Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Fish Pathogens
- Authors: Ron A. Miller1, Heather Harbottle2
- Editors: Frank Møller Aarestrup3, Stefan Schwarz4, Jianzhong Shen5, Lina Cavaco6
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VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONSAffiliations: 1: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Division of Human Food Safety, Rockville, MD 20855; 2: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Division of Human Food Safety, Rockville, MD 20855; 3: Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; 4: Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; 5: China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; 6: Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Received 05 April 2017 Accepted 17 November 2017 Published 25 January 2018
- Correspondence: Ron A. Miller, [email protected]
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Abstract:
Major concerns surround the use of antimicrobial agents in farm-raised fish, including the potential impacts these uses may have on the development of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in fish and the aquatic environment. Currently, some antimicrobial agents commonly used in aquaculture are only partially effective against select fish pathogens due to the emergence of resistant bacteria. Although reports of ineffectiveness in aquaculture due to resistant pathogens are scarce in the literature, some have reported mass mortalities in Penaeus monodon larvae caused by Vibrio harveyi resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and streptomycin. Genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance have been described in aquaculture environments and are commonly found on mobile genetic elements which are recognized as the primary source of antimicrobial resistance for important fish pathogens. Indeed, resistance genes have been found on transferable plasmids and integrons in pathogenic bacterial species in the genera Aeromonas, Yersinia, Photobacterium, Edwardsiella, and Vibrio. Class 1 integrons and IncA/C plasmids have been widely identified in important fish pathogens (Aeromonas spp., Yersinia spp., Photobacterium spp., Edwardsiella spp., and Vibrio spp.) and are thought to play a major role in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance determinants in the aquatic environment. The identification of plasmids in terrestrial pathogens (Salmonella enterica serotypes, Escherichia coli, and others) which have considerable homology to plasmid backbone DNA from aquatic pathogens suggests that the plasmid profiles of fish pathogens are extremely plastic and mobile and constitute a considerable reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes for pathogens in diverse environments.
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Citation: Miller R, Harbottle H. 2018. Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Fish Pathogens. Microbiol Spectrum 6(1):ARBA-0017-2017. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017.




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Abstract:
Major concerns surround the use of antimicrobial agents in farm-raised fish, including the potential impacts these uses may have on the development of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in fish and the aquatic environment. Currently, some antimicrobial agents commonly used in aquaculture are only partially effective against select fish pathogens due to the emergence of resistant bacteria. Although reports of ineffectiveness in aquaculture due to resistant pathogens are scarce in the literature, some have reported mass mortalities in Penaeus monodon larvae caused by Vibrio harveyi resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and streptomycin. Genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance have been described in aquaculture environments and are commonly found on mobile genetic elements which are recognized as the primary source of antimicrobial resistance for important fish pathogens. Indeed, resistance genes have been found on transferable plasmids and integrons in pathogenic bacterial species in the genera Aeromonas, Yersinia, Photobacterium, Edwardsiella, and Vibrio. Class 1 integrons and IncA/C plasmids have been widely identified in important fish pathogens (Aeromonas spp., Yersinia spp., Photobacterium spp., Edwardsiella spp., and Vibrio spp.) and are thought to play a major role in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance determinants in the aquatic environment. The identification of plasmids in terrestrial pathogens (Salmonella enterica serotypes, Escherichia coli, and others) which have considerable homology to plasmid backbone DNA from aquatic pathogens suggests that the plasmid profiles of fish pathogens are extremely plastic and mobile and constitute a considerable reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes for pathogens in diverse environments.

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Figures

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FIGURE 1
Distribution of MICs and categorization by clinical breakpoints contrasted to ECOFFs.
Tables

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TABLE 1
Frequently isolated bacterial pathogens of fish

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TABLE 2
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods of aquatic bacterial pathogens a

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TABLE 4
Provisional MIC ECOFFs for F. columnare ( 77 )

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