1887
No metrics data to plot.
The attempt to load metrics for this article has failed.
The attempt to plot a graph for these metrics has failed.

EcoSal Plus

Domain 1:

Historical Perspectives

Escherich and

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.
  • XML
    239.26 Kb
  • PDF
    1.65 MB
  • HTML
    277.23 Kb
  • Author: Herbert C. Friedmann1
  • Editor: James Kaper2
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637; 2: University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
  • Received 06 November 2013 Accepted 21 January 2014 Published 09 May 2014
  • Address correspondence to James Kaper, [email protected]

  • [open-access] The authors have paid a fee to allow immediate free access to this article.
image of Escherich and <span class="jp-italic">Escherichia</span>
    Preview this reference work article:
    Preview Magnify
    Zoom in
    Zoomout

    Escherich and , Page 1 of 2

    | /docserver/preview/fulltext/ecosalplus/6/1/ESP-0025-2013-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/ecosalplus/6/1/ESP-0025-2013-2.gif

  • Abstract:

    The purpose of this essay is threefold: to give an outline of the life and the various achievements of Theodor Escherich, to provide a background to his discovery of what he called (now ), and to indicate the enormous impact of studies with this organism, long before it became the cornerstone of research in bacteriology and in molecular biology.

  • Citation: Friedmann H. 2014. Escherich and , EcoSal Plus 2014; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013

