1887
No metrics data to plot.
The attempt to load metrics for this article has failed.
The attempt to plot a graph for these metrics has failed.

Bacterial Toxins—Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.
  • HTML
    101.58 Kb
  • PDF
    408.78 Kb
  • XML
    91.42 Kb
  • Authors: Bettina C. Fries1, Avanish K. Varshney2
  • Editors: James E. Crowe Jr.3, Diana Boraschi4, Rino Rappuoli5
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; 2: Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; 3: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; 4: National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; 5: Novartis Vaccines, Siena, Italy
    • Source: microbiolspec December 2013 vol. 1 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012
  • Received 20 August 2012 Accepted 11 April 2013 Published 13 December 2013
  • Bettina C. Fries, [email protected]
image of Bacterial Toxins—Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
    Preview this microbiology spectrum article:
    Preview Magnify
    Zoom in
    Zoomout

    Bacterial Toxins—Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B, Page 1 of 2

    | /docserver/preview/fulltext/microbiolspec/1/2/AID-0002-2012-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/microbiolspec/1/2/AID-0002-2012-2.gif

  • Abstract:

    Staphylococcal enterotoxin B is one of the most potent bacterial superantigens that exerts profound toxic effects upon the immune system, leading to stimulation of cytokine release and inflammation. It is associated with food poisoning, nonmenstrual toxic shock, atopic dermatitis, asthma, and nasal polyps in humans. Currently, there is no treatment or vaccine available. Passive immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies made in several different species has shown significant inhibition in in vitro studies and reduction in staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced lethal shock in in vivo studies. This should encourage future endeavors to develop these antibodies as therapeutic reagents.

  • Citation: Fries B, Varshney A. 2013. Bacterial Toxins—Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Microbiol Spectrum 1(2):AID-0002-2012. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012.

