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Parasites

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  • Authors: Elitza S. Theel1, Bobbi S. Pritt2
  • Editors: Randall T. Hayden3, Donna M. Wolk4, Karen C. Carroll5, Yi-Wei Tang6
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905; 2: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905; 3: St. Jude’s Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; 4: Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA; 5: Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, MD; 6: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY
    • Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015
  • Received 18 May 2015 Accepted 03 February 2016 Published 12 August 2016
  • Bobbi S. Pritt, [email protected]
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  • Abstract:

    Parasites are an important cause of human disease worldwide. The clinical severity and outcome of parasitic disease is often dependent on the immune status of the host. Specific parasitic diseases discussed in this chapter are amebiasis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, cystoisosporiasis, microsporidosis, granulomatous amebic encephalitis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, malaria, babesiosis, strongyloidiasis, and scabies.

  • Citation: Theel E, Pritt B. 2016. Parasites. Microbiol Spectrum 4(4):DMIH2-0013-2015. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015.

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/content/journal/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015
2016-08-12
2020-08-10

Abstract:

Parasites are an important cause of human disease worldwide. The clinical severity and outcome of parasitic disease is often dependent on the immune status of the host. Specific parasitic diseases discussed in this chapter are amebiasis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, cystoisosporiasis, microsporidosis, granulomatous amebic encephalitis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, malaria, babesiosis, strongyloidiasis, and scabies.

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Parasites
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Citation: Theel E, Pritt B. 2016. Parasites. microbiolspec 4(4): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015.fig1
FIGURE 1
Resected segment of colon showing multiple ulcers with focal perforation due to amebiasis. Amebic liver abscess with vial of aspirated abscess material demonstrating the characteristic “anchovy paste” appearance (Gross photos courtesy of Dr. Mae Melvin and Dr. E. West, CDC Public Health Image Library). / trophozoite (left) and cyst (right) (modified trichrome, 1000×). Reproduced with permission from Pritt BS. . Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists, 2014. If ingested RBCs are seen within the cytoplasm of the trophozoite, then a presumptive diagnosis of can be made. Otherwise, the trophozoites and cysts of and are indistinguishable. Note that two of the four nuclei are visible within the cyst as well as a prominent chromatoid body.
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microbiolspec/4/4/DMIH2-0013-2015-fig1.gif
Image of FIGURE 1

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FIGURE 1

Resected segment of colon showing multiple ulcers with focal perforation due to amebiasis. Amebic liver abscess with vial of aspirated abscess material demonstrating the characteristic “anchovy paste” appearance (Gross photos courtesy of Dr. Mae Melvin and Dr. E. West, CDC Public Health Image Library). / trophozoite (left) and cyst (right) (modified trichrome, 1000×). Reproduced with permission from Pritt BS. . Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists, 2014. If ingested RBCs are seen within the cytoplasm of the trophozoite, then a presumptive diagnosis of can be made. Otherwise, the trophozoites and cysts of and are indistinguishable. Note that two of the four nuclei are visible within the cyst as well as a prominent chromatoid body.

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FIGURE 2
trophozoites containing two nuclei, central axonemes and curved median bodies (left) and cyst with two of four nuclei visible (right) (trichrome stain, 1000×). Reproduced with permission from Pritt BS. . Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists, 2014.
microbiolspec/4/4/DMIH2-0013-2015-fig2_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/4/4/DMIH2-0013-2015-fig2.gif
Image of FIGURE 2

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FIGURE 2

trophozoites containing two nuclei, central axonemes and curved median bodies (left) and cyst with two of four nuclei visible (right) (trichrome stain, 1000×). Reproduced with permission from Pritt BS. . Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists, 2014.

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FIGURE 3
Round oocysts of sp. stained with a modified acid-fast stain. Note that not all oocysts stain equally and that sporozoites can occasionally be seen within some oocysts (1000×).
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FIGURE 3

Round oocysts of sp. stained with a modified acid-fast stain. Note that not all oocysts stain equally and that sporozoites can occasionally be seen within some oocysts (1000×).

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FIGURE 4
Round oocysts of stained using a modified acid-fast stain (1000×). They have a similar appearance to the oocysts of but are larger (8 to 10 µm in diameter). Note that not all oocysts stain uniformly, producing unstained “ghost” cells.
microbiolspec/4/4/DMIH2-0013-2015-fig4_thmb.gif
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Image of FIGURE 4

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FIGURE 4

Round oocysts of stained using a modified acid-fast stain (1000×). They have a similar appearance to the oocysts of but are larger (8 to 10 µm in diameter). Note that not all oocysts stain uniformly, producing unstained “ghost” cells.

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FIGURE 5
Immature oocyst of containing one sporocyst (modified acid-fast, 1000×). The oocysts are significantly larger than those of spp. and , measuring approximately 33 µm in length.
microbiolspec/4/4/DMIH2-0013-2015-fig5_thmb.gif
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FIGURE 5

Immature oocyst of containing one sporocyst (modified acid-fast, 1000×). The oocysts are significantly larger than those of spp. and , measuring approximately 33 µm in length.