References

1. Carlyle T. 1843. Past and Present, Chap. 14. Chapman and Hall, London.
2. Downie JA, Young JPW. 2001. The ABC of symbiosis. Nature 412:597–598.
3. van Niel CB. 1946. The classification and natural relationships of bacteria, p 285–301. In Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Heredity and Variation in Microorganisms, vol 11. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
4. Schick B. 1957. Pediatric profiles: Pediatrics in Vienna at the beginning of the century. J Pediatr 50:114–124.
5. Bibel DB. 2001. Microbial Musings. Star Publishing Co., Belmont, CA.
6. Watson JD, Hopkins NH, Roberts JW, Steitz JA, Weiner AM. 1987. Molecular Biology of the Gene, 4th ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., Menlo Park, CA.
7. Waller J. 2002. The Discovery of the Germ: Twenty Years that Transformed the Way We Think About Disease. Columbia University Press, New York.
8. Berg HC. 2004. E. coli in Motion. Springer-Verlag, New York.
9. Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Parker J. 2003. Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 10th ed. Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
10. Bentivoglio M, Pacini P. 1995. Filippo Pacini: A determined observer. Brain Res Bull 38:161–165. [PubMed]
11. Vinten-Johansen P, Brody H, Paneth N, Rachman S, Rip M, Zuck D. 2003. Cholera, Chloroform and the Science of Medicine, A Life of John Snow, p 228, 316. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
12. Coleman W. 1987. Koch’s comma bacillus: the first year. Bull Hist Med 3:315–342. [PubMed]
13. Escherich T. 1886. Die Darmbakterien des Säuglings und ihre Beziehungen zur Physiologie der Verdauung. Verlag von Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart.
14. Levinson A. 1936. Pioneers of Pediatrics. Froben Press, New York.
15. Widerhofer H. 1880. Die Krankheiten des Magens und Darmes, p 341–664. In Gerhardt C (ed) Handbuch der Kinderkrankheiten, Die Krankheiten der Verdauungsorgane, vol 4, Part 2. Verlag der H. Lauppschen Buchhandlung, Tübingen.
16. Meigs CD. 1850. Observations on Certain of the Diseases of Young Children. Lea and Blanchard, Philadelphia.
17. Meigs JF, Pepper W. 1877. A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Children. Lindsay and Blakiston, Philadelphia.
18. Czerny A. 1939. Die Pädiatrie meiner Zeit. J. Springer, Berlin.
19. Gronowicz A. 1954. Béla Schick and the World of Children, p 50–52, 56. Abelard-Schuman, New York.
20. Rush B. 1789. Medical Inquiries and Observations. Prichard and Hall, Philadelphia.
21. von Pirquet C. 1911. Theodor Escherich. Zeitschrift für Kinderkrankheiten 1:423–441.
22. Holmes FL. 1986. Intermediary metabolism in the early twentieth century, p 59–78. In Bechtel WH (ed) Integrating Scientific Disciplines. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht.
23. Bettelheim KA. 1986. Commemoration of the publication 100 years ago of the papers by Dr. Th. Escherich in which are described for the first time the organisms that bear his name. Zeitschrift für Bakteriologie und Hygiene A 261:255–265. [PubMed]
24. Anonymous. 1984. Bacteria. Science 3:362–364.
25. Anonymous. 30 August 1984. The international medical congress. The Athenæum No. 2966, 279–282.
26. Anonymous. 1984. Bacteriology. Nature 31:49–50.
27. Sternberg GM. 1884. Bacteria, 2nd ed. William Wood and Company, New York.
28. Macé E. 1889. Traité Pratique de Bactériologie. Librairie J.-B. Baillière et Fils, Paris.
29. Günther CO. 1890. Einführung in das Studium der Bakteriologie, mit besonderer Berichtigung der mikroskopischen Technik. Thieme, Leipzig.
30. Bulloch W. 1938. The History of Bacteriology. Constable and Company, Ltd., London.
31. Oberbauer B. 1992. Theodor Escherich—Leben und Werk (Theodor Escherich—Life and Work). Reprinted (ISBN 3–923599–66–8) from Fortschritte der antimikrobiellen und antineoplastischen Chemotherapie 11–3, 299–376 in book form under the auspices of the Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e.V., with an index and preface (pp. I–XII) and appendix (pp. XIII–XYII) by Futuramed Verlag, München.
32. Escherich T. 1882. Die marantische Sinusthrombose bei Cholera infantum. B. G. Teubner-Verlag, Leipzig. (Cf. Jahrbuch für Kinderheilkunde und physische Erziehung, Neue Folge 19:261–274.)
33. von Pfaundler M. 1911. Theodor Escherich. Münch med Wchnschr 58:521–523.
34. Escherich T. 1894. Ätiologie und Pathogenese der epidemischen Diphtherie. A. Hölder, Wien.
35. Escherich T. 1909. Die Tetanie der Kinder. A. Hölder, Wien.
36. Marquardt M. 1951. Paul Ehrlich. Henry Schuman, Inc., New York.
37. Escherich T. 1902. Dem Andenken Karl Gerhardts. Wien klin Wchnschr 37:Separata: 1–6.
38. Kundratitz K. 1961. Professor Dr. Theodor Escherichs Leben und Wirken. Wiener Med Wochenschrift 73:722–725.
39. Frobenius W. 1888. Wie ich Missionsarzt wurde. Berichte der Rhein. Miss. Gesellsch. No. 9, 280. (Available from Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen.)
40. Emmerich R. 1885. Untersuchungen über die Pilze der Cholera asiatica. Archiv für Hygiene 3:291–360.
41. Escherich T. 1884. Klinisch-therapeutische Beobachtungen aus der Cholera-Epidemie in Neapel. Ærztliches Intelligenzblatt, Münch med Wchnschr 31:561–564.
42. Möllers B. 1950. Robert Koch, Persönlichkeit und Lebenswerk, 1843–1910. Schmorl & von Seefeld Nachf., Hannover.
43. Snowden FM. 1995. Naples in the Time of Cholera, 1884–1911. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
44. Flügge C. 1886. Die Mikroorganismen. Mit besondererBerücksichtigung der Aetiologie der Infectionskrankheiten, zweite völlig umgearbeitete Auflage der ‘Fermente und Mikroparasiten’. Verlag von F. C. W. Vogel, Leipzig.
45. Locher WG. 2001. Max von Pettenkofer—life stations of a genius on the 100th anniversary of his death (February 9, 1901). Int J Hyg Environ Health 203:379–391.
46. Köhler W, Mochmann H. 1968. Grundriß der Medizinischen Mikrobiologie. Veb Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena.
47. Brock TD. 1988. Robert Koch, A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology. Science Tech Publishers, Madison; Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
48. Hume EE. 1925. Max von Pettenkofer’s theory of the etiology of cholera, typhoid fever and other intestinal diseases. Ann Med Hist 7:319–353.
49. Schlegel HG. 1999. Geschichte der Mikrobiologie. Acta Historica Leopoldina 28:1–280. Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, Halle (Saale).
50. Sperk B. 1905. Über Einrichtung und Funktion der ersten Schutzstelle des Vereins Säuglingsschutz in Wien. Wien klin Wchnschr 18:1179–1184.
51. Escherich T. 1895. Diphtherie, Croup, Serumtherapie, nach Beobachtungen an der Universitätskinderklinik in Graz. K. Prochaska, Wien.
52. Peiper A. 1951. Chronik der Kinderheilkunde. Thieme Verlag, Leipzig.
53. Reichspost Wien. 16 February 1911. Hofrat Professor Dr. Theodor Escherich gestorben.
54. Escherich T, Klemensiewicz R. 1893. Über einen Schutzkörper im Blute der von Diphtherie geheilten Menschen. Centralblatt f Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde 13:153–161.
55. von Pirquet C. 1909. The relation of tuberculosis to infant mortality. NY Med J 90:1045–1046.