References

1. Fleischer B. 1994. Superantigens. APMIS 102:3–12.
2. Wilson GJ, Seo KS, Cartwright RA, Connelley T, Chuang-Smith ON, Merriman JA, Guinane CM, Park JY, Bohach GA, Schlievert PM, Morrison WI, Fitzgerald JR. 2011. A novel core genome-encoded superantigen contributes to lethality of community-associated MRSA necrotizing pneumonia. PLoS Pathog 7:e1002271. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
3. Grumann D, Scharf SS, Holtfreter S, Kohler C, Steil L, Engelmann S, Hecker M, Volker U, Broker BM. 2008. Immune cell activation by enterotoxin gene cluster (egc)-encoded and non-egc superantigens from Staphylococcus aureus. J Immunol 181:5054–5061. [PubMed]
4. Franz DR, Parrott CD, Takafuji ET. 1997. The U.S. biological warfare and biological defense programs, p 425–436. In Sidell FR, Takafuji E, Franz DR (ed), Textbook of Military Medicine. Part I. Warfare, Weaponry and the Casualty, vol 3. U.S. Government. Printing Office, Washington, DC.
5. Iandolo JJ, Shafer WM. 1977. Regulation of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Infect Immun 16:610–616.
6. Swaminathan S, Furey W, Pletcher J, Sax M. 1992. Crystal structure of staphylococcal enterotoxin B, a superantigen. Nature 359:801–806. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
7. Papageorgiou AC, Tranter HS, Acharya KR. 1998. Crystal structure of microbial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B at 1.5 A resolution: implications for superantigen recognition by MHC class II molecules and T-cell receptors. J Mol Biol 277:61–79. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
8. Kappler JW, Herman A, Clements J, Marrack P. 1992. Mutations defining functional regions of the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B. J Exp Med 175:387–396. [PubMed]
9. Faulkner L, Cooper A, Fantino C, Altmann DM, Sriskandan S. 2005. The mechanism of superantigen-mediated toxic shock: not a simple Th1 cytokine storm. J Immunol 175:6870–6877. [PubMed]
10. Miethke T, Wahl C, Heeg K, Echtenacher B, Krammer PH, Wagner H. 1992. T cell-mediated lethal shock triggered in mice by the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: critical role of tumor necrosis factor. J Exp Med 175:91–98. [PubMed]
11. Hewitt CR, Lamb JR, Hayball J, Hill M, Owen MJ, O’Hehir RE. 1992. Major histocompatibility complex independent clonal T cell anergy by direct interaction of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B with the T cell antigen receptor. J Exp Med 175:1493–1499. [PubMed]
12. Varshney AK, Mediavilla JR, Robiou N, Guh A, Wang X, Gialanella P, Levi MH, Kreiswirth BN, Fries BC. 2009. Diverse enterotoxin gene profiles among clonal complexes of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the Bronx, New York. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:6839–6849. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
13. Kohler PL, Greenwood SD, Nookala S, Kotb M, Kranz DM, Schlievert PM. 2012. Staphylococcus aureus isolates encode variant staphylococcal enterotoxin B proteins that are diverse in superantigenicity and lethality. PLoS One 7:e41157. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
14. Krakauer T. 1994. Cell adhesion molecules are co-receptors for staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced T-cell activation and cytokine production. Immunol Lett 39:121–125. [PubMed]
15. Matsuyama S, Koide Y, Yoshida TO. 1993. HLA class II molecule-mediated signal transduction mechanism responsible for the expression of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha genes induced by a staphylococcal superantigen. Eur J Immunol 23:3194–3202. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
16. Vabulas R, Bittlingmaier R, Heeg K, Wagner H, Miethke T. 1996. Rapid clearance of the bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B in vivo. Infect Immun 64:4567–4573. [PubMed]
17. Stiles BG, Bavari S, Krakauer T, Ulrich RG. 1993. Toxicity of staphylococcal enterotoxins potentiated by lipopolysaccharide: major histocompatibility complex class II molecule dependency and cytokine release. Infect Immun 61:5333–5338. [PubMed]
18. Khan AA, Priya S, Saha B. 2009. IL-2 regulates SEB induced toxic shock syndrome in BALB/c mice. PLoS One 4:e8473. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
19. Krakauer T, Buckley MJ, Fisher D. 2010. Proinflammatory mediators of toxic shock and their correlation to lethality. Mediators Inflamm 2010:517594. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
20. Huzella LM, Buckley MJ, Alves DA, Stiles BG, Krakauer T. 2009. Central roles for IL-2 and MCP-1 following intranasal exposure to SEB: a new mouse model. Res Vet Sci 86:241–247. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
21. Varshney AK, Wang X, Cook E, Dutta K, Scharff MD, Goger MJ, Fries BC. 2011. Generation, characterization, and epitope mapping of neutralizing and protective monoclonal antibodies against staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced lethal shock. J Biol Chem 286:9737–9747. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
22. Roy CJ, Warfield KL, Welcher BC, Gonzales RF, Larsen T, Hanson J, David CS, Krakauer T, Bavari S. 2005. Human leukocyte antigen-DQ8 transgenic mice: a model to examine the toxicity of aerosolized staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Infect Immun 73:2452–2460. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
23. Wang X, Wang BR, Zhang XJ, Duan XL, Guo X, Ju G. 2004. Fos expression in the rat brain after intraperitoneal injection of Staphylococcus enterotoxin B and the effect of vagotomy. Neurochem Res 29:1667–1674. [PubMed]
24. McCormick JK, Bohach GA, Schlievert PM. 2003. Pyrogenic, lethal, and emetic properties of superantigens in rabbits and primates. Methods Mol Biol 214:245–253. [PubMed]
25. Strandberg KL, Rotschafer JH, Vetter SM, Buonpane RA, Kranz DM, Schlievert PM. 2010. Staphylococcal superantigens cause lethal pulmonary disease in rabbits. J Infect Dis 202:1690–1697. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
