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EcoSal Plus

Domain 3:

Metabolism

Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor

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  • Authors: Axel Magalon1, and Ralf R. Mendel2
  • Editor: Tadhg P. Begley3
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Biologie Structurale et de Microbiologie, CNRS, 13402 Marseilles Cedex 20, France; 2: Department of Plant Biology, Technical University, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; 3: Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
  • Received 29 August 2007 Accepted 04 November 2007 Published 18 January 2008
  • Address correspondence to Axel Magalon [email protected].
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  • Abstract:

    The transition element molybdenum (Mo) is of primordial importance for biological systems as it is required by enzymes catalyzing key reactions in global carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism. In order to gain biological activity, Mo has to be complexed by a special cofactor. With the exception of bacterial nitrogenase, all Mo-dependent enzymes contain a unique pyranopterin-based cofactor coordinating a Mo atom at their catalytic site. Various types of reactions are catalyzed by Mo enzymes in prokaryotes, including oxygen atom transfer, sulfur or proton transfer, hydroxylation, or even nonredox ones. Mo enzymes are widespread in prokaryotes, and many of them were likely present in LUCA. To date, more than 50–mostly bacterial–Mo enzymes are described in nature. In a few eubacteria and in many archaea, Mo is replaced by tungsten bound to the same unique pyranopterin. How Moco is synthesized in bacteria is reviewed as well as the way until its insertion into apo-Mo-enzymes.

  • Citation: Magalon A, Mendel R. 2008. Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor, EcoSal Plus 2008; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.13

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Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor

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/content/journal/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.13
2008-01-18
2019-10-21

Abstract:

The transition element molybdenum (Mo) is of primordial importance for biological systems as it is required by enzymes catalyzing key reactions in global carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism. In order to gain biological activity, Mo has to be complexed by a special cofactor. With the exception of bacterial nitrogenase, all Mo-dependent enzymes contain a unique pyranopterin-based cofactor coordinating a Mo atom at their catalytic site. Various types of reactions are catalyzed by Mo enzymes in prokaryotes, including oxygen atom transfer, sulfur or proton transfer, hydroxylation, or even nonredox ones. Mo enzymes are widespread in prokaryotes, and many of them were likely present in LUCA. To date, more than 50–mostly bacterial–Mo enzymes are described in nature. In a few eubacteria and in many archaea, Mo is replaced by tungsten bound to the same unique pyranopterin. How Moco is synthesized in bacteria is reviewed as well as the way until its insertion into apo-Mo-enzymes.

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Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor
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Citation: Magalon A, Mendel R. 2008. Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor, EcoSal Plus 2008; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.13
/content/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.13.fig1
Figure 1

Shown are the known biosynthetic intermediates dividing the whole pathway in four steps. Ribbon representations of the crystal structures of the Moco biosynthetic proteins are shown: MoaA ( 32 ), MoaC ( 33 ), MoaD-MoaE complex ( 34 ), MoeB-MoaD complex ( 35 ), MogA ( 36 ), MoeA ( 37 ), MobA ( 38 , 39 ), and MobB ( 40 ). Individual figures were generated with PYMOL ( 41 ) using the deposited coordinates from the protein structure data base.

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Figure 1

Shown are the known biosynthetic intermediates dividing the whole pathway in four steps. Ribbon representations of the crystal structures of the Moco biosynthetic proteins are shown: MoaA ( 32 ), MoaC ( 33 ), MoaD-MoaE complex ( 34 ), MoeB-MoaD complex ( 35 ), MogA ( 36 ), MoeA ( 37 ), MobA ( 38 , 39 ), and MobB ( 40 ). Individual figures were generated with PYMOL ( 41 ) using the deposited coordinates from the protein structure data base.

Citation: Magalon A, Mendel R. 2008. Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor, EcoSal Plus 2008; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.13
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Figure 2

See the text for a detailed description of the reaction mechanism leading to the two-step conversion of cPMP to MPT.

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Figure 2

See the text for a detailed description of the reaction mechanism leading to the two-step conversion of cPMP to MPT.

Citation: Magalon A, Mendel R. 2008. Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor, EcoSal Plus 2008; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.13
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Figure 3

See the text for a description of the reaction mechanism leading to MPT adenylylation.

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Figure 3

See the text for a description of the reaction mechanism leading to MPT adenylylation.

Citation: Magalon A, Mendel R. 2008. Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor, EcoSal Plus 2008; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.13
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Figure 4

See the text for a description of the reaction mechanism leading to Mo addition and of the different postulated pathways for the nucleotide addition step leading to the Mo-bisMGD molecule.

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Figure 4

See the text for a description of the reaction mechanism leading to Mo addition and of the different postulated pathways for the nucleotide addition step leading to the Mo-bisMGD molecule.

Citation: Magalon A, Mendel R. 2008. Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor, EcoSal Plus 2008; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.13
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Figure 5

The arrows represent the interactions as detected by using bacterial two-hybrid methodology, TAP-Tag, or biochemical assays (see the text for details and references).

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Image of Figure 5
Figure 5

The arrows represent the interactions as detected by using bacterial two-hybrid methodology, TAP-Tag, or biochemical assays (see the text for details and references).