56. Breathnach CS. 1985. Biographical sketches—57: Escherich. Irish Med J 78:298. [PubMed]
57. Silverstein AM. 2000. Historical insight; Clemens Freiherr von Pirquet: Explaining immune complex disease in 1906. Nat Immunol 1:453–455. [PubMed][CrossRef]
58. de Rudder B. 1957. Zu Theodor Escherichs 100. Geburtstag. Deutsch Med Wochenschr 82:1620–1621.
59. Weber E. 1990. Theodor Escherich and Child-Care in Vienna, part II of Brief History of the Family of Sonya Escherich-Eisenmener-Weber, copyright 1990, Ernst Weber.
60. Hamburger F. 1911. Theodor Escherich. Wien klin Wchnschr 24:263–266.
61. Rogers HJ (ed). 1905. Congress of Arts and Science, Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904, vol 1. Houghton, Mifflin and Company, Boston.
62. Escherich T. 1905. The foundations and aims of modern pediatrics. Am Mes 9:55–62.
63. Escherich T. 1904. Die Grundlage und Ziele der modernen Kinderheilkunde. Wien klin Wchnschr 17:1025–1027.
64. Escherich T. 1905. Die Grundlagen und Ziele der modernen Pädiatrie. Jahrbuch für Kinderheilkunde 61:241–268.
65. Escherich T. 1908. The foundations and aims of modern pediatrics, p 477–497. In Rogers HJ (ed) Congress of Arts and Science, Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904, vol XII, Medicine, Technology. University Alliance, London.
66. Hellbrügge T. 1979. Escherich’s 1904 St. Louis lecture: foundation and objectives of modern pediatrics at the turn of the century. Dokumenta Pediatrica, Kinderarzt 4:Separata: 1–112.
67. Escherich T. 1905. Pädiatrische Reiseeindrücke in Amerika (Pediatric impressions of an American Journey). Wien med Wchnschr 55:2101–2109.
68. Escherich T. 1905. Pädiatrische Reiseeindrücke in Amerika. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für innere Medizin und Kinderheilkunde in Wien 4 (Addendum VI) :1–12.
69. Dolman CE. 1971. Escherich, Theodor, p 403–406. In Gillispie CC (ed in chief) Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol 4. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York.
70. Lesky E. 1981. Meilensteine der Wiener Medizin; Große Ärzte Österreichs in drei Jahrhunderten, p 194, 198. Verlag Wilhelm Maudrich, Vienna.
71. Pickering LK, Cleary TG. 2004. Approach to patients with gastrointestinal tract infections and food poisoning, p 610–645. In Feigin RD, Cherry JD, Demmler GJ, Kaplan SL (ed) Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 5th ed, vol 1. Saunders/Elsevier, Philadelphia.
72. Pickering LK, Evans DJ, Jr, Muñoz O, DuPont HL, Coello-Ramirez P, Vollet JJ, Conklin RH, Olarte J, Kohl S. 1978. Prospective evaluation of enteropathogens in children with diarrhea in Houston and Mexico. J Pediatr 93:383–388. [PubMed]
73. Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Long SS, McMillan JA (ed). 2006. Escherichia coli diarrhea (including hemolytic-uremic syndrome), p 291–296. In Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 27th ed. Am. Acad. Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL.
74. Cohen MB, Gianella RA. 1991. In Phillips SF, Pemberton JH, Shorter RG (ed) The Large Intestine: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Disease. Raven Press, New York.
75. Donnenberg MS (ed). 2002. Escherichia coli: Virulence Mechanisms of a Versatile Pathogen. Academic Press, San Diego.
76. Dobrindt U, Agerer F, Michaelis K, Janka A, Buchrieser C, Samuelson M, Svanborg C, Gottschalk G, Karch H, Hacker J. 2003. Analysis of genome plasticity in pathogenic and commensal Escherichia coli isolates by use of DNA arrays. J Bacteriol 185:1831–1840. [PubMed]
77. Krauss H, Weber A, Appel M, Enders B, Isenberg HD, Schiefer HG, Slenczka W, von Graevenitz A, Zahner H. 2003. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections, p 196–200, 412. In Zoonoses, Infectious Diseases Transmissible from Animals to Humans, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
78. Smith H, Willshaw G, Cheasty T. 2004. E. coli as a cause of outbreaks of diarrhoeal disease in the UK. Microbiol Today 31:117–118.
79. Alouf JE, Popoff MR (ed). 2006. The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins, 3rd ed. Elsevier/Academic Press, Amsterdam.
80. Baylis CL, Penn CW, Thielman NM, Guerrant RL, Jenkins C, Gillespie SH. 2006. Escherichia coli and Shigella spp., p 347–365. In Gillespie SH, Hawkey PM (ed) Principles and Practice of Clinical Bacteriology, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, UK.
81. Lan R, Reeves PR. 2006. Evolution of enteric pathogens, p 273–299. In Seifert HS, DiRita VJ (ed) Evolution of Microbial Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
82. Müller-Hill B. 1986. Hundert Jahre Escherichia coli. Naturwissenschaften 73:707–708.
83. Koneman EW, Allen SD, Janda WM, Schreckenberger PC, Winn WC. 1997. Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 5th ed. Lippincott, Philadelphia.
84. Joneja JMV. 2004. Digestion, Diet, and Disease; Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Gastrointestinal Function. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.
85. Shulman ST, Friedmann HC, Sims RH. 2007. Theodor Escherich: the first bona fide pediatric infectious diseases physician? Clin Infect Dis 45:1025–1029.
86. Finkelstein H. 1911. Theodor Escherich. Deutsche med Wchnschr 37:604–605.
87. Holmes B, Aucken HM. 1998. Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella. Serratia and other members of the Enterobacteriaceae, p 1007. In Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M (ed) Topley & Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed, vol 2, Balows A, Duerden BI (volume ed) Systematic Bacteriology. Arnold, London; Oxford University Press, Inc., New York.
88. Escherich T, Pfaundler M. 1903. Bacterium coli commune, p 334–474. In Kolle W, Wassermann A (ed) Handbuch der pathogenen Mikroorganismen, vol 2. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena.
89. Neuburger M. 1935. Zur Geschichte der Wiener Kinderheilkunde. Wien med Wchnschr 85:197–203.
90. Schönbauer L. 1947. Kinderheilkunde, p 356–359. In Das medizinische Wien; Geschichte, Werden, Würdigung. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Wien.
91. Rosenthal R. 1943. The history of pediatrics in Vienna. Med Rec 156:746–751. (Translation of Neuburger, 1935.)
92. Escherich T. 1888. Ueber die Saugbewegung beim Neugeborenen. Münch med Wchnschr 35:687–689.
93. Schachter M. 1972. Contribution à l’étude du réflexe buccal (Escherich) en neuropsychiatrie infanto-juvénile. Schweizeriche Rundschau für Medizin Praxis; Revue Suisse de medicine Praxis 61:1524–1529.
94. Shelley WB, Crissey JT. 2003. Classics in Clinical Dermatology, with Biographical Sketches; 50th Anniversary Second Edition. The Parthenon Publishing Group, Boca Raton, FL.
95. Escherich T. 1904. Demonstration zweier Fälle von Erythema contagiosum. Wien klin Wchnschr 17:631–632.
96. Lesky E. 1976. The Vienna Medical School of the 19th Century, p 268, 283, 324, 333. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
97. Fischer I. 1962. Escherich, Theodor. In Biographisches Lexikon der hervorragenden Ärzte der letzten fünfzig Jahre, 2nd and 3rd ed, vol 1, p 375. Verlag von Urban & Schwarzenberg, München.
