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Spread and Persistence of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Ride on the F Plasmid Conjugation Module

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  • Author: Günther Koraimann1
  • Editors: James M. Slauch2, Gregory Phillips3
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; 2: The School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; 3: College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
  • Received 30 January 2018 Accepted 30 April 2018 Published 17 July 2018
  • Address correspondence to Günther Koraimann, [email protected]
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  • Abstract:

    The F plasmid or F-factor is a large, 100-kbp, circular conjugative plasmid of and was originally described as a vector for horizontal gene transfer and gene recombination in the late 1940s. Since then, F and related F-like plasmids have served as role models for bacterial conjugation. At present, more than 200 different F-like plasmids with highly related DNA transfer genes, including those for the assembly of a type IV secretion apparatus, are completely sequenced. They belong to the phylogenetically related MOBA group. F-like plasmids are present in enterobacterial hosts isolated from clinical as well as environmental samples all over the world. As conjugative plasmids, F-like plasmids carry genetic modules enabling plasmid replication, stable maintenance, and DNA transfer. In this plasmid backbone of approximately 60 kbp, the DNA transfer genes occupy the largest and mostly conserved part. Subgroups of MOBA plasmids can be defined based on the similarity of TraJ, a protein required for DNA transfer gene expression. In addition, F-like plasmids harbor accessory cargo genes, frequently embedded within transposons and/or integrons, which harness their host bacteria with antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, causing increasingly severe problems for the treatment of infectious diseases. Here, I focus on key genetic elements and their encoded proteins present on the F-factor and other typical F-like plasmids belonging to the MOBA group of conjugative plasmids.

  • Citation: Koraimann G. 2018. Spread and Persistence of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Ride on the F Plasmid Conjugation Module, EcoSal Plus 2018; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0003-2018

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/content/journal/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0003-2018
2018-07-17
2021-04-23

Abstract:

The F plasmid or F-factor is a large, 100-kbp, circular conjugative plasmid of and was originally described as a vector for horizontal gene transfer and gene recombination in the late 1940s. Since then, F and related F-like plasmids have served as role models for bacterial conjugation. At present, more than 200 different F-like plasmids with highly related DNA transfer genes, including those for the assembly of a type IV secretion apparatus, are completely sequenced. They belong to the phylogenetically related MOBA group. F-like plasmids are present in enterobacterial hosts isolated from clinical as well as environmental samples all over the world. As conjugative plasmids, F-like plasmids carry genetic modules enabling plasmid replication, stable maintenance, and DNA transfer. In this plasmid backbone of approximately 60 kbp, the DNA transfer genes occupy the largest and mostly conserved part. Subgroups of MOBA plasmids can be defined based on the similarity of TraJ, a protein required for DNA transfer gene expression. In addition, F-like plasmids harbor accessory cargo genes, frequently embedded within transposons and/or integrons, which harness their host bacteria with antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, causing increasingly severe problems for the treatment of infectious diseases. Here, I focus on key genetic elements and their encoded proteins present on the F-factor and other typical F-like plasmids belonging to the MOBA group of conjugative plasmids.

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Spread and Persistence of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Ride on the F Plasmid Conjugation Module
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Citation: Koraimann G. 2018. Spread and Persistence of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Ride on the F Plasmid Conjugation Module, EcoSal Plus 2018; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0003-2018
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Figure 1
DNA backbone of F and F-like plasmids from the MOBA group is characterized by the presence of the indicated functional modules. Replication (turquoise): RepFIA, RepFIB, and RepFII (disrupted by Tn, also termed RepFIC). Partitioning (dark blue): genes encode a type I ATPase partitioning system. Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules (pink): Two type I (I) and two type II (II) TA systems are indicated. DNA transfer region: DNA transfer genes represent the largest (approximately 30 kbp) part of the backbone. For a detailed and complete representation of DNA transfer genes, see Fig. 2 . : origin of DNA transfer. Leading region (yellow): Genes with known functions for the establishment of the plasmid in a new host are indicated. Cargo genes: Three cargo genes with known or inferred virulence functions are shown (, , ). IS sequences and transposons are indicated. Note that is disrupted by an IS element. In all other MOBA plasmids known so far, has remained intact. This map was drawn according to the DNA sequence, accession number AP001918, with SnapGene software.
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Figure 1

DNA backbone of F and F-like plasmids from the MOBA group is characterized by the presence of the indicated functional modules. Replication (turquoise): RepFIA, RepFIB, and RepFII (disrupted by Tn, also termed RepFIC). Partitioning (dark blue): genes encode a type I ATPase partitioning system. Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules (pink): Two type I (I) and two type II (II) TA systems are indicated. DNA transfer region: DNA transfer genes represent the largest (approximately 30 kbp) part of the backbone. For a detailed and complete representation of DNA transfer genes, see Fig. 2 . : origin of DNA transfer. Leading region (yellow): Genes with known functions for the establishment of the plasmid in a new host are indicated. Cargo genes: Three cargo genes with known or inferred virulence functions are shown (, , ). IS sequences and transposons are indicated. Note that is disrupted by an IS element. In all other MOBA plasmids known so far, has remained intact. This map was drawn according to the DNA sequence, accession number AP001918, with SnapGene software.