Citation: Magalon A, Mendel R. 2008. Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor, EcoSal Plus 2008; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.13
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Figure 6

Identity percentages are indicated by using proteins as a reference.

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Figure 6

Identity percentages are indicated by using proteins as a reference.

Citation: Magalon A, Mendel R. 2008. Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor, EcoSal Plus 2008; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.13
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Figure 7

(Left) The NarGHI complex is surface-represented (PDB ID code 1q16). The Moco-containing catalytic subunit NarG is shown in yellow, the electron-transfer subunit NarH is shown in orange, and the membrane-bound subunit NarI is shown in blue. (Right) Stick representation of the different metal centers.

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Figure 7

(Left) The NarGHI complex is surface-represented (PDB ID code 1q16). The Moco-containing catalytic subunit NarG is shown in yellow, the electron-transfer subunit NarH is shown in orange, and the membrane-bound subunit NarI is shown in blue. (Right) Stick representation of the different metal centers.

Citation: Magalon A, Mendel R. 2008. Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor, EcoSal Plus 2008; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.13
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Figure 8

NarG and NarH constitute the catalytic dimer, while NarI is the -type membrane anchor subunit of the complex. NarI maturation takes place in the inner membrane where the two -type and hemes are sequentially inserted. Concomitantly, the apoNarGH complex retained by the enzyme-specific chaperone NarJ in the cytoplasm is maturated. First, [Fe-S] clusters are inserted in the NarH subunit through the action of one of the [Fe-S] biosynthetic machineries. Second, both Moco and its proximal [Fe-S] cluster, FS0, are inserted in the catalytic subunit NarG in a NarJ-dependent manner. On complete maturation of the NarGH complex, NarJ dissociates, allowing membrane anchoring of the NarGH dimer. TorA constitutes the catalytic subunit of the TMAO reductase system and harbors a twin-arginine signal peptide at the N terminus. Early interaction of the enzyme-specific chaperone TorD on apoTorA facilitates Moco insertion. Subsequently, mature TorA is exported to the periplasm through the Tat translocase. TorC, a pentahemic membrane-bound cytochrome , constitutes the electron donor to TorA. Whatever the considered system, Moco insertion proceeds as the action of a multiprotein complex of Moco biosynthetic proteins and chaperones ( 46 , 72 ).

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Figure 8

NarG and NarH constitute the catalytic dimer, while NarI is the -type membrane anchor subunit of the complex. NarI maturation takes place in the inner membrane where the two -type and hemes are sequentially inserted. Concomitantly, the apoNarGH complex retained by the enzyme-specific chaperone NarJ in the cytoplasm is maturated. First, [Fe-S] clusters are inserted in the NarH subunit through the action of one of the [Fe-S] biosynthetic machineries. Second, both Moco and its proximal [Fe-S] cluster, FS0, are inserted in the catalytic subunit NarG in a NarJ-dependent manner. On complete maturation of the NarGH complex, NarJ dissociates, allowing membrane anchoring of the NarGH dimer. TorA constitutes the catalytic subunit of the TMAO reductase system and harbors a twin-arginine signal peptide at the N terminus. Early interaction of the enzyme-specific chaperone TorD on apoTorA facilitates Moco insertion. Subsequently, mature TorA is exported to the periplasm through the Tat translocase. TorC, a pentahemic membrane-bound cytochrome , constitutes the electron donor to TorA. Whatever the considered system, Moco insertion proceeds as the action of a multiprotein complex of Moco biosynthetic proteins and chaperones ( 46 , 72 ).

Citation: Magalon A, Mendel R. 2008. Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor, EcoSal Plus 2008; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.13
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Figure 9

(A) NarJ from (PDB ID code 2o9x). (B) TorD dimer from (PDB ID code 1n1c). (C) DmsD from serovar Typhimurium LT2 (PDB ID code 1s9u). (D) NapD from (PDB ID code 2jsx). (E) FdhE from (PDB ID code 2fiy). Individual figures were generated with PYMOL ( 41 ) by using the deposited coordinates from the protein structure database.

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Figure 9

(A) NarJ from (PDB ID code 2o9x). (B) TorD dimer from (PDB ID code 1n1c). (C) DmsD from serovar Typhimurium LT2 (PDB ID code 1s9u). (D) NapD from (PDB ID code 2jsx). (E) FdhE from (PDB ID code 2fiy). Individual figures were generated with PYMOL ( 41 ) by using the deposited coordinates from the protein structure database.

Citation: Magalon A, Mendel R. 2008. Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor, EcoSal Plus 2008; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.13
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Tables

Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor
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Citation: Magalon A, Mendel R. 2008. Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor, EcoSal Plus 2008; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.13
/content/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.13.T1
Table 1

Genetic and biochemical characteristics of the proteins involved in Moco biosynthesis in

Generic image for table
Table 1

Genetic and biochemical characteristics of the proteins involved in Moco biosynthesis in

Citation: Magalon A, Mendel R. 2008. Biosynthesis and Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor, EcoSal Plus 2008; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.13

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