]
93. Lowther A, Liddel M (ed). 2015. Fisheries of the United States 2014. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD.
94. FAO . 2016. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
95. Vivekanandhan G, Savithamani K, Hatha AA, Lakshmanaperumalsamy P . 2002. Antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from marketed fish and prawn of South India. Int J Food Microbiol 76 : 165– 168[CrossRef].[PubMed]
96. Hoel S, Vadstein O, Jakobsen AN . 2017. Species distribution and prevalence of putative virulence factors in mesophilic Aeromonas spp. isolated from fresh retail sushi. Front Microbiol 8 : 931[CrossRef].[PubMed]
97. Mizan MF, Jahid IK, Ha SD . 2015. Microbial biofilms in seafood: a food-hygiene challenge. Food Microbiol 49 : 41– 55[CrossRef].[PubMed]
98. Beaz-Hidalgo R, Figueras MJ . 2013. Aeromonas spp. whole genomes and virulence factors implicated in fish disease. J Fish Dis 36 : 371– 388[CrossRef].[PubMed]
99. Bartkova S, Kokotovic B, Dalsgaard I . 2017. Infection routes of Aeromonas salmonicida in rainbow trout monitored in vivo by real-time bioluminescence imaging. J Fish Dis 40 : 73– 82[CrossRef].[PubMed]
100. Bartkova S, Leekitcharoenphon P, Aarestrup FM, Dalsgaard I . 2017. Epidemiology of Danish Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in fish farms using whole genome sequencing. Front Microbiol 8 : 2411[CrossRef].[PubMed]
101. Naik OA, Shashidhar R, Rath D, Bandekar JR, Rath A . 2018. Characterization of multiple antibiotic resistance of culturable microorganisms and metagenomic analysis of total microbial diversity of marine fish sold in retail shops in Mumbai, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 25 : 6228– 6239.[PubMed]
102. Leal JF, Esteves VI, Santos EBH . 2016. Use of sunlight to degrade oxytetracycline in marine aquaculture's waters. Environ Pollut 213 : 932– 939[CrossRef].[PubMed]
103. Leal JF, Henriques IS, Correia A, Santos EBH, Esteves VI . 2017. Antibacterial activity of oxytetracycline photoproducts in marine aquaculture's water. Environ Pollut 220 ( Pt A) : 644– 649[CrossRef].[PubMed]
104. Kruse H, Sørum H . 1994. Transfer of multiple drug resistance plasmids between bacteria of diverse origins in natural microenvironments. Appl Environ Microbiol 60 : 4015– 4021.[PubMed]
105. Ma X, Li X, Sun G, Sharawy ZZ, Qiu T, Du Y, Liu Y . 2017. The biofilteration ability of oysters ( Crassostrea gigas) to reduce Aeromonas salmonicida in salmon culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101 : 5869– 5880[CrossRef].[PubMed]
106. Feckaninova A, Koscova J, Mudronova D, Popelka P, Toropilova J . 2017. The use of probiotic bacteria against Aeromonas infections in salmonid aquaculture. Aquaculture 469 : 1– 8[CrossRef].
107. Magnadottir B . 2010. Immunological control of fish diseases. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 12 : 361– 379[CrossRef].[PubMed]
108. Silva YJ, Moreirinha C, Pereira C, Costa L, Rocha RJM, Cunha A, Gomes NCM, Calado R, Almeida A . 2016. Biological control of Aeromonas salmonicida infection in juvenile Senegalese sole ( Solea senegalensis) with phage AS-A. Aquaculture 450 : 225– 233[CrossRef].