98. Sackmann W. 1985. Biographische und bibliographische Materialien zur Geschichte der Mikrobiologie (Marburger Schriften zur Medizingeschichte, 16), p 111–114. Verlag Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, Bern, New York.
99. Anonymous. 1911. Death of Professor Escherich. The Lancet 1:626.
100. Wagner R. 1968. Clemens von Pirquet, His Life and Work. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.
101. Enersen OD. 2003. www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1436.html.
102. Spitzy KH, Georgopoulos A. 1986. Klinische Mikrobiologie und Chemotherapie im Sinne Escherichs. Wiener medizinisches Wochenblatt 7:155–157.
103. Anonymous. 1911. Theodor Escherich MD. Boston Med Surg J 164:474–475.
104. Anonymous. 25 February 1911. Obituary. Br Med J 1:472.
105. Moll L. 1911. Nachruf Hofrat Prof. Th. Escherich. Z Kinderschutz Jugendfürsorge 3:521–523.
106. Neurath R. 1911. Nachruf Theodor Escherich. NY Med J 93:536.
107. Zappert J. 1911. Hofrat Prof. Theodor Escherich. Wien med Wchnschr 61:497–500.
108. Rupke NA. 2005. Alexander von Humboldt, A Metabiography. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main.
109. Kundratitz K. 1958. Zu Prof. Dr. Theodor Escherichs 100. Geburtstag. Zeitschrift für Kinderheilkunde 3:1–10.
110. Katner W. 1959. Escherich, Theodor, p 649–650. In Neue deutsche Biographie, vol 4. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin.
111. James T. 1973. The story of enteropathic Escherichia coli. S Afr Med J 47:1476–1480. [PubMed]
112. Sussman M. 1985. Theodor Escherich (1857–1911): A biographical note, p 1–4. In Sussman M (ed) The Virulence of Escherichia coli, Reviews and Methods. Academic Press, London. (Published for the Society for General Microbiology).
113. Hobom B. 1986. Vom Darmbacterium zur Synthesefabrik. Fortschritte der Medizin 104:64–65.
114. Lorenz H. 1986. Theodor Escherich—Pädiater und Bakteriologe; Eine Betrachtung zum 100. Jahrestag der Entdeckung von Bacterium coli commune. Zeitschrift für die gesammte Hygiene und ihre Grenzgebiete 32:630–631. [PubMed]
115. Seeliger HPR. 1987. Vor 100 Jahren: Entdeckung von Escherichia coli ( Bacterium coli commune). Immunität und Infektion 15:83–84.
116. Irrgang K, Sonneborn U. 1988. Theodor Escherich—his life and work, p 6–8. In The Historical Development of Mutaflor Therapy. Ardeypharm GmbH, Herdecke.
117. Marquardt M. 1951. Paul Ehrlich. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
118. Bourdelais P. 2006. Epidemics Laid Low: A History of What Happened in Rich Countries. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. (Translation by B. K. Holland of P. Bourdelais (2003), Les épidémies terrassées: une histoire de pays riches. Éditions de La Martinère, Paris.)
119. Beck RE. 2000. A Chronology of Microbiology in Historical Context. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
120. Escherich T. 1885. Die Darmbakterien des Neugeborenen und Säuglings. Fortschritte der Medicin 3:515–522; 547–554.
121. Escherich T. 1885. Ueber die Bakterien des Milchkothes. Ærztliches Intelligenzblatt, Münch med Wchnschr 32:243.
122. Escherich T. 1887. Über Darmbacterien im Allgemeinen und diejenigen der Säuglinge im Besonderen, sowie die Beziehungen der letzteren zur Aetiologie der Darmerkrankungen. Centralblatt f Bacteriologie und Parasitenkunde 1:705–713.
123. Wiskott A. 1966. In memoriam Meinhard von Pfaundler. Zeitschrift für Kinderheilkunde 96:97–105.
124. Escherich T. 1988, 1989. (Translations): The intestinal bacteria of the neonate and breast-fed infant. Rev Infect Dis 10:1220–1225; 11:352–356. [PubMed]
125. Moro E. 1900. Ueber den Bacillus acidophilus n. spec.; Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der normalen Darmbacterien des Säuglings. Jahrbuch für Kinderheilkunde 52:38–55.
126. Uffelmann J. 1881. Untersuchungen über das mikroskopische und chemische Verhalten der Fäces natürlich ernährter Säuglinge und über die Verdauung der einzelnen Nahrungsbestandtheile Seitens derselben. Deutsches Archiv für klinische Medicin 28:437–475.
127. Hooke R. 1719. Contemplationes Antonii de Leeuwenhoek. Opera omnia sive Arcana naturae detecta ope exactissimorum microscopiorum. Tom. I, 11719. Epistola ad regiae Societatis Collegium Londinense Robertum Hooke.
128. Dobell C. 1920. The discovery of the intestinal protozoa of man. Proc R Soc Med 13(Suppl.) :1–15. [PubMed]
129. Dobell C. 1932. Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his ‘Little Animals’, Being an Account of the Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology and his Multifarious Discoveries in These Disciplines. Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York.
130. Beijerinck MW. 1913. De Infusies en de Ontdekking der Bacteriën. Jaarb Kon Akad Wetensch Amsterdam 1–28 (separate).
131. Brieger L. 1883–1884. Ueber Spaltungsprodukte der Bakterien. Z Physiol Chem 8:306–312.
132. Brieger L. 1885. Ueber Spaltungsprodukte der Bakterien. Z Physiol Chem 9:1–7.
133. Brieger L. 1885. Weitere Untersuchungen über Ptomaine. A. Hirschwald, Berlin.
134. Rietschel H, Hummel H. 1927. Über die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Bakterienflora und den Verdauungsvorgängen beim Säugling, p 1101–1026. In Bethe A, Bergmann GV, Embden G, Ellinger A (ed) Handbuch der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie (Verdauung und Verdauungsapparat), vol 3. Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin.
135. Ballabriga A. 1991. One century of pediatrics in Europe. In Nichols BL, Jr, Ballabriga A, Kretschmer AN (ed) History of Pediatrics, 1850–1950. Raven Press, New York.
136. Barth JA. 1984. Endotoxine in der Gastroenterologie—Ein Medizinhistorischer Abriß. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten 44:109–117.
137. von Müller F. 1898. Autointioxicationen intestinalen Ursprungs. Erstes Referat. Verhandlungen des Congresses für innere Medizin 16:149–175.
138. Knoke M. 1984. Endotoxine in der Gastroenterologie—Ein medizinischer Abriß. Deutsch Zeitschr f Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten 44:109–117.
139. Gordon MH. 1897. Bacillus coli communis: Some of its varieties and allies; their relation to the typhoid bacillus. J Pathol Bact 4:438–451.
140. Strasburger J. 1902. Untersuchungen über die Bakterienmenge in menschlichen Fäces. Zeitschrift für klinische Medizin 46:413–444.
141. von Freudenreich E. 1895. Ueber den Nachweis des Bacillus coli communis im Wasser und dessen Bedeutung. Centralblatt f Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten Erste Abt 18:102–105.
142. von Freudenreich E. 1896. Beitrag zur bakteriologischen Untersuchung des Wassers auf Colibakterien. Centralblatt f Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten Erste Abt 20:522–527.
143. Rastall B, Gibson G. 2004. E. coli as a probiotic. Microbiol Today 31:119.
144. Finegold SM, Attebery HR, Sutter VL. 1974. Effect of diet on human fecal flora: Comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am J Clin Nutr 27:1456–1469. [PubMed]
145. Finegold SM, Sutter VI. 1978. Fecal flora in different populations, with special reference to diet. Am J Clin Nutr 31:S116–S122. [PubMed]