26. Bi S, Das R, Zelazowska E, Mani S, Neill R, Coleman GD, Yang DC, Hammamieh R, Shupp JW, Jett M. 2009. The cellular and molecular immune response of the weanling piglet to staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Exp Biol Med(Maywood) 234:1305–1315. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
27. Boles JW, Pitt ML, LeClaire RD, Gibbs PH, Torres E, Dyas B, Ulrich RG, Bavari S. 2003. Generation of protective immunity by inactivated recombinant staphylococcal enterotoxin B vaccine in nonhuman primates and identification of correlates of immunity. Clin Immunol 108:51–59. [PubMed]
28. Hodoval LF, Morris EL, Crawley GJ, Beisel WR. 1968. Pathogenesis of lethal shock after intravenous staphylococcal enterotoxin B in monkeys. Appl Microbiol 16:187–192. [PubMed]
29. Alber G, Scheuber PH, Reck B, Sailer-Kramer B, Hartmann A, Hammer DK. 1989. Role of substance P in immediate-type skin reactions induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin B in unsensitized monkeys. J Allergy Clin Immunol 84:880–885. [PubMed]
30. Rusnak JM, Kortepeter M, Ulrich R, Poli M, Boudreau E. 2004. Laboratory exposures to staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Emerg Infect Dis 10:1544–1549. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
31. Todd J, Fishaut M, Kapral F, Welch T. 1978. Toxic-shock syndrome associated with phage-group-I staphylococci. Lancet ii:1116–1118. [PubMed]
32. Hajjeh RA, Reingold A, Weil A, Shutt K, Schuchat A, Perkins BA. 1999. Toxic shock syndrome in the United States: surveillance update, 1979 1996. Emerg Infect Dis 5:807–810. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
33. Gaventa S, Reingold AL, Hightower AW, Broome CV, Schwartz B, Hoppe C, Harwell J, Lefkowitz LK, Makintubee S, Cundiff DR, et al. 1989. Active surveillance for toxic shock syndrome in the United States, 1986. Rev Infect Dis 11(Suppl 1) :S28–S34. [PubMed]
34. Andrews MM, Parent EM, Barry M, Parsonnet J. 2001. Recurrent nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 32:1470–1479. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
35. Stolz SJ, Davis JP, Vergeront JM, Crass BA, Chesney PJ, Wand PJ, Bergdoll MS. 1985. Development of serum antibody to toxic shock toxin among individuals with toxic shock syndrome in Wisconsin. J Infect Dis 151:883–889. [PubMed]
36. John CC, Niermann M, Sharon B, Peterson ML, Kranz DM, Schlievert PM. 2009. Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome erythroderma is associated with superantigenicity and hypersensitivity. Clin Infect Dis 49:1893–1896. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
37. Nissen D, Pedersen LJ, Skov PS, Vejlsgaard GL, Poulsen LK, Jarlov JO, Karlsmark T, Nolte H. 1997. IgE-binding components of staphylococcal enterotoxins in patients with atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 79:403–408. [PubMed]
38. Tada J, Toi Y, Akiyama H, Arata J, Kato H. 1996. Presence of specific IgE antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins in patients with atopic dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol 6:552–554.
39. Savinko T, Lauerma A, Lehtimaki S, Gombert M, Majuri ML, Fyhrquist-Vanni N, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Kemeny L, Wolff H, Homey B, Alenius H. 2005. Topical superantigen exposure induces epidermal accumulation of CD8+ T cells, a mixed Th1/Th2-type dermatitis and vigorous production of IgE antibodies in the murine model of atopic dermatitis. J Immunol 175:8320–8326. [PubMed]
40. Bozek A, Fisher A, Filipowska B, Mazur B, Jarzab J. 2012. Clinical features and immunological markers of atopic dermatitis in elderly patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 157:372–378. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
41. Kientz CE, Hulst AG, Wils ER. 1997. Determination of staphylococcal enterotoxin B by on-line (micro) liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 757:51–64. [PubMed]
42. Hosotsubo KK, Hosotsubo H, Nishijima MK, Nishimura M, Taenaka N, Yoshiya I. 1989. Rapid screening for Staphylococcus aureus infection by measuring enterotoxin B. J Clin Microbiol 27:2794–2798. [PubMed]
43. Azuma K, Koike K, Kobayashi T, Mochizuki T, Mashiko K, Yamamoto Y. 2004. Detection of circulating superantigens in an intensive care unit population. Int J Infect Dis 8:292–298. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
44. Komisar JL, Weng CF, Oyejide A, Hunt RE, Briscoe C, Tseng J. 2001. Cellular and cytokine responses in the circulation and tissue reactions in the lung of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) pretreated with cyclosporin A and challenged with staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Toxicol Pathol 29:369–378. [PubMed]
45. Arad G, Levy R, Hillman D, Kaempfer R. 2000. Superantigen antagonist protects against lethal shock and defines a new domain for T-cell activation. Nat Med 6:414–421. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
46. Visvanathan K, Charles A, Bannan J, Pugach P, Kashfi K, Zabriskie JB. 2001. Inhibition of bacterial superantigens by peptides and antibodies. Infect Immun 69:875–884. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
47. Rajagopalan G, Sen MM, David CS. 2004. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of staphylococcal superantigen peptide antagonists. Infect Immun 72:6733–6737. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
48. Wang S, Li Y, Xiong H, Cao J. 2008. A broad-spectrum inhibitory peptide against staphylococcal enterotoxin superantigen SEA, SEB and SEC. Immunol Lett 121:167–172. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
49. Buonpane RA, Churchill HR, Moza B, Sundberg EJ, Peterson ML, Schlievert PM, Kranz DM. 2007. Neutralization of staphylococcal enterotoxin B by soluble, high-affinity receptor antagonists. Nat Med 13:725–729. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
50. Krakauer T, Buckley M. 2003. Doxycycline is anti-inflammatory and inhibits staphylococcal exotoxin-induced cytokines and chemokines. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:3630–3633. [PubMed]
51. Krakauer T, Stiles BG. 1999. Pentoxifylline inhibits superantigen-induced toxic shock and cytokine release. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 6:594–598. [PubMed]