109. Stratev D, Odeyemi OA . 2016. Antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from different food sources: a mini-review. J Infect Public Health 9 : 535– 544[CrossRef].[PubMed]
110. Ling Z, Yin W, Li H, Zhang Q, Wang X, Wang Z, Ke Y, Wang Y, Shen J . 2017. Chromosome-mediated mcr-3 variants in Aeromonas veronii from chicken meat. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61 :e01272-17[CrossRef].[PubMed]
111. Wang GY, Wang HH, Han YW, Xing T, Ye KP, Xu XL, Zhou GH . 2017. Evaluation of the spoilage potential of bacteria isolated from chilled chicken in vitro and in situ. Food Microbiol 63 : 139– 146[CrossRef].[PubMed]
112. Ma L, Xia Y, Li B, Yang Y, Li LG, Tiedje JM, Zhang T . 2016. Metagenomic assembly reveals hosts of antibiotic resistance genes and the shared resistome in pig, chicken, and human feces. Environ Sci Technol 50 : 420– 427[CrossRef].[PubMed]
113. Melas DS, Papageorgiou DK, Mantis AI . 1999. Enumeration and confirmation of Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, and Aeromonas sobria isolated from raw milk and other milk products in northern Greece. J Food Prot 62 : 463– 466[CrossRef].[PubMed]
114. Lotrakul P, Dharmsthiti S . 1997. Purification and characterization of lipase from Aeromonas sobria LP004. J Biotechnol 54 : 113– 120[CrossRef].[PubMed]
115. Hunter PR, Burge SH . 1987. Isolation of Aeromonas caviae from ice cream. Lett Appl Microbiol 4 : 45– 46[CrossRef].[PubMed]
116. Patel SH, Vaidya YH, Patel RJ, Pandit RJ, Joshi CG, Kunjadiya AP . 2017. Culture independent assessment of human milk microbial community in lactational mastitis. Sci Rep 7 : 7804[CrossRef].[PubMed]
117. Qamar FN, Nisar MI, Quadri F, Shakoor S, Sow SO, Nasrin D, Blackwelder WC, Wu Y, Farag T, Panchalingham S, Sur D, Qureshi S, Faruque AS, Saha D, Alonso PL, Breiman RF, Bassat Q, Tamboura B, Ramamurthy T, Kanungo S, Ahmed S, Hossain A, Das SK, Antonio M, Hossain MJ, Mandomando I, Tennant SM, Kotloff KL, Levine MM, Zaidi AK . 2016. Aeromonas-associated diarrhea in children under 5 years: the GEMS experience. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95 : 774– 780[CrossRef].[PubMed]
118. Olaimat AN, Holley RA . 2012. Factors influencing the microbial safety of fresh produce: a review. Food Microbiol 32 : 1– 19[CrossRef].[PubMed]
119. Callister SM, Agger WA . 1987. Enumeration and characterization of Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas caviae isolated from grocery store produce. Appl Environ Microbiol 53 : 249– 253.[PubMed]
120. Kirov SM, Castrisios M, Shaw JG . 2004. Aeromonas flagella (polar and lateral) are enterocyte adhesins that contribute to biofilm formation on surfaces. Infect Immun 72 : 1939– 1945[CrossRef].[PubMed]
121. Galindo C, Chopra A, . 2007. Aeromonas and Plesiomonas species, p 381– 400. In Doyle M, Beuchat L (ed), Food Micrbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers , 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
122. Hokama A, Iwanaga M . 1992. Purification and characterization of Aeromonas sobria Ae24 pili: a possible new colonization factor. Microb Pathog 13 : 325– 334[CrossRef].[PubMed]
123. Pemberton JM, Kidd SP, Schmidt R . 1997. Secreted enzymes of Aeromonas . FEMS Microbiol Lett 152 : 1– 10[CrossRef].[PubMed]
124. Tomás JM . 2012. The main Aeromonas pathogenic factors. ISRN Microbiol 2012 : 256261[CrossRef].[PubMed]
125. Song T, Toma C, Nakasone N, Iwanaga M . 2004. Aerolysin is activated by metalloprotease in Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria. J Med Microbiol 53 : 477– 482[CrossRef].[PubMed]
126. Esteve C, Birbeck TH . 2004. Secretion of haemolysins and proteases by Aeromonas hydrophila EO63: separation and characterization of the serine protease (caseinase) and the metalloprotease (elastase). J Appl Microbiol 96 : 994– 1001[CrossRef].[PubMed]
127. Nitta H, Kobayashi H, Irie A, Baba H, Okamoto K, Imamura T . 2007. Activation of prothrombin by ASP, a serine protease released from Aeromonas sobria. FEBS Lett 581 : 5935– 5939[CrossRef].[PubMed]
128. Imamura T, Murakami Y, Nitta H . 2017. Aeromonas sobria serine protease (ASP): a subtilisin family endopeptidase with multiple virulence activities. Biol Chem 398 : 1055– 1068.
