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EcoSal Plus

Domain 5:

Responding to the Environment

Stationary-Phase Gene Regulation in  §

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.
  • Author: Regine Hengge1
  • Editor: James M. Slauch2
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: Institut für Biologie—Mikrobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.; 2: The Schoold of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
  • Received 12 May 2011 Accepted 30 August 2011 Published 16 December 2011
  • Address correspondence to Regine Hennge[email protected]
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  • Abstract:

    In their stressful natural environments, bacteria often are in stationary phase and use their limited resources for maintenance and stress survival. Underlying this activity is the general stress response, which in depends on the σ (RpoS) subunit of RNA polymerase. σ is closely related to the vegetative sigma factor σ (RpoD), and these two sigmas recognize similar but not identical promoter sequences. During the postexponential phase and entry into stationary phase, σ is induced by a fine-tuned combination of transcriptional, translational, and proteolytic control. In addition, regulatory "short-cuts" to high cellular σ levels, which mainly rely on the rapid inhibition of σ proteolysis, are triggered by sudden starvation for various nutrients and other stressful shift conditons. σ directly or indirectly activates more than 500 genes. Additional signal input is integrated by σ cooperating with various transcription factors in complex cascades and feedforward loops. Target gene products have stress-protective functions, redirect metabolism, affect cell envelope and cell shape, are involved in biofilm formation or pathogenesis, or can increased stationary phase and stress-induced mutagenesis. This review summarizes these diverse functions and the amazingly complex regulation of σ. At the molecular level, these processes are integrated with the partitioning of global transcription space by sigma factor competition for RNA polymerase core enzyme and signaling by nucleotide second messengers that include cAMP, (p)ppGpp, and c-di-GMP. Physiologically, σ is the key player in choosing between a lifestyle associated with postexponential growth based on nutrient scavenging and motility and a lifestyle focused on maintenance, strong stress resistance, and increased adhesiveness. Finally, research with other proteobacteria is beginning to reveal how evolution has further adapted function and regulation of σ to specific environmental niches.

  • Citation: Hengge R. 2011. Stationary-Phase Gene Regulation in  §, EcoSal Plus 2011; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.5.6.3

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