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Forensic Approaches to Detect Possible Agents of Bioterror

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  • Authors: Alfredo A. González1, Jessica I. Rivera-Pérez2, Gary A. Toranzos3
  • Editor: Raúl J. Cano4
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00930; 2: Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00930; 3: Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00930; 4: California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA
    • Source: microbiolspec April 2017 vol. 5 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.EMF-0010-2016
  • Received 10 November 2016 Accepted 10 March 2017 Published 28 April 2017
  • Alfredo A. González, [email protected]
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  • Abstract:

    Many biological agents have been strategic pathogenic agents throughout history. Some have even changed history as a consequence of early discoveries of their use as weapons of war. Many of these bioagents can be easily isolated from the environment, and some have recently been genetically manipulated to become more pathogenic for biowarfare. However, it is difficult to determine accidental outbreaks of disease from intentional exposures. In this review, we examine how molecular tools have been used in combination with forensic research to resolve cases of unusual outbreaks and trace the source of the biocrime. New technologies are also discussed in terms of their crucial role impacting forensic science. The anthrax event of 2001 serves as an example of the real threat of bioterrorism and the employment of bioagents as weapons against a population. The Amerithrax investigation has given us lessons of the highest resolution possible with new technologies capable of distinguishing isolates at the base-pair level of sensitivity. In addition, we discuss the implications of proper sanitation to avoid waterborne diseases. The use of new methods in forensic science and health-related surveillance will be invaluable in determining the source of any new disease outbreak, and these data will allow for a quick response to any type of public health threat, whether accidental or purposely initiated.

  • Citation: González A, Rivera-Pérez J, Toranzos G. 2017. Forensic Approaches to Detect Possible Agents of Bioterror. Microbiol Spectrum 5(2):EMF-0010-2016. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.EMF-0010-2016.

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2017-04-28
2020-02-17

Abstract:

Many biological agents have been strategic pathogenic agents throughout history. Some have even changed history as a consequence of early discoveries of their use as weapons of war. Many of these bioagents can be easily isolated from the environment, and some have recently been genetically manipulated to become more pathogenic for biowarfare. However, it is difficult to determine accidental outbreaks of disease from intentional exposures. In this review, we examine how molecular tools have been used in combination with forensic research to resolve cases of unusual outbreaks and trace the source of the biocrime. New technologies are also discussed in terms of their crucial role impacting forensic science. The anthrax event of 2001 serves as an example of the real threat of bioterrorism and the employment of bioagents as weapons against a population. The Amerithrax investigation has given us lessons of the highest resolution possible with new technologies capable of distinguishing isolates at the base-pair level of sensitivity. In addition, we discuss the implications of proper sanitation to avoid waterborne diseases. The use of new methods in forensic science and health-related surveillance will be invaluable in determining the source of any new disease outbreak, and these data will allow for a quick response to any type of public health threat, whether accidental or purposely initiated.

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Forensic Approaches to Detect Possible Agents of Bioterror
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Citation: González A, Rivera-Pérez J, Toranzos G. 2017. Forensic approaches to detect possible agents of bioterror. microbiolspec 5(2): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.EMF-0010-2016
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.EMF-0010-2016.fig1
FIGURE 1
Iroquois Native Americans engaging in trade with Europeans, 1722 (reproduced from reference 98 ).
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microbiolspec/5/2/EMF-0010-2016-fig1.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Iroquois Native Americans engaging in trade with Europeans, 1722 (reproduced from reference 98 ).

Source: microbiolspec April 2017 vol. 5 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.EMF-0010-2016
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FIGURE 2
The annual fluctuation of cases from 1953 to 2008 ( 99 ).
microbiolspec/5/2/EMF-0010-2016-fig2_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/5/2/EMF-0010-2016-fig2.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

The annual fluctuation of cases from 1953 to 2008 ( 99 ).

Source: microbiolspec April 2017 vol. 5 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.EMF-0010-2016
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Forensic Approaches to Detect Possible Agents of Bioterror
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Citation: González A, Rivera-Pérez J, Toranzos G. 2017. Forensic approaches to detect possible agents of bioterror. microbiolspec 5(2): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.EMF-0010-2016
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.EMF-0010-2016.T1
TABLE 1
Classification of potential biological agents used for bioterrorism attacks
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TABLE 1

Classification of potential biological agents used for bioterrorism attacks

Source: microbiolspec April 2017 vol. 5 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.EMF-0010-2016
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.EMF-0010-2016.T2
TABLE 2
Number of casualties produced by a biological agent in a hypothetical bioterror attack
Generic image for table
TABLE 2

Number of casualties produced by a biological agent in a hypothetical bioterror attack

Source: microbiolspec April 2017 vol. 5 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.EMF-0010-2016

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