129. Lee KK, Ellis AE . 1990. Glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acyltransferase complexed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major lethal exotoxin and cytolysin of Aeromonas salmonicida: LPS stabilizes and enhances toxicity of the enzyme. J Bacteriol 172 : 5382– 5393[CrossRef].[PubMed]
130. Duarte AS, Cavaleiro E, Pereira C, Merino S, Esteves AC, Duarte EP, Tomás JM, Correia AC . 2015. Aeromonas piscicola AH-3 expresses an extracellular collagenase with cytotoxic properties. Lett Appl Microbiol 60 : 288– 297[CrossRef].[PubMed]
131. Cascón A, Yugueros J, Temprano A, Sánchez M, Hernanz C, Luengo JM, Naharro G . 2000. A major secreted elastase is essential for pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila. Infect Immun 68 : 3233– 3241[CrossRef].[PubMed]
132. Ji Y, Li J, Qin Z, Li A, Gu Z, Liu X, Lin L, Zhou Y . 2015. Contribution of nuclease to the pathogenesis of Aeromonas hydrophila. Virulence 6 : 515– 522[CrossRef].[PubMed]
133. Wang G, Clark CG, Liu C, Pucknell C, Munro CK, Kruk TM, Caldeira R, Woodward DL, Rodgers FG . 2003. Detection and characterization of the hemolysin genes in Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria by multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol 41 : 1048– 1054[CrossRef].[PubMed]
134. Fivaz M, Abrami L, Tsitrin Y, van der Goot FG . 2001. Aerolysin from Aeromonas hydrophila and related toxins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 257 : 35– 52[CrossRef].[PubMed]
135. Nomura T, Fujii Y, Okamoto K . 1999. Secretion of hemolysin of Aeromonas sobria as protoxin and contribution of the propeptide region removed from the protoxin to the proteolytic stability of the toxin. Microbiol Immunol 43 : 29– 38[CrossRef].[PubMed]
136. Wang A, Wada A, Yahiro K, Nomura T, Fujii Y, Okamoto K, Mizuta Y, Kohno S, Moss J, Hirayama T . 1999. Identification and characterization of the Aeromonas sobria hemolysin glycoprotein receptor on intestine 407 cells. Microb Pathog 27 : 215– 221[CrossRef].[PubMed]
137. Wilmsen HU, Leonard KR, Tichelaar W, Buckley JT, Pattus F . 1992. The aerolysin membrane channel is formed by heptamerization of the monomer. EMBO J 11 : 2457– 2463.[PubMed]
138. Chakraborty T, Huhle B, Hof H, Bergbauer H, Goebel W . 1987. Marker exchange mutagenesis of the aerolysin determinant in Aeromonas hydrophila demonstrates the role of aerolysin in A. hydrophila-associated systemic infections. Infect Immun 55 : 2274– 2280.[PubMed]
139. Nelson KL, Brodsky RA, Buckley JT . 1999. Channels formed by subnanomolar concentrations of the toxin aerolysin trigger apoptosis of T lymphomas. Cell Microbiol 1 : 69– 74[CrossRef].[PubMed]
140. Krause K-H, Fivaz M, Monod A, van der Goot FG . 1998. Aerolysin induces G-protein activation and Ca2+ release from intracellular stores in human granulocytes. J Biol Chem 273 : 18122– 18129[CrossRef].[PubMed]
141. Abrami L, Fivaz M, Glauser PE, Sugimoto N, Zurzolo C, van der Goot FG . 2003. Sensitivity of polarized epithelial cells to the pore-forming toxin aerolysin. Infect Immun 71 : 739– 746[CrossRef].[PubMed]