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FIGURE 6
Microsporidial spores of in a concentrated fecal specimen demonstrating a characteristic band-like stripe (trichrome blue stain, 1000×). These tiny spores measure 0.8 to 1.4 µm in length and are therefore challenging to identify on standard microscopic preparations.
microbiolspec/4/4/DMIH2-0013-2015-fig6_thmb.gif
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FIGURE 6

Microsporidial spores of in a concentrated fecal specimen demonstrating a characteristic band-like stripe (trichrome blue stain, 1000×). These tiny spores measure 0.8 to 1.4 µm in length and are therefore challenging to identify on standard microscopic preparations.

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FIGURE 7
spp. trophozoites and cysts in a skin biopsy of an ulcerating skin lesion. Organisms are seen invading blood vessels in the dermis (left, H&E, 200×; arrow shows lumen of blood vessel). Higher magnification shows trophozoites with a small nucleus and large karyosome (top right) and cysts with a characteristic hexagonal double cell wall (bottom right) (H&E, 1000×).
microbiolspec/4/4/DMIH2-0013-2015-fig7_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/4/4/DMIH2-0013-2015-fig7.gif
Image of FIGURE 7

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FIGURE 7

spp. trophozoites and cysts in a skin biopsy of an ulcerating skin lesion. Organisms are seen invading blood vessels in the dermis (left, H&E, 200×; arrow shows lumen of blood vessel). Higher magnification shows trophozoites with a small nucleus and large karyosome (top right) and cysts with a characteristic hexagonal double cell wall (bottom right) (H&E, 1000×).

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FIGURE 8
Brain biopsy with multiple invading trophozoites; cysts are also commonly seen with both and infections but are not seen in this image.
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Image of FIGURE 8

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FIGURE 8

Brain biopsy with multiple invading trophozoites; cysts are also commonly seen with both and infections but are not seen in this image.

Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015
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FIGURE 9
. Free and intracellular arc-shaped tachyzoites in a brain impression smear (Giemsa, 1000×).
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FIGURE 9

. Free and intracellular arc-shaped tachyzoites in a brain impression smear (Giemsa, 1000×).

Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015
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FIGURE 10
Characteristic ulcer of cutaneous leishmaniasis with proximal lymphatic spread (courtesy of Dr. Martins Castro and Dr. Lucille K. Georg, CDC PHIL). Air-dried impression smear from the edge of a cutaneous ulcer shows a macrophage containing numerous amastigotes (arrowhead denotes the macrophage nucleus, Giemsa, 1000×). A nucleus and rod-like kinetoplast can be seen within individual amastigotes (arrows).
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FIGURE 10

Characteristic ulcer of cutaneous leishmaniasis with proximal lymphatic spread (courtesy of Dr. Martins Castro and Dr. Lucille K. Georg, CDC PHIL). Air-dried impression smear from the edge of a cutaneous ulcer shows a macrophage containing numerous amastigotes (arrowhead denotes the macrophage nucleus, Giemsa, 1000×). A nucleus and rod-like kinetoplast can be seen within individual amastigotes (arrows).

Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015
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FIGURE 11a
trypomastigotes in a Giemsa-stained peripheral blood film. Note the characteristic large kinetoplast at the posterior end, central nucleus, and free flagellum at the anterior end (top, 1000×).
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FIGURE 11a

trypomastigotes in a Giemsa-stained peripheral blood film. Note the characteristic large kinetoplast at the posterior end, central nucleus, and free flagellum at the anterior end (top, 1000×).

Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015
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FIGURE 11b
amastigotes in cardiac tissue (H&E, 400×, inset 1000×).
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FIGURE 11b

amastigotes in cardiac tissue (H&E, 400×, inset 1000×).

Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015
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FIGURE 12
life cycle stages in the human host: early stage trophozoite (top left), late-stage trophozoite (top right), mature schizont (bottom left) and gametocyte (bottom right); (Giemsa, 1000×). Images from reference 312 .
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FIGURE 12

life cycle stages in the human host: early stage trophozoite (top left), late-stage trophozoite (top right), mature schizont (bottom left) and gametocyte (bottom right); (Giemsa, 1000×). Images from reference 312 .

Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015
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FIGURE 13
Multiple parasite forms of MO1, showing pleomorphic intracellular forms, a characteristic “tetrad” form (arrowhead) and extracellular parasites (arrow) (Giemsa, 1000×). Image from reference 312 .
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FIGURE 13

Multiple parasite forms of MO1, showing pleomorphic intracellular forms, a characteristic “tetrad” form (arrowhead) and extracellular parasites (arrow) (Giemsa, 1000×). Image from reference 312 .

Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015
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FIGURE 14
larvae invading the intestinal mucosa in a case of hyperinfection (H&E, 1000×).
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FIGURE 14

larvae invading the intestinal mucosa in a case of hyperinfection (H&E, 1000×).

Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015
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FIGURE 15
mature mite (left), immature mite (bottom right) and egg (top right) in an unstained preparation of skin scrapings.
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FIGURE 15

mature mite (left), immature mite (bottom right) and egg (top right) in an unstained preparation of skin scrapings.

Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015
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Tables

Parasites
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Citation: Theel E, Pritt B. 2016. Parasites. microbiolspec 4(4): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015.T1
TABLE 1
Manifestation of parasitic infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts
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TABLE 1

Manifestation of parasitic infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts

Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015

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