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Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Fish Pathogens

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  • Authors: Ron A. Miller1, Heather Harbottle2
  • Editors: Frank Møller Aarestrup3, Stefan Schwarz4, Jianzhong Shen5, Lina Cavaco6
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Division of Human Food Safety, Rockville, MD 20855; 2: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Division of Human Food Safety, Rockville, MD 20855; 3: Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; 4: Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; 5: China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; 6: Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
    • Source: microbiolspec January 2018 vol. 6 no. 1 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017
  • Received 05 April 2017 Accepted 17 November 2017 Published 25 January 2018
  • Ron A. Miller, [email protected]
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  • Abstract:

    Major concerns surround the use of antimicrobial agents in farm-raised fish, including the potential impacts these uses may have on the development of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in fish and the aquatic environment. Currently, some antimicrobial agents commonly used in aquaculture are only partially effective against select fish pathogens due to the emergence of resistant bacteria. Although reports of ineffectiveness in aquaculture due to resistant pathogens are scarce in the literature, some have reported mass mortalities in larvae caused by resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and streptomycin. Genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance have been described in aquaculture environments and are commonly found on mobile genetic elements which are recognized as the primary source of antimicrobial resistance for important fish pathogens. Indeed, resistance genes have been found on transferable plasmids and integrons in pathogenic bacterial species in the genera , , , , and . Class 1 integrons and IncA/C plasmids have been widely identified in important fish pathogens ( spp., spp., spp., spp., and spp.) and are thought to play a major role in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance determinants in the aquatic environment. The identification of plasmids in terrestrial pathogens ( serotypes, , and others) which have considerable homology to plasmid backbone DNA from aquatic pathogens suggests that the plasmid profiles of fish pathogens are extremely plastic and mobile and constitute a considerable reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes for pathogens in diverse environments.

  • Citation: Miller R, Harbottle H. 2018. Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Fish Pathogens. Microbiol Spectrum 6(1):ARBA-0017-2017. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017.

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2018-01-25
2020-07-03

Abstract:

Major concerns surround the use of antimicrobial agents in farm-raised fish, including the potential impacts these uses may have on the development of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in fish and the aquatic environment. Currently, some antimicrobial agents commonly used in aquaculture are only partially effective against select fish pathogens due to the emergence of resistant bacteria. Although reports of ineffectiveness in aquaculture due to resistant pathogens are scarce in the literature, some have reported mass mortalities in larvae caused by resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and streptomycin. Genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance have been described in aquaculture environments and are commonly found on mobile genetic elements which are recognized as the primary source of antimicrobial resistance for important fish pathogens. Indeed, resistance genes have been found on transferable plasmids and integrons in pathogenic bacterial species in the genera , , , , and . Class 1 integrons and IncA/C plasmids have been widely identified in important fish pathogens ( spp., spp., spp., spp., and spp.) and are thought to play a major role in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance determinants in the aquatic environment. The identification of plasmids in terrestrial pathogens ( serotypes, , and others) which have considerable homology to plasmid backbone DNA from aquatic pathogens suggests that the plasmid profiles of fish pathogens are extremely plastic and mobile and constitute a considerable reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes for pathogens in diverse environments.

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Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Fish Pathogens
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Citation: Miller R, Harbottle H. 2018. Antimicrobial drug resistance in fish pathogens. microbiolspec 6(1): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017.fig1
FIGURE 1
Distribution of MICs and categorization by clinical breakpoints contrasted to ECOFFs.
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FIGURE 1

Distribution of MICs and categorization by clinical breakpoints contrasted to ECOFFs.

Source: microbiolspec January 2018 vol. 6 no. 1 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017
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Tables

Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Fish Pathogens
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Citation: Miller R, Harbottle H. 2018. Antimicrobial drug resistance in fish pathogens. microbiolspec 6(1): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017.T1
TABLE 1
Frequently isolated bacterial pathogens of fish
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TABLE 1

Frequently isolated bacterial pathogens of fish

Source: microbiolspec January 2018 vol. 6 no. 1 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017.T2
TABLE 2
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods of aquatic bacterial pathogens
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TABLE 2

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods of aquatic bacterial pathogens

Source: microbiolspec January 2018 vol. 6 no. 1 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017.T3
TABLE 3
CLSI-approved MIC and zone diameter CBP and ECOFFs for ( 55 )
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TABLE 3

CLSI-approved MIC and zone diameter CBP and ECOFFs for ( 55 )

Source: microbiolspec January 2018 vol. 6 no. 1 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017.T4
TABLE 4
Provisional MIC ECOFFs for ( 77 )
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TABLE 4

Provisional MIC ECOFFs for ( 77 )

Source: microbiolspec January 2018 vol. 6 no. 1 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017.T5
TABLE 5
MIC ECOFFs and zone diameter ECOFFs for ( 78 – 80 )
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TABLE 5

MIC ECOFFs and zone diameter ECOFFs for ( 78 – 80 )

Source: microbiolspec January 2018 vol. 6 no. 1 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0017-2017

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