142. Fadl AA, Galindo CL, Sha J, Zhang F, Garner HR, Wang HQ, Chopra AK . 2007. Global transcriptional responses of wild-type Aeromonas hydrophila and its virulence-deficient mutant in a murine model of infection. Microb Pathog 42 : 193– 203[CrossRef].[PubMed]
143. Ferguson MR, Xu XJ, Houston CW, Peterson JW, Coppenhaver DH, Popov VL, Chopra AK . 1997. Hyperproduction, purification, and mechanism of action of the cytotoxic enterotoxin produced by Aeromonas hydrophila. Infect Immun 65 : 4299– 4308.[PubMed]
144. Chopra AK, Peterson JW, Xu XJ, Coppenhaver DH, Houston CW . 1996. Molecular and biochemical characterization of a heat-labile cytotonic enterotoxin from Aeromonas hydrophila. Microb Pathog 21 : 357– 377[CrossRef].[PubMed]
145. Granum PE, O'Sullivan K, Tomás JM, Ørmen O . 1998. Possible virulence factors of Aeromonas spp. from food and water. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 21 : 131– 137[CrossRef].[PubMed]
146. Chopra AK, Pham R, Houston CW . 1994. Cloning and expression of putative cytotonic enterotoxin-encoding genes from Aeromonas hydrophila. Gene 139 : 87– 91[CrossRef].[PubMed]
147. Albert MJ, Ansaruzzaman M, Talukder KA, Chopra AK, Kuhn I, Rahman M, Faruque ASG, Islam MS, Sack RB, Mollby R . 2000. Prevalence of enterotoxin genes in Aeromonas spp. isolated from children with diarrhea, healthy controls, and the environment. J Clin Microbiol 38 : 3785– 3790.[PubMed]
148. Palma-Martínez I, Guerrero-Mandujano A, Ruiz-Ruiz MJ, Hernández-Cortez C, Molina-López J, Bocanegra-García V, Castro-Escarpulli G . 2016. Active Shiga-like toxin produced by some Aeromonas spp., isolated in Mexico City. Front Microbiol 7 : 1522[CrossRef].[PubMed]
149. Alperi A, Figueras MJ . 2010. Human isolates of Aeromonas possess Shiga toxin genes ( stx1 and stx2) highly similar to the most virulent gene variants of Escherichia coli . Clin Microbiol Infect 16 : 1563– 1567[CrossRef].[PubMed]
150. Lynch MJ, Swift S, Kirke DF, Keevil CW, Dodd CE, Williams P . 2002. The regulation of biofilm development by quorum sensing in Aeromonas hydrophila. Environ Microbiol 4 : 18– 28[CrossRef].[PubMed]
151. Rasmussen-Ivey CR, Figueras MJ, McGarey D, Liles MR . 2016. Virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila: in the wake of reclassification. Front Microbiol 7 : 1337[CrossRef].[PubMed]
152. Green ER, Mecsas J . 2016. Bacterial secretion systems: an overview. Microbiol Spectr 4 : VMBF-0012-2015.[PubMed]
153. Grim CJ, Kozlova EV, Ponnusamy D, Fitts EC, Sha J, Kirtley ML, van Lier CJ, Tiner BL, Erova TE, Joseph SJ, Read TD, Shak JR, Joseph SW, Singletary E, Felland T, Baze WB, Horneman AJ, Chopra AK . 2014. Functional genomic characterization of virulence factors from necrotizing fasciitis-causing strains of Aeromonas hydrophila. Appl Environ Microbiol 80 : 4162– 4183[CrossRef].[PubMed]
154. Vanden Bergh P, Heller M, Braga-Lagache S, Frey J . 2013. The Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida exoproteome: determination of the complete repertoire of type-three secretion system effectors and identification of other virulence factors. Proteome Sci 11 : 42[CrossRef].[PubMed]