146. Onderdonk AB. 1999. The intestinal microflora and intra-abdominal sepsis. In Tannock GW (ed) Medical Importance of the Normal Microflora. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
147. Moore WE, Holdeman LV. 1974. Human fecal flora: The normal flora of 20 Japanese-Hawaiians. Appl Microbiol 27:961–979. [PubMed]
148. Poulsen LK, Licht TR, Rang C, Krogfelt KA, Molin S. 1995. Physiological state of E. coli BJ4 growing in large intestines of streptomycin-treated mice. J Bacteriol 177:5840–5845. [PubMed]
149. Harmsen HJM, Welling GW. 2002. Fluorescence in situ hybridization as a tool in intestinal bacteriology, Chap 2, p 41–58. In Tannock GW (ed) Probiotics and Prebiotics, Where Are We Going? Caister Academic Press, Wymondham, Norfolk.
150. Tannock GW. 2001. Molecular assessment of intestinal microflora. Am J Clin Nutr 73(Suppl.) :410S-414S. [PubMed]
151. Jacob L. 1909. Über Allgemeininfektion durch Bacterium coli commune. Deutsch Arch Klin Med 97:303–347.
152. Clifton CE. 1950. Introduction to the Bacteria. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.
153. Clifton CE. 1958. Introduction to the Bacteria, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.
154. Hartley CL, Clements HM, Linton KB. 1977. Escherichia coli in the faecal flora of man. J Appl Bacteriol 43:261–269. [PubMed]
155. Moore WEC, Moore LH. 1995. Intestinal floras of populations that have a high risk of colon cancer. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:3202–3207. [PubMed]
156. Gerhardt NB, Iglewski WJ. 1976. Alterations in the fecal flora of an individual frequently lacking coliforms. J Infect Dis 134:490–494. [PubMed]
157. Higgins JA, Fayer R, Trout JM, Xiao L, Lal AA, Kerby S, Jenkins MC. 2001. Real-time PCR for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum. J Microbiol Methods 47:323–337. [PubMed]
158. Tannock, GW. 2003. E. coli. (Personal communication, Dec. 12.)
159. Thomas GH. 2004. Escherichia coli; model and menace. Microbiol Today 31:114–115 (cf. http://ecoli.bham.ac.uk.)
160. Paul J. 2002. Bacterial flora in human gut—an overview. Indian J Microbiol 42:91–100.
161. Adam A. 1922. Über Darmbakterien. VI. Zur Biologie der Darmflora des Neugeborenen (Ernährungsphysiologie der Köpfchenbakterien). Zeitschrift für Kinderheilkunde 33:308–312.
162. Rotimi VO, Duerden BI. 1981. The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates. J Med Microbiol 14:51–62. [PubMed]
163. Kuhn I, Tullus K, Mollby R. 1986. Colonisation and persistence of Escherichia coli phenotypes in the intestine of children aged 0 to 18 months. Infection 14:7–12. [PubMed]
164. Simon GL, Gorbach SL. 1986. The human intestinal microflora. Dig Dis Sci 31(9 Suppl., Sept.) :147S–162S.
165. Hall MA, Cole CB, Smith SL, Fuller R, Rolles CJ. 1990. Factors influencing the presence of faecal lactobacilli in early infancy. Arch Dis Childhood 65:185–188. [PubMed]
166. Yoshiota M, Fujita K, Sakata H, Murono K, Iseki K. 1991. Development of the normal intestinal flora and its clinical significance in infants and children. Bifidobacteria Microflora 10:11–17.
167. Roberfroid MB, Bornet F, Bourley C, Cummings JH. 1995. Colonic microflora: nutrition and health. Nutr Rev 53:127–130. [PubMed]
168. Adlerberth I, Jalil F, Carlsson B, Mellander L, Hanson LÅ, Larsson P. 1998. High turnover rate of Escherichia coli strains in the intestinal flora of infants in Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect 121:587–598. [PubMed]
169. Adlerberth I. 1999. Establishment of normal intestinal microflora in the newborn infant, p 63–78. In Hanson LÅ, Yolken RH (ed), Probiotics, Other Nutritional Factors, and Intestinal Microflora , Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series, vol 42. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia.
170. Kirjavainen PV, Gibson GR. 1999. Healthy gut microflora and allergy: factors influencing development of the macrobiota. Ann Med 31:288–292. [PubMed]
171. Tannock GW (ed). 1999. Medical Importance of the Normal Microflora. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
172. Tannock GW. 1999. Microecology of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria inhabiting the digestive tract: Essential knowledge for successful probiotic research, p 17–28. In Hanson LÅ, Yolken RH (ed) Probiotics, Other Nutritional Factors, and Intestinal Microflora, Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series, vol 42. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia.
173. Schwiertz A, Gruhl B, Löbnitz M, Michel P, Radke M, Blaut M. 2003. Development of the intestinal bacterial composition in hospitalized preterm infants in comparison with breast-fed, full-term infants. Pediatr Res 4:393–399. [PubMed][CrossRef]
174. Tannock GW. 2005. Probiotics and Prebiotics: Scientific Aspects. Caister Academic Press, Wymondham, Norfolk.
175. Tuohy KM, McCartney AL. 2006. Molecular microbial ecology of the human gut, p 135–155. In Gibson GR, Rastall RA (ed) Prebiotics: Development & Application. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, U.K.
176. Hanson LÅ, Yolken RH (ed). 1999. Probiotics, Other Nutritional Factors, and Intestinal Microflora. Vevey: Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series, vol 42. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia.
177. Tannock GW. 2003. The intestinal microflora, Chap. 1, p 1–23. In Fuller IR, Perdigón G (ed) Gut, Flora, Nutrition, Immunity and Health. Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., Oxford.
178. Hentges DJ (ed). 1983. Human Intestinal Microflora in Health and Disease. Academic Press, New York.
179. Gibson GR, Macfarlane GT (ed). 1995. Human Colonic Bacteria: Role in Nutrition, Physiology and Pathology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
180. Bettelheim KA, Lennox-King SM. 1976. The acquisition of Escherichia coli by newborn babies. Infection 4:174–179.
181. Risse GB. 1975. Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp, p 294–297. In Gillispie CC (ed in chief) Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol 12. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
182. Eberle R. 1896. Zählung der Bakterien im normalen Säuglingskot. Centralblatt f Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten 19:2–5.
183. Castellani A, Chalmers AJ. 1919. Manual of Tropical Medicine, 3rd ed, p 941. William Wood and Company, New York.
184. Castellani A, Chalmers AJ. 1920. Sur la classification de certains groupes de bacilles aërobies de l’intestin humain. Ann Inst Pasteur 34:600–621.
185. Bergey DH, Harrison FC, Breed RS, Hammer BW, Huntoon FM. 1923. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
186. Bergey DH, Harrison FC, Breed RS, Hammer BW, Huntoon FM. 1925. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 2nd ed. Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
187. Bergey DH, Harrison FC, Breed RS, Hammer BW, Huntoon FM. 1930. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 3rd ed. Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
188. Bergey DH, Breed RS, Murray EGD, Hitchens AP. 1939. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 5th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
189. Topley WWC, Wilson, GS. 1937. The Principles of Bacteriology and Immunity, 2nd ed. William Wood & Company, Baltimore.
