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Lichenized Fungi and the Evolution of Symbiotic Organization

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  • Authors: Martin Grube1, Mats Wedin2
  • Editors: Joseph Heitman3, Barbara J. Howlett4
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; 2: Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden; 3: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; 4: School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, NSW 3010, Australia
    • Source: microbiolspec December 2016 vol. 4 no. 6 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016
  • Received 10 May 2016 Accepted 08 July 2016 Published 16 December 2016
  • Mats Wedin, [email protected]
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  • Abstract:

    Lichen symbioses comprise a fascinating relationship between algae and fungi. The lichen symbiotic lifestyle evolved early in the evolution of ascomycetes and is also known from a few basidiomycetes. The ascomycete lineages have diversified in the lichenized stage to give rise to a tremendous variety of morphologies. Their thalli are often internally complex and stratified for optimized integration of algal and fungal metabolisms. Thalli are frequently colonized by specific nonlichenized fungi and occasionally also by other lichens. Microscopy has revealed various ways these fungi interact with their hosts. Besides the morphologically recognizable diversity of the lichen mycobionts and lichenicolous (lichen-inhabiting) fungi, many other microorganisms including other fungi and bacterial communities are now detected in lichens by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. The application of multi-omics approaches, refined microscopic techniques, and physiological studies has added to our knowledge of lichens, not only about the taxa involved in the lichen interactions, but also about their functions.

  • Citation: Grube M, Wedin M. 2016. Lichenized Fungi and the Evolution of Symbiotic Organization. Microbiol Spectrum 4(6):FUNK-0011-2016. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016.

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/content/journal/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016
2016-12-16
2021-04-21

Abstract:

Lichen symbioses comprise a fascinating relationship between algae and fungi. The lichen symbiotic lifestyle evolved early in the evolution of ascomycetes and is also known from a few basidiomycetes. The ascomycete lineages have diversified in the lichenized stage to give rise to a tremendous variety of morphologies. Their thalli are often internally complex and stratified for optimized integration of algal and fungal metabolisms. Thalli are frequently colonized by specific nonlichenized fungi and occasionally also by other lichens. Microscopy has revealed various ways these fungi interact with their hosts. Besides the morphologically recognizable diversity of the lichen mycobionts and lichenicolous (lichen-inhabiting) fungi, many other microorganisms including other fungi and bacterial communities are now detected in lichens by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. The application of multi-omics approaches, refined microscopic techniques, and physiological studies has added to our knowledge of lichens, not only about the taxa involved in the lichen interactions, but also about their functions.

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Lichenized Fungi and the Evolution of Symbiotic Organization
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Citation: Grube M, Wedin M. 2016. Lichenized fungi and the evolution of symbiotic organization. microbiolspec 4(6): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016.fig1
FIGURE 1
Diverse shapes of lichen thalli. Coral-like fruticose (shrub-like) thallus of . Photo: Birgitta Strömbäck. Foliose (leaf-like) thalli of and covering the trunk of a in an old-growth spruce-dominated forest. Photo: Mats Wedin. Crustose (crust-like) thallus of growing on a siliceous rock. Photo: Martin Westberg.
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FIGURE 1

Diverse shapes of lichen thalli. Coral-like fruticose (shrub-like) thallus of . Photo: Birgitta Strömbäck. Foliose (leaf-like) thalli of and covering the trunk of a in an old-growth spruce-dominated forest. Photo: Mats Wedin. Crustose (crust-like) thallus of growing on a siliceous rock. Photo: Martin Westberg.

Source: microbiolspec December 2016 vol. 4 no. 6 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016
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FIGURE 2
Substantial biomass of lichens. Scandinavian costal lichen heath dominated by reindeer lichens ( spp.). Photo: Birgitta Strömbäck. Lichen-dominated soil crust community on the Great Alvar of Öland (Sweden). Photo: Martin Westberg. Abundant lichen cover dominated by in a New Zealand cool temperate rain forest. Photo: Birgitta Strömbäck.
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FIGURE 2

Substantial biomass of lichens. Scandinavian costal lichen heath dominated by reindeer lichens ( spp.). Photo: Birgitta Strömbäck. Lichen-dominated soil crust community on the Great Alvar of Öland (Sweden). Photo: Martin Westberg. Abundant lichen cover dominated by in a New Zealand cool temperate rain forest. Photo: Birgitta Strömbäck.