155. Zhao YH, Shaw JG . 2016. Cross-talk between the Aeromonas hydrophila type III secretion system and lateral flagella system. Front Microbiol 7 : 1434[CrossRef].[PubMed]
156. Gallique M, Bouteiller M, Merieau A . 2017. The type VI secretion system: a dynamic system for bacterial communication? Front Microbiol 8 : 1454[CrossRef].[PubMed]
157. Ding T, Li T, Wang Z, Li J . 2017. Curcumin liposomes interfere with quorum sensing system of Aeromonas sobria and in silico analysis. Sci Rep 7 : 8612[CrossRef].[PubMed]
158. Merino S, Aguilar A, Rubires X, Abitiu N, Regué M, Tomás JM . 1997. The role of the capsular polysaccharide of Aeromonas hydrophila serogroup O:34 in the adherence to and invasion of fish cell lines. Res Microbiol 148 : 625– 631[CrossRef].[PubMed]
159. Wang Z, Larocque S, Vinogradov E, Brisson JR, Dacanay A, Greenwell M, Brown LL, Li J, Altman E . 2004. Structural studies of the capsular polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of Aeromonas salmonicida strain 80204-1 produced under in vitro and in vivo growth conditions. Eur J Biochem 271 : 4507– 4516[CrossRef].[PubMed]
160. Ebanks RO, Dacanay A, Goguen M, Pinto DM, Ross NW . 2004. Differential proteomic analysis of Aeromonas salmonicida outer membrane proteins in response to low iron and in vivo growth conditions. Proteomics 4 : 1074– 1085[CrossRef].[PubMed]
161. Cahill MM, Macrae IC . 1992. Characteristics of 0/129-sensitive motile Aeromonas strains isolated from freshwater on starch-ampicillin agar. Microb Ecol 24 : 215– 226[CrossRef].[PubMed]
162. Hickman-Brenner FW, MacDonald KL, Steigerwalt AG, Fanning GR, Brenner DJ, Farmer JJ III . 1987. Aeromonas veronii, a new ornithine decarboxylase-positive species that may cause diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 25 : 900– 906.[PubMed]
163. Lee LR, O'Hagan S, Dal Pra M . 1997. Aeromonas sobria endophthalmitis. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 25 : 299– 300[CrossRef].[PubMed]
164. Beaz-Hidalgo R, Martínez-Murcia A, Figueras MJ . 2013. Reclassification of Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. dhakensis Huys et al. 2002 and Aeromonas aquariorum Martínez-Murcia et al. 2008 as Aeromonas dhakensis sp. nov. comb nov. and emendation of the species Aeromonas hydrophila . Syst Appl Microbiol 36 : 171– 176. CORRIGENDUM Syst Appl Microbiol 37 : 543.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
165. Chou S-Y, Tsai C-C, Kau S-C, Kau H-C, Hsu W-M . 2004. Aeromonas hydrophila orbital cellulitis in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome. J Chin Med Assoc 67 : 51– 53.[PubMed]
166. Pinna A, Sechi LA, Zanetti S, Usai D, Carta F . 2004. Aeromonas caviae keratitis associated with contact lens wear. Ophthalmology 111 : 348– 351[CrossRef].[PubMed]
167. Bossi-Küpfer M, Genini A, Peduzzi R, Demarta A . 2007. Tracheobronchitis caused by Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria after near-drowning. J Med Microbiol 56 : 1563– 1564[CrossRef].[PubMed]
168. Khan MI, Walters G, Metcalfe T . 2007. Bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Aeromonas hydrophila. Eye (Lond) 21 : 1244– 1245[CrossRef].[PubMed]