190. Hauduroy P, Ehringer G, Urbain A, Guillot G, Magrou J. 1937. Dictionnaire des Bactéries Pathogènes pour l’Homme, les Animaux et les Plantes. Masson et Cie Editeurs, Paris.
191. Breed RS, Murray EGD, Hitchens AP. 1948. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 6th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
192. Yale MW, Breed RS. 1957. Genus I. Escherichia Castellani and Chalmers, 1919, p 334–341. In Breed RS, Murray EGD, Smith NR (ed) Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 7th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
193. Cowan ST. 1974. p 290–293. In Buchanan RE, Gibbons NE, Cowan ST, Holt JG, Liston J, Murray RGE, Niven CF, Ravin AW, Stanier RY (ed) Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
194. Ørskov F. 1974. p 293–296. In Buchanan RE, Gibbons NE, Cowan ST, Holt JG, Liston J, Murray RGE, Niven CF, Ravin AW, Stanier RY (ed) Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
195. Brenner DJ, Fanning GR, Miklos GV, Steigerwalt AG. 1973. Polynucleotide sequence relatedness among Shigella species. Int J Syst Bacteriol 23:1–7.
196. Scheutz F, Strockbine NA. 2005. Genus I. Escherichia Castellani and Chalmers 1919, p 607–624. In Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT (ed) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology The Proteobacteria, Part B, The Gammaproteobacteria, 2nd ed, vol 2. Springer, New York.
197. Hyma KE, Lacher DW, Nelson AM, Bumbaugh AC, Janda JM, Strockbine NA, Young VB, Whittam TS. 2005. Evolutionary genetics of a new pathogenic Escherichia species: Escherichia albertii and related Shigella boydii strains. J Bacteriol 187:619–628. [PubMed]
198. Lan R, Reeves PR. 2002. Escherichia coli in disguise: Molecular origins of Shigella. Microbes Infect 4:1125–1132. [PubMed]
199. Altweg M, Bockemühl J. 1998. Escherichia and Shigella, p 935–967. In Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M (ed) Topley & Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed, vol 2, Balows A, Duerden BI (ed) Systematic Bacteriology. Arnold, London; Oxford University Press, Inc., New York.
200. Holmes B. 1998. The Enterobacteriaceae: General characters, p 919–933. In Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M (ed) Topley & Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed, vol 2, Balows A, Duerden BI (volume ed) Systematic Bacteriology. Arnold, London; Oxford University Press, Inc., New York.
201. Trevisan di Saint-Léon V. 1889. I Generi e le Specie delle Batteriacee. Tipo-Lit L. Zanaboni e Gabuzzi, Milano.
202. Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT (ed). 2005. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, The Proteobacteria, Part B, The Gamma-proteobacteria, 2nd ed, vol 2. Springer, New York.
203. Castellani A. 1918. Alcune Osservazioni sulla Etologia Diagnosi e Cura della Dissenteria. Annali di Medicina Navale e Coloniale (Intestinal Organisms) I and II, Roma.
204. Castellani A, Chalmers AJ. 1910. Manual of Tropical Medicine. William Wood and Company, New York.
205. Castellani A. 1960. A Doctor in Many Lands; the Autobiography of Aldo Castellani. Doubleday & Company, New York.
206. Monod J. 1942. Recherches sur la Croissance des Cultures Bactériennes. (Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles; p 911, Microbiologie; Exposés sous la direction de J. Bordet.) Hermann & Ci., Editeurs, Paris.
207. Lwoff AM. 1979. Jacques Lucien Monod, p 4. In Lwoff A, Ullmann A (ed) Origins of Molecular Biology, a Tribute to Jacques Monod. Academic Press, New York.
208. Lwoff AM. 1991. The prophage and I, p 89. In Cairns J, Stent GS, Watson JD (ed) Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology, Expanded Edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
209. Lwoff AM. 2003. Jacques Lucien Monod: 1910–1976, p 4. In Ullmann A (ed) Origins of Molecular Biology, a Tribute to Jacques Monod, revised ed. ASM Press, Washington.
210. Cohen GN. 2002. The early influence of the Institut Pasteur on the emergence of molecular biology. J Biol Chem 277:50215–50218. [PubMed][CrossRef]
211. Escherich T. 1886. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Darmbacterien. II. Vibrio felinus. Münch med Wchnschr 33:759–763.
212. Escherich T. 1886. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Darmbacterien. III. Über das Vorkommen von Vibrionen im Darmcanal und den Stuhlgängen der Säuglinge. Münch med Wchnschr 33:815–817, 833–835.
213. Kist M. 1986. Wer entdeckte Campylobacter jejuni/coli? Eine Zusammenfassung bisher unberücksichtigter Literaturquellen. (Who discovered Campylobacter jejuni/coli? A historical review.) Zentralblatt f Bakteriologie und Hygiene A 261:177–186.
214. Kist M, Bereswill S. 2001. Campylobacter jejuni, p 150–165. In Mühldorfer I, Schäfer KP (ed) Emerging Bacterial Pathogens, Contributions to Microbiology, vol 8. Karger, Basel.
215. Bereswill S, Kist M. 2002. Molecular microbiology and pathogenesis of helicobacter and campylobacter updated; a meeting report of the 11th conference on campylobacter, helicobacter and related organisms. Mol Microbiol 45:255–262. [PubMed]
216. Skirrow MB, Blaser MJ. 2002. Campylobacter jejuni, p 719–739. In Blaser MJ, Smith PD, Grenberg HB, Ravdin JI, Guerrant RL (ed) Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2nd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
217. Ketley JM, Konkel ME (ed). 2005. Campylobacter, Molecular and Cellular Biology. Horizon Bioscience, Wymondham, Norfolk, UK.
218. Hunter GK. 2000. Vital Forces, the Discovery of the Molecular Basis of Life. Academic Press, San Diego.
219. Harold FM. 2001. The Way of the Cell, Molecules, Organisms and the Order of Life, p 64. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
220. Abbott AC. 1894. The Principles of Bacteriology: A Practical Manual for Students and Physicians, 2nd ed. Lea Brothers & Co., Philadelphia.
221. Capaldi A, Proskauer B. 1896. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Säurebildung bei Typhusbacillen und Bacterium coli. Zeitschrift für Hygiene 23:452–474.
222. Brieger L. 1895. Weitere Erfahrungen über Bakteriengifte. Z Hyg 19:101–112.
223. Lederberg J. 1998. Escherichia coli. In Bud R, Warner DJ (ed) Instruments of Science, An Historical Encyclopedia The Science Museum, London, and The National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Garland Publishing, Inc., Taylor & Francis Group, New York.
224. Buchanan RE, Fulmer EI. 1929. Physiology and Biochemistry of Bacteria. Volume I—Growth Phases, Composition, and Biophysical Chemistry of Bacteria and their Environment; and Energetics. The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
225. Buchanan RE, Fulmer EI. 1930. Physiology and Biochemistry of Bacteria. Volume II—Effects of Environment upon Microörganisms. The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
226. Stephenson M. 1930. Bacterial Metabolism. Longmans, Green and Co., London.
227. Stephenson M. 1939. Bacterial Metabolism, 2nd ed. Longmans, Green and Co., London.
228. Stephenson M. 1949. Bacterial Metabolism, 3rd ed. Longmans, Green and Co., London.