Citation: Koraimann G. 2018. Spread and Persistence of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Ride on the F Plasmid Conjugation Module, EcoSal Plus 2018; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0003-2018
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Figure 2
(A) DNA transfer genes and important sequence elements encoded by the F plasmid are shown. genes are indicated by capital letters, whereas genes are indicated by small initial letters. Genes encoding relaxosomal components and those involved in transfer gene regulation are colored blue or red, respectively. (B) Conserved T4S genes that are present in the prototypical P-type T4SS () are indicated at the positions corresponding to the F-type T4S genes. (C) F-pilus assembly genes that are characteristic for MOBA plasmids are shown. Except for (), they are not present in P-type T4SS. (D) Genes encoding mating pair stabilization and surface/entry exclusion are shown. as well as (a TA system) have also been shown to encode virulence factors.
ecosalplus/8/1/ESP-0003-2018_fig_002_thmb.gif
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Figure 2

(A) DNA transfer genes and important sequence elements encoded by the F plasmid are shown. genes are indicated by capital letters, whereas genes are indicated by small initial letters. Genes encoding relaxosomal components and those involved in transfer gene regulation are colored blue or red, respectively. (B) Conserved T4S genes that are present in the prototypical P-type T4SS () are indicated at the positions corresponding to the F-type T4S genes. (C) F-pilus assembly genes that are characteristic for MOBA plasmids are shown. Except for (), they are not present in P-type T4SS. (D) Genes encoding mating pair stabilization and surface/entry exclusion are shown. as well as (a TA system) have also been shown to encode virulence factors.

Citation: Koraimann G. 2018. Spread and Persistence of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Ride on the F Plasmid Conjugation Module, EcoSal Plus 2018; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0003-2018
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Figure 3
In both cases, this resistance gene region is dominated by the composite transposon Tn that is flanked by IS elements carrying a gene. Contained within this transposon are mercury resistance genes as well as a class I integron. The basic structure shown is from plasmid R100. R1 does not contain IS in the integron, but additionally has a Tn inserted in the gene. Thus, this region encodes resistance to chloramphenicol (), sulfonamides (), streptomycin () in both plasmids, and in R1 additionally to ampicillin (TEM-1).
ecosalplus/8/1/ESP-0003-2018_fig_003_thmb.gif
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Figure 3

In both cases, this resistance gene region is dominated by the composite transposon Tn that is flanked by IS elements carrying a gene. Contained within this transposon are mercury resistance genes as well as a class I integron. The basic structure shown is from plasmid R100. R1 does not contain IS in the integron, but additionally has a Tn inserted in the gene. Thus, this region encodes resistance to chloramphenicol (), sulfonamides (), streptomycin () in both plasmids, and in R1 additionally to ampicillin (TEM-1).

Citation: Koraimann G. 2018. Spread and Persistence of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Ride on the F Plasmid Conjugation Module, EcoSal Plus 2018; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0003-2018
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Figure 4
The overall structure, shape, and dimensions are drawn according to a published P-type T4S structure ( 152 ). Protein components as determined for the P-type T4SS are indicated and labeled according to the VirB protein nomenclature. Positions of the indicated F-type T4S proteins are inferred from sequence similarity and experimental data (see text). The attached F-pilus is drawn according to a recently published high-resolution cryo-EM structure ( 160 ). The F-pilus has a diameter of 8.7 nm and an inner lumen of 2.8 nm. For each pilin, there is a phosphatidylglycerol (PG) molecule in the polymeric pilus filament. Whereas the pilus could be assembled and disassembled through the periplasm as indicated by two black arrows, TraI and the covalently attached ssDNA are transported via the coupling protein, TraD (pink arrow). OMC: outer membrane complex; IMC: inner membrane complex.
ecosalplus/8/1/ESP-0003-2018_fig_004_thmb.gif
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Figure 4

The overall structure, shape, and dimensions are drawn according to a published P-type T4S structure ( 152 ). Protein components as determined for the P-type T4SS are indicated and labeled according to the VirB protein nomenclature. Positions of the indicated F-type T4S proteins are inferred from sequence similarity and experimental data (see text). The attached F-pilus is drawn according to a recently published high-resolution cryo-EM structure ( 160 ). The F-pilus has a diameter of 8.7 nm and an inner lumen of 2.8 nm. For each pilin, there is a phosphatidylglycerol (PG) molecule in the polymeric pilus filament. Whereas the pilus could be assembled and disassembled through the periplasm as indicated by two black arrows, TraI and the covalently attached ssDNA are transported via the coupling protein, TraD (pink arrow). OMC: outer membrane complex; IMC: inner membrane complex.

Citation: Koraimann G. 2018. Spread and Persistence of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Ride on the F Plasmid Conjugation Module, EcoSal Plus 2018; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0003-2018
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Tables

Spread and Persistence of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Ride on the F Plasmid Conjugation Module
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0003-2018-1,webId=/content/author/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0003-2018-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Günther, foaf_name=Günther Koraimann, foaf_surname=Koraimann, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0003-2018-aff1]]}]]
Citation: Koraimann G. 2018. Spread and Persistence of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Ride on the F Plasmid Conjugation Module, EcoSal Plus 2018; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0003-2018
/content/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0003-2018.T1
Table 1
TraJ amino acid sequence diversity defines subgroups in the MOBA family of F-like plasmids
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Table 1

TraJ amino acid sequence diversity defines subgroups in the MOBA family of F-like plasmids

Citation: Koraimann G. 2018. Spread and Persistence of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Ride on the F Plasmid Conjugation Module, EcoSal Plus 2018; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0003-2018
/content/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0003-2018.T2
Table 2
List of DNA transfer genes and their functions encoded on F and F-like plasmids from the MOBA group
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Table 2

List of DNA transfer genes and their functions encoded on F and F-like plasmids from the MOBA group

Citation: Koraimann G. 2018. Spread and Persistence of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Ride on the F Plasmid Conjugation Module, EcoSal Plus 2018; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0003-2018

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