169. Demarta A, Küpfer M, Riegel P, Harf-Monteil C, Tonolla M, Peduzzi R, Monera A, José Saavedra M, Martínez-Murcia A . 2008. Aeromonas tecta sp. nov., isolated from clinical and environmental sources. Syst Appl Microbiol 31 : 278– 286[CrossRef].[PubMed]
170. Miñana-Galbis D, Farfán M, Gaspar Lorén J, Carmen Fusté M . 2010. Proposal to assign Aeromonas diversa sp. nov. as a novel species designation for Aeromonas group 501. Syst Appl Microbiol 33 : 15– 19[CrossRef].[PubMed]
171. Aravena-Román M, Harnett GB, Riley TV, Inglis TJ, Chang BJ . 2011. Aeromonas aquariorum is widely distributed in clinical and environmental specimens and can be misidentified as Aeromonas hydrophila. J Clin Microbiol 49 : 3006– 3008[CrossRef].[PubMed]
172. Esteve C, Alcaide E, Blasco MD . 2012. Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. dhakensis isolated from feces, water and fish in Mediterranean Spain. Microbes Environ 27 : 367– 373 doi:JST.JSTAGE/jsme2/ME12009 [pii].
173. Puthucheary SD, Puah SM, Chua KH . 2012. Molecular characterization of clinical isolates of Aeromonas species from Malaysia. PLoS One 7 : e30205[CrossRef].[PubMed]
174. Wu CJ, Chen PL, Tang HJ, Chen HM, Tseng FC, Shih HI, Hung YP, Chung CH, Ko WC . 2014. Incidence of Aeromonas bacteremia in southern Taiwan: Vibrio and Salmonella bacteremia as comparators. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 47 : 145– 148[CrossRef].[PubMed]
175. Sedláček I, Krejčí E, Andělová A, Sedláčková M, Porazilová I, Holochová P . 2012. Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. dhakensis—a causative agent of gastroenteritis imported into the Czech Republic. Ann Agric Environ Med 19 : 409– 413.[PubMed]
176. Morinaga Y, Yanagihara K, Eugenin FL, Beaz-Hidalgo R, Kohno S, Figueras Salvat MJ . 2013. Identification error of Aeromonas aquariorum: a causative agent of septicemia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 76 : 106– 109[CrossRef].[PubMed]
177. Chen PL, Wu CJ, Chen CS, Tsai PJ, Tang HJ, Ko WC . 2014. A comparative study of clinical Aeromonas dhakensis and Aeromonas hydrophila isolates in southern Taiwan: A. dhakensis is more predominant and virulent. Clin Microbiol Infect 20 : O428– O434[CrossRef].[PubMed]
178. Figueras MJ, Latif-Eugenín F, Ballester F, Pujol I, Tena D, Berg K, Hossain MJ, Beaz-Hidalgo R, Liles MR . 2017. ‘Aeromonas intestinalis’ and ‘Aeromonas enterica’ isolated from human faeces, ‘Aeromonas crassostreae’ from oyster and ‘Aeromonas aquatilis’ isolated from lake water represent novel species. New Microbes New Infect 15 : 74– 76[CrossRef].[PubMed]
179. Shin G-W, You M-J, Cho H-S, Yi S-W, Lee C-S . 2013. Severe sepsis due to Aeromonas aquariorum in a patient with liver cirrhosis. Jpn J Infect Dis 66 : 519– 522[CrossRef].[PubMed]
180. Senderovich Y, Ken-Dror S, Vainblat I, Blau D, Izhaki I, Halpern M . 2012. A molecular study on the prevalence and virulence potential of Aeromonas spp. recovered from patients suffering from diarrhea in Israel. PLoS One 7 : e30070[CrossRef].[PubMed]