52. Krakauer T, Buckley M. 2006. Dexamethasone attenuates staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced hypothermic response and protects mice from superantigen-induced toxic shock. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:391–395. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
53. Krakauer T, Buckley M, Issaq HJ, Fox SD. 2010. Rapamycin protects mice from staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced toxic shock and blocks cytokine release in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:1125–1131. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
54. Casadevall A. 2006. The third age of antimicrobial therapy. Clin Infect Dis 42:1414–1416. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
55. Chow SK, Casadevall A. 2012. Monoclonal antibodies and toxins-a perspective on function and isotype. Toxins (Basel) 4:430–454. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
56. Muraille E, De Smedt T, Urbain J, Moser M, Leo O. 1995. B7.2 provides co-stimulatory functions in vivo in response to staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Eur J Immunol 25:2111–2114. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
57. LeClaire RD, Bavari S. 2001. Human antibodies to bacterial superantigens and their ability to inhibit T-cell activation and lethality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:460–463. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
58. Tseng J, Komisar JL, Trout RN, Hunt RE, Chen JY, Johnson AJ, Pitt L, Ruble DL. 1995. Humoral immunity to aerosolized staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a superantigen, in monkeys vaccinated with SEB toxoid-containing microspheres. Infect Immun 63:2880–2885. [PubMed]
59. Lowell GH, Kaminski RW, Grate S, Hunt RE, Charney C, Zimmer S, Colleton C. 1996. Intranasal and intramuscular proteosome-staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) toxoid vaccines: immunogenicity and efficacy against lethal SEB intoxication in mice. Infect Immun 64:1706–1713. [PubMed]
60. Stiles BG, Garza AR, Ulrich RG, Boles JW. 2001. Mucosal vaccination with recombinantly attenuated staphylococcal enterotoxin B and protection in a murine model. Infect Immun 69:2031–2036. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
61. Woody MA, Krakauer T, Stiles BG. 1997. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B mutants (N23K and F44S): biological effects and vaccine potential in a mouse model. Vaccine 15:133–139. [PubMed]
62. Ulrich RG, Olson MA, Bavari S. 1998. Development of engineered vaccines effective against structurally related bacterial superantigens. Vaccine 16:1857–1864. [PubMed]
63. Pang LT, Kum WW, Chow AW. 2000. Inhibition of staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced lymphocyte proliferation and tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion by MAb5, an anti-toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 monoclonal antibody. Infect Immun 68:3261–3268. [PubMed]
64. Hamad AR, Herman A, Marrack P, Kappler JW. 1994. Monoclonal antibodies defining functional sites on the toxin superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B. J Exp Med 180:615–621. [PubMed]
65. Varshney AK, Wang X, Scharff MD, Macintyre J, Zollner RS, Kovalenko OV, Martinez LR, Byrne FR, Fries BC. 2013. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B specific monoclonal antibody 20B1 successfully treats diverse Staphylococcus aureus infections. J Infect Dis Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit421 [PubMed] [CrossRef]
66. LeClaire RD, Hunt RE, Bavari S. 2002. Protection against bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B by passive vaccination. Infect Immun 70:2278–2281. [PubMed]
67. Tilahun ME, Rajagopalan G, Shah-Mahoney N, Lawlor RG, Tilahun AY, Xie C, Natarajan K, Margulies DH, Ratner DI, Osborne BA, Goldsby RA. 2010. Potent neutralization of staphylococcal enterotoxin B by synergistic action of chimeric antibodies. Infect Immun 78:2801–2811. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
68. Tilahun ME, Kwan A, Natarajan K, Quinn M, Tilahun AY, Xie C, Margulies DH, Osborne BA, Goldsby RA, Rajagopalan G. 2011. Chimeric anti-staphylococcal enterotoxin B antibodies and lovastatin act synergistically to provide in vivo protection against lethal doses of SEB. PLoS One 6:e27203. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
69. Larkin EA, Stiles BG, Ulrich RG. 2010. Inhibition of toxic shock by human monoclonal antibodies against staphylococcal enterotoxin B. PLoS One 5:e13253.
70. Drozdowski B, Zhou Y, Kline B, Spidel J, Chan YY, Albone E, Turchin H, Chao Q, Henry M, Balogach J, Routhier E, Bavari S, Nicolaides NC, Sass PM, Grasso L. 2010. Generation and characterization of high affinity human monoclonal antibodies that neutralize staphylococcal enterotoxin B. J Immune Based Ther Vaccines 8:9. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
71. Karauzum H, Chen G, Abaandou L, Mahmoudieh M, Boroun AR, Shulenin S, Devi VS, Stavale E, Warfield KL, Zeitlin L, Roy CJ, Sidhu SS, Aman MJ. 2012. Synthetic human monoclonal antibodies toward staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) protective against toxic shock syndrome. J Biol Chem 287:25203–25215. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
72. Lin YS, Largen MT, Newcomb JR, Rogers TJ. 1988. Production and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific for staphylococcal enterotoxin B. J Med Microbiol 27: 263– 270. [PubMed]
73. Singh PK, Agrawal R, Kamboj DV, Gupta G, Boopathi M, Goel AK, Singh L. 2010. Construction of a single-chain variable-fragment antibody against the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Appl Environ Microbiol 76: 8184– 8191. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
74. Liang B, Zhang Y, Liu A, Zhou Y, Chen F, Wang X. 2011. Production of a monoclonal antibody by simultaneous immunization of staphylococcal enterotoxin A and B. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 164: 831– 840. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012
2013-12-13
2020-05-31

