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Category: History of Science; General Interest
Preventing Plagues: Immunization, Page 1 of 2
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The year was 430 b.c., and Athens was being devastated by a plague. The Greek historian Thucydides wrote:
The infection first began, it is said, in parts of Ethiopia above Egypt and thence descended into Egypt and Libya and into most of the king’s country (i.e., Persia). Suddenly falling upon Athens, it first attacked the population in Piraeus … and afterwards appeared in the upper city, when the deaths became more frequent. Fear of gods or laws of men there was none to restrain them. As for the first, they judged it to be just the same whether they worshipped them or not, as they saw all alike perishing. As for the latter, no one expected to live to be brought to trial for his offenses … even the most staid and respectable citizens devoted themselves to nothing but gluttony, drunkenness and licentiousness.
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Immunization against measles. Courtesy CDC/Amanda Mills, 2011.
Immunization against measles. Courtesy CDC/Amanda Mills, 2011.
The immune system consists of tissues containing lymphocytes and lymphatic vessels that transport the cells from the lymphatic tissues and the antibodies secreted by lymphocytes returning them to the bloodstream via the lymphatic and the thoracic duct in the neck region. Lymphocytes are manufactured in bone marrow and multiply in the thymus, the spleen and the lymph nodes.
The immune system consists of tissues containing lymphocytes and lymphatic vessels that transport the cells from the lymphatic tissues and the antibodies secreted by lymphocytes returning them to the bloodstream via the lymphatic and the thoracic duct in the neck region. Lymphocytes are manufactured in bone marrow and multiply in the thymus, the spleen and the lymph nodes.
Neutrophil with blood platelet (arrow) Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #6645/Dr. F. Gilbert, 1972;
Neutrophil with blood platelet (arrow) Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #6645/Dr. F. Gilbert, 1972;
Eosinophil, basophil and lymphocyte Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #15133/Dr. Candler Ballard, 1974;
Eosinophil, basophil and lymphocyte Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #15133/Dr. Candler Ballard, 1974;
Monocyte. Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #12084/Dr. Mae Melvin, 1965.
Monocyte. Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #12084/Dr. Mae Melvin, 1965.
Detail from the 1812 painting “El Garratillo” (The Strangler), attributed to Francisco de Goya (1746-1828). The bearded man is attempting to remove the adherent membrane in the throat that is blocking the breathing of the child. Courtesy Wikimedia Commons.
Detail from the 1812 painting “El Garratillo” (The Strangler), attributed to Francisco de Goya (1746-1828). The bearded man is attempting to remove the adherent membrane in the throat that is blocking the breathing of the child. Courtesy Wikimedia Commons.
Digitally colored transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of H1N1 influenza virus particle. Surface proteins are shown in black. Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #18156/ NIAID, 2013.
Digitally colored transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of H1N1 influenza virus particle. Surface proteins are shown in black. Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #18156/ NIAID, 2013.
Child with 4 day rash of measles. Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #132/NIP/Barbara Rice.
Child with 4 day rash of measles. Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #132/NIP/Barbara Rice.
Measles virus as seen with the transmission electron microscope. Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #10707/C. Goldsmith/W. Bellini.
Measles virus as seen with the transmission electron microscope. Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #10707/C. Goldsmith/W. Bellini.
Mumps virus negatively stained and viewed by transmission electron microscope. Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #8578/F.A. Murphy, 1973.
Mumps virus negatively stained and viewed by transmission electron microscope. Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #8578/F.A. Murphy, 1973.
Child with mumps. Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #130, 1976.
Child with mumps. Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #130, 1976.
Transmission electron micrograph of chicken pox virus. Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #1878/Erskine Palmer, B. G. Partin, 1982.
Transmission electron micrograph of chicken pox virus. Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #1878/Erskine Palmer, B. G. Partin, 1982.
Child with chicken pox. Courtesy Wikipedia Commons, 1995.
Child with chicken pox. Courtesy Wikipedia Commons, 1995.
President Franklin Roosevelt confined to a wheelchair due to contracting polio in 1921 at age 39. By FDR Presidential Library & Museum photograph by Margaret Suckley - 73-113 61, CC BY 2.0.
President Franklin Roosevelt confined to a wheelchair due to contracting polio in 1921 at age 39. By FDR Presidential Library & Museum photograph by Margaret Suckley - 73-113 61, CC BY 2.0.
Polio virus as seen with the transmission electron microscope. Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #1875/Dr. Fred Murphy, Sylvia Whitfield, 1975.
Polio virus as seen with the transmission electron microscope. Courtesy CDC Public Health Image Library #1875/Dr. Fred Murphy, Sylvia Whitfield, 1975.
A 1957 March of Dimes poster for the polio vaccine campaign. Courtesy Wikipedia Commons.
A 1957 March of Dimes poster for the polio vaccine campaign. Courtesy Wikipedia Commons.