Source: microbiolspec December 2016 vol. 4 no. 6 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016
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FIGURE 3
Vertical section through a thallus of , a foliose lichen. A distinct layer of green algal cells is clearly visible under the uppermost cortex; all other structures are made up by fungal hyphae. Photo: Einar Timdal.
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FIGURE 3

Vertical section through a thallus of , a foliose lichen. A distinct layer of green algal cells is clearly visible under the uppermost cortex; all other structures are made up by fungal hyphae. Photo: Einar Timdal.

Source: microbiolspec December 2016 vol. 4 no. 6 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016
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FIGURE 4
Vegetative dispersal in lichens. Soralia formed along the thallus margins in . These structures produce soredia, small granules of algal cells surrounded by fungal hyphae. Photo: Einar Timdal. Simple, cylindrical isidia formed on the thallus upper surface by . Photo: Einar Timdal.
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FIGURE 4

Vegetative dispersal in lichens. Soralia formed along the thallus margins in . These structures produce soredia, small granules of algal cells surrounded by fungal hyphae. Photo: Einar Timdal. Simple, cylindrical isidia formed on the thallus upper surface by . Photo: Einar Timdal.

Source: microbiolspec December 2016 vol. 4 no. 6 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016
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FIGURE 5
Optional lichenization: . Apothecium of a saprotrophic colony on dead aspen () wood. Photo: Lucia Muggia. Lichenized morph on aspen bark. Note the green algal colonies around the young apothecium. Photo: Lucia Muggia.
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FIGURE 5

Optional lichenization: . Apothecium of a saprotrophic colony on dead aspen () wood. Photo: Lucia Muggia. Lichenized morph on aspen bark. Note the green algal colonies around the young apothecium. Photo: Lucia Muggia.

Source: microbiolspec December 2016 vol. 4 no. 6 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016
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FIGURE 6
Cephalodia visible as dark structures that include cyanobacteria, on . Photo: Einar Timdal. Phycosymbiodemes with different morphologies: with joined photomorphs. Note green-algal foliose parts growing out from the basal cyanobacterial fruticose parts. Photo: Mats Wedin.
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FIGURE 6

Cephalodia visible as dark structures that include cyanobacteria, on . Photo: Einar Timdal. Phycosymbiodemes with different morphologies: with joined photomorphs. Note green-algal foliose parts growing out from the basal cyanobacterial fruticose parts. Photo: Mats Wedin.

Source: microbiolspec December 2016 vol. 4 no. 6 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016
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FIGURE 7
Symbiotic invasion. The transition of thallus into thallus by invasion of the latter. Uninfected thallus. Photo: Einar Timdal. thallus with clear infection (whitish areas) with typical apothecia (dark patches in the whitish areas). Photo: Einar Timdal. An almost complete takeover by , with only small remnants of . Photo: Martin Westberg.
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FIGURE 7

Symbiotic invasion. The transition of thallus into thallus by invasion of the latter. Uninfected thallus. Photo: Einar Timdal. thallus with clear infection (whitish areas) with typical apothecia (dark patches in the whitish areas). Photo: Einar Timdal. An almost complete takeover by , with only small remnants of . Photo: Martin Westberg.

Source: microbiolspec December 2016 vol. 4 no. 6 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016
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Tables

Lichenized Fungi and the Evolution of Symbiotic Organization
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016-1,webId=/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Martin, foaf_name=Martin Grube, foaf_surname=Grube, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016-2,webId=/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Mats, foaf_name=Mats Wedin, foaf_surname=Wedin, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016-aff2]]}]]
Citation: Grube M, Wedin M. 2016. Lichenized fungi and the evolution of symbiotic organization. microbiolspec 4(6): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016.T1
TABLE 1
Lichenized fungal species for which genome information is available (as of March 2016)
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TABLE 1

Lichenized fungal species for which genome information is available (as of March 2016)

Source: microbiolspec December 2016 vol. 4 no. 6 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016

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