229. Quastel JH. 1974. Fifty years of biochemistry. A personal account. Can J Biochem 52:71–82. [PubMed]
230. Quastel JH. 1926. A theory of the mechanism of oxidations and reductions in vivo. Biochem J 20:166–194.
231. Quastel JH, Wooldridge WR. 1927. Experiments on bacteria in relation to the mechanism of enzyme action. Biochem J 21:1224–1251. [PubMed]
232. Quastel JH, Wooldridge WR. 1928. Some properties of the dehydrogenating enzymes of bacteria. Biochem J 22:689–702. [PubMed]
233. Sung SC. 1979. J. H. Quastel. TIBS 4:101–102.
234. Quastel JH. 1980. Beginnings of modern neurochemistry. TIBS 5:199–200.
235. Friedmann HC (ed). 1981. Enzymes. Benchmark Papers in Biochemistry, vol 1. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company, Stroudsburg, PA.
236. Quastel JH, Wooldridge WR. 1929. Reduction potential, energy exchange and cell growth experiments with B. coli. Biochem J 23:115–137. [PubMed]
237. Cook RP. 1930. A comparison of the dehydrogenations by B. coli communis in the presence of oxygen and methylene blue. Biochem J 24:1538–1550. [PubMed]
238. Quastel JH, Wheatley AHM. 1931. Biological oxidations in the succinic acid series. Biochem J 25:117–128. [PubMed]
239. Annau I, Banga I, Gözsy B, Huszák St, Laki K, Straub B, Szent-Györgyi A. 1935. Über die Bedeutung der Fumarsäure für die tierische Gewebsatmung. Hoppe-Seyler Z Physiol Chem 236:1–68.
240. Krebs HA, Johnson WA. 1937. The role of citric acid in intermediate metabolism in animal tissues. Enzymologia 4:148–156.
241. Quastel JH. 1983. A short autobiography, p 129–187. In Neuberger A, van Deenen LLM, Semenza G (ed) Comprehensive Biochemistry, vol 35. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
242. Woolf B. 1929. Some enzymes in B. coli communis which act on fumaric acid. Biochem J 23:472–482. [PubMed]
243. Woolf B. 1931. The addition compound theory of enzyme action. Biochem J 25:342–348. [PubMed]
244. Bloomfield V, Peller L, Alberty RA. 1962. Multiple intermediates in steady-state enzyme kinetics. II. Systems involving two reactants and two products. J Am Chem Soc 84:4367–4374.
245. Haldane JBS. 1930. Enzymes. Longmans, Green and Company, Ltd., London. (Reprint, 1965, The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA.)
246. Stephenson M, Stickland LH. 1931. Hydrogenase: a bacterial enzyme activating molecular hydrogen. I. The properties of the enzyme. Biochem J 25:205–214. [PubMed]
247. Stickland LH. 1934. Studies in the metabolism of the strict anaerobes (genus Clostridium). I. The chemical reactions by which Cl. sporogenes obtains its energy. Biochem J 28:746–1759. [PubMed]
248. Quastel JH, Whetham MD. 1924. The equilibria existing between succinic, fumaric, and malic acids in the presence of resting bacteria. Biochem J 18:519–534. [PubMed]
249. Friedmann HC. 1997. From Friedrich Wöhler’s urine to Eduard Buchner’s alcohol, p 67–122. In Cornish-Bowden A (ed) New Beer in an Old Bottle, Eduard Buchner and the Growth of Biochemical Knowledge. Universitat de València, València.
250. Harden A. 1899. The fermentation of sugars by Bacillus coli communis and allied organisms. Trans Jenner Inst Prevent Med 2:126–142.
251. Harden A. 1901. The chemical action of Bacillus coli communis and similar organisms on carbohydrates and allied compounds. J Chem Soc 79:610–628.
252. Emmering O. 1902. Die Zersetzung stickstofffreier organischer Substanzen durch Bakterien. Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig.
253. Harden A. 1903. Ueber alkoholische Gährung mit Hefe-Pressstoff (Buchner’s Zymase) bei Gegenwart von Blutserum. Ber Chem Ges 30:715–716.
254. Harden A, Young WJ. 1906. The alcoholic ferment of yeast juice. Proc R Soc Lond (B) 77:405–520.
255. Harden A, Penfold WJ. 1912. The chemical action on glucose of a variety of Bacillus coli communis (Escherich), obtained by cultivation in presence of a chloroacetate. (Preliminary Notice.). Proc R Soc London (B) 415–417.
256. Kluyver AJ. 1931. The Chemical Activities of Micro-Organisms. University of London Press, London.
257. Umbarger HE. 1978. Amino acid biosynthesis and its regulation. Ann Rev Biochem 47:533–606.
258. Davis BD. 1951. Aromatic biosynthesis. I. The rôle of shikimic acid. J Biol Chem 191:315–325. [PubMed]
259. Smith HL. 1899. Zur Kenntniss der Kolibazillen des Säuglingsstuhles. Centralbl Bakt Erste Abt 25:689–693.
260. Péré A. 1898. Fermentation lactique des corps sucrés par le colibacille du nourrisson. Ann Inst Pasteur 12:63–72.
261. Neisser M. 1906. Ein Fall von Mutation nach de Vries bei Bakterien und andere Demonstrationen. Centralbl Bakt etc, Erste Abt, Ref Beiheft 38:98–102.
262. Massini R. 1907. Über einen in biologischer Beziehung interessanten Kolistamm ( Bacterium coli mutabile); Ein Beitrag zur Variation bei Bakterien. Arch Hyg 61:250–292.
263. Neisser M. 1914. Bakteriologie, p 83–108. In Apolant H, Aronson H, Bechhold H, Benario J, Benda L, Bertheim A, Bierbaum K, Boehncke KE, Czerny V, Dungern Ev, Edinger L, Embden G, et al. Paul Ehrlich, Eine Darstellung seines wissenschaftlichen Wirkens (60th birthday Festschrift, March 14, 1914). Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena.
264. Burri R, Düggeli M. 1909. Beiträge zur Systematik der Coli-aërogenes-Gruppe nebst Beschreibung einer neuen Methode zur Untersuchung der Gärungsgase. Centralbl Bakt Erste Abt Orig 49:143–174.
265. Burri R. 1910. Die scheinbar plötzliche Neuerwerbung eines bestimmten Gärungsvermögens durch Bakterien der Coligruppe. Centralbl Bakt, Parasitentk, Infektionskrank Abt II Orig 28:321–345.
266. Müller R. 1908. Ueber mutationsartige Vorgänge bei Typhus-, Paratyphus- und verwandten Bakterien. Centralblatt f Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten, Erste Abt Referate 54:57–59.
267. Müller R. 1911. Mutationen bei Typhus- und Ruhrbakterien; Mutation als spezifisches Kulturmerkmal. Centralblatt f Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten, Erste Abt Originale 58:97–106.
268. Stewart FH. 1926. Mendelian variation in the paracolon mutabile colon group and the application of Mendel’s principles to the theory of acquired virulence. J Hygiene 25:237–255. [PubMed]
269. Endo S. 1904. Ueber ein Verfahren zum Nachweis der Typhusbacillen. Centralblatt f Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten, Erste Abt Originale 35:109–110.
270. Burk A. 1908. Mutation bei einem der Koligruppe verwandten Bakterium. Arch Hyg 65:235–242.
271. Lewis IM. 1934. Bacterial variation with special reference to behavior of some mutabile strains of colon bacteria in synthetic media. J Bacteriol 28:619–639. [PubMed]
272. Wilson GS, Miles AA. 1946. Topley and Wilson’s Principles of Bacteriology and Immunity, 3rd ed. The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
273. Lwoff A. 1946. Some problems connected with spontaneous biochemical mutations in bacteria, in heredity and variation in microorganisms. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 11:139–155.
274. Luria SE, Delbrück M. 1943. Mutations of bacteria from virus sensitivity to virus resistance. Genetics 28:491–511. [PubMed]
275. Modlin IM, Sachs G. 2004. Acid Related Diseases, Biology and Treatment, 2nd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013
2014-05-09
2020-07-16