Abstract:

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B is one of the most potent bacterial superantigens that exerts profound toxic effects upon the immune system, leading to stimulation of cytokine release and inflammation. It is associated with food poisoning, nonmenstrual toxic shock, atopic dermatitis, asthma, and nasal polyps in humans. Currently, there is no treatment or vaccine available. Passive immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies made in several different species has shown significant inhibition in in vitro studies and reduction in staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced lethal shock in in vivo studies. This should encourage future endeavors to develop these antibodies as therapeutic reagents.

Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/microbiolspec/1/2/AID-0002-2012.html?itemId=/content/journal/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Figures

Bacterial Toxins—Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012-1,webId=/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Bettina C., foaf_name=Bettina C. Fries, foaf_surname=Fries, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012-2,webId=/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Avanish K., foaf_name=Avanish K. Varshney, foaf_surname=Varshney, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012-aff2]]}]]
Citation: Fries B, Varshney A. 2013. Bacterial toxins—staphylococcal enterotoxin b. microbiolspec 1(2): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012.fig1
FIGURE 1

Alignment of amino acid sequences of SEB derived from clinical isolates. Amino acid mutations are highlighted in green. MHC- and TcR-interacting residues are shown in blue and magenta, respectively. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012.f1

microbiolspec/1/2/AID-0002-2012-fig1_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/1/2/AID-0002-2012-fig1.gif
Image of FIGURE 1

Click to view

FIGURE 1

Alignment of amino acid sequences of SEB derived from clinical isolates. Amino acid mutations are highlighted in green. MHC- and TcR-interacting residues are shown in blue and magenta, respectively. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012.f1

Source: microbiolspec December 2013 vol. 1 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012.fig2
FIGURE 2

(A) Ribbon structure of SEB protein showing amino acid mutations in isolates. Residues which interact with MHC and TcR are shown in blue and magenta, respectively. (B) View after rotating 180 degrees around vertical axis. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012.f2

microbiolspec/1/2/AID-0002-2012-fig2_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/1/2/AID-0002-2012-fig2.gif
Image of FIGURE 2

Click to view

FIGURE 2

(A) Ribbon structure of SEB protein showing amino acid mutations in isolates. Residues which interact with MHC and TcR are shown in blue and magenta, respectively. (B) View after rotating 180 degrees around vertical axis. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012.f2

Source: microbiolspec December 2013 vol. 1 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint

Tables

Bacterial Toxins—Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012-1,webId=/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Bettina C., foaf_name=Bettina C. Fries, foaf_surname=Fries, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012-2,webId=/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Avanish K., foaf_name=Avanish K. Varshney, foaf_surname=Varshney, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012-aff2]]}]]
Citation: Fries B, Varshney A. 2013. Bacterial toxins—staphylococcal enterotoxin b. microbiolspec 1(2): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012.T1
TABLE 1

Major biological and pathological activities of SEB

Generic image for table

Click to view

TABLE 1

Major biological and pathological activities of SEB

Source: microbiolspec December 2013 vol. 1 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012.T2
TABLE 2

List of MAbs generated against SEB toxins

Generic image for table

Click to view

TABLE 2

List of MAbs generated against SEB toxins

Source: microbiolspec December 2013 vol. 1 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0002-2012

Supplemental Material

No supplementary material available for this content.

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error