Abstract:

The purpose of this essay is threefold: to give an outline of the life and the various achievements of Theodor Escherich, to provide a background to his discovery of what he called (now ), and to indicate the enormous impact of studies with this organism, long before it became the cornerstone of research in bacteriology and in molecular biology.

Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/ecosalplus/6/1/ESP-0025-2013.html?itemId=/content/journal/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah
Comment has been disabled for this content
Submit comment
Close
Comment moderation successfully completed

Figures

Escherich and
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013-1,webId=/content/author/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Herbert C., foaf_name=Herbert C. Friedmann, foaf_surname=Friedmann, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013-aff1]]}]]
Citation: Friedmann H. 2014. Escherich and , EcoSal Plus 2014; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013
/content/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013.fig1
Figure 1

This was not unusual at that time” (Béla Schick [ 4 , p. 114] in a moving evocation of his teacher). Copyright 2006, Elsevier, Inc. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216406600051 doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013.f1

ecosalplus/6/1/ESP-0025-2013_fig_001_thmb.gif
ecosalplus/6/1/ESP-0025-2013_fig_001.gif
Image of Figure 1

Click to view

Figure 1

This was not unusual at that time” (Béla Schick [ 4 , p. 114] in a moving evocation of his teacher). Copyright 2006, Elsevier, Inc. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216406600051 doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013.f1

Citation: Friedmann H. 2014. Escherich and , EcoSal Plus 2014; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013.fig2
Figure 2

Title and second page of Theodor Escherich’s classic book, 1886, “The Infant’s Intestinal Bacteria and their Relationships to the Physiology of Digestion,” to “His dear father, Senior Medical Officer (Medizinalrath) Dr. Escherich, dedicated with a child’s love and gratitude.” Copyright 2006, Elsevier, Inc. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216406600051 doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013.f2

ecosalplus/6/1/ESP-0025-2013_fig_002_thmb.gif
ecosalplus/6/1/ESP-0025-2013_fig_002.gif
Image of Figure 2

Click to view

Figure 2

Title and second page of Theodor Escherich’s classic book, 1886, “The Infant’s Intestinal Bacteria and their Relationships to the Physiology of Digestion,” to “His dear father, Senior Medical Officer (Medizinalrath) Dr. Escherich, dedicated with a child’s love and gratitude.” Copyright 2006, Elsevier, Inc. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216406600051 doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013.f2

Citation: Friedmann H. 2014. Escherich and , EcoSal Plus 2014; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013.fig3
Figure 3

Title page, volume two, of the four-volume comprehensive “Handbook of Pathogenic Microorganisms,” 1903, edited by W. Kolle and A. Wassermann. Copyright 2006, Elsevier, Inc. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216406600051 doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013.f3

ecosalplus/6/1/ESP-0025-2013_fig_003_thmb.gif
ecosalplus/6/1/ESP-0025-2013_fig_003.gif
Image of Figure 3

Click to view

Figure 3

Title page, volume two, of the four-volume comprehensive “Handbook of Pathogenic Microorganisms,” 1903, edited by W. Kolle and A. Wassermann. Copyright 2006, Elsevier, Inc. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216406600051 doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013.f3

Citation: Friedmann H. 2014. Escherich and , EcoSal Plus 2014; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013.fig4
Figure 4

Escherich’s introduction mentions Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Koch. Copyright 2006, Elsevier, Inc. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216406600051 doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013.f4

ecosalplus/6/1/ESP-0025-2013_fig_004_thmb.gif
ecosalplus/6/1/ESP-0025-2013_fig_004.gif
Image of Figure 4

Click to view

Figure 4

Escherich’s introduction mentions Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Koch. Copyright 2006, Elsevier, Inc. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216406600051 doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013.f4

Citation: Friedmann H. 2014. Escherich and , EcoSal Plus 2014; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/ecosalplus/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013.fig5
Figure 5

from a 6-day-old potato culture; predominantly short, constricted (eingeschnürte) shapes. from an 8-day-old gelatin plate colony (Gelatineplattencolonie); readily apparent rod-type. ; one bacillus at the stage of spore formation. from an 8-day-old gelatin test tube. All photographs, 970-fold magnified, were taken by Charles Workman, M.D. from Belfast, a visitor in the Bacteriological Laboratory of the Munich Pathological Institute, using isochromatic plates, and copied photographically (durch Lichtdruck vervielfältigt). Copyright 2006, Elsevier, Inc. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216406600051 doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013.f5

ecosalplus/6/1/ESP-0025-2013_fig_005_thmb.gif
ecosalplus/6/1/ESP-0025-2013_fig_005.gif
Image of Figure 5

Click to view

Figure 5

from a 6-day-old potato culture; predominantly short, constricted (eingeschnürte) shapes. from an 8-day-old gelatin plate colony (Gelatineplattencolonie); readily apparent rod-type. ; one bacillus at the stage of spore formation. from an 8-day-old gelatin test tube. All photographs, 970-fold magnified, were taken by Charles Workman, M.D. from Belfast, a visitor in the Bacteriological Laboratory of the Munich Pathological Institute, using isochromatic plates, and copied photographically (durch Lichtdruck vervielfältigt). Copyright 2006, Elsevier, Inc. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216406600051 doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013.f5

Citation: Friedmann H. 2014. Escherich and , EcoSal Plus 2014; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint

Supplemental Material

No supplementary material available for this content.

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error