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: Carbon Metabolism and the Tick-Mammal Enzootic Cycle

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  • Authors: Arianna Corona1, Ira Schwartz2
  • Editors: Tyrrell Conway3, Paul Cohen4
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; 2: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; 3: Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK; 4: University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
    • Source: microbiolspec June 2015 vol. 3 no. 3 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MBP-0011-2014
  • Received 04 November 2014 Accepted 07 November 2014 Published 25 June 2015
  • Ira Schwartz, [email protected]
image of <span class="jp-italic">Borrelia burgdorferi</span>: Carbon Metabolism and the Tick-Mammal Enzootic Cycle
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  • Abstract:

    , the spirochetal agent of Lyme disease, is a zoonotic pathogen that is maintained in a natural cycle that typically involves mammalian reservoir hosts and a tick vector of the species. During each stage of the enzootic cycle, is exposed to environments that differ in temperature, pH, small molecules, and most important, nutrient sources. has a highly restricted metabolic capacity because it does not contain a tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, or any pathways for biosynthesis of carbohydrates, amino acids, or lipids. Thus, relies solely on glycolysis for ATP production and is completely dependent on the transport of nutrients and cofactors from extracellular sources. Herein, pathways for carbohydrate uptake and utilization in are described. Regulation of these pathways during the different phases of the enzootic cycle is discussed. In addition, a model for differential control of nutrient flux through the glycolytic pathway as the spirochete transits through the enzootic cycle is presented.

  • Citation: Corona A, Schwartz I. 2015. : Carbon Metabolism and the Tick-Mammal Enzootic Cycle. Microbiol Spectrum 3(3):MBP-0011-2014. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MBP-0011-2014.

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/content/journal/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.MBP-0011-2014
2015-06-25
2021-04-20

Abstract:

, the spirochetal agent of Lyme disease, is a zoonotic pathogen that is maintained in a natural cycle that typically involves mammalian reservoir hosts and a tick vector of the species. During each stage of the enzootic cycle, is exposed to environments that differ in temperature, pH, small molecules, and most important, nutrient sources. has a highly restricted metabolic capacity because it does not contain a tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, or any pathways for biosynthesis of carbohydrates, amino acids, or lipids. Thus, relies solely on glycolysis for ATP production and is completely dependent on the transport of nutrients and cofactors from extracellular sources. Herein, pathways for carbohydrate uptake and utilization in are described. Regulation of these pathways during the different phases of the enzootic cycle is discussed. In addition, a model for differential control of nutrient flux through the glycolytic pathway as the spirochete transits through the enzootic cycle is presented.

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Figures

: Carbon Metabolism and the Tick-Mammal Enzootic Cycle
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Citation: Corona A, Schwartz I. 2015. : carbon metabolism and the tick-mammal enzootic cycle. microbiolspec 3(3): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MBP-0011-2014
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.MBP-0011-2014.fig1
FIGURE 1
enzootic cycle. (1) Uninfected larva emerges from eggs. (2) Larval acquisition of during a blood meal on an infected reservoir host. (3) Infected fed larva molts to an unfed nymph. (4) Transmission of from a feeding nymph to an uninfected reservoir host during the nymphal blood meal. (5) Infected fed nymph molts to an adult. (6) Female and male adults mate on a large mammal (typically deer). The female adult feeds on the large mammal and lays eggs.
microbiolspec/3/3/MBP-0011-2014-fig1_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/3/3/MBP-0011-2014-fig1.gif
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FIGURE 1

enzootic cycle. (1) Uninfected larva emerges from eggs. (2) Larval acquisition of during a blood meal on an infected reservoir host. (3) Infected fed larva molts to an unfed nymph. (4) Transmission of from a feeding nymph to an uninfected reservoir host during the nymphal blood meal. (5) Infected fed nymph molts to an adult. (6) Female and male adults mate on a large mammal (typically deer). The female adult feeds on the large mammal and lays eggs.

Source: microbiolspec June 2015 vol. 3 no. 3 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MBP-0011-2014
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/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.MBP-0011-2014.fig2
FIGURE 2
carbohydrate transporters. Schematic diagram indicates predicted or experimentally verified transport systems. numbers indicate gene locus in strain B31 ( 17 ). Based on von Lackum and Stevenson ( 81 ).
microbiolspec/3/3/MBP-0011-2014-fig2_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/3/3/MBP-0011-2014-fig2.gif
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FIGURE 2

carbohydrate transporters. Schematic diagram indicates predicted or experimentally verified transport systems. numbers indicate gene locus in strain B31 ( 17 ). Based on von Lackum and Stevenson ( 81 ).

Source: microbiolspec June 2015 vol. 3 no. 3 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MBP-0011-2014
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FIGURE 3
The glycolytic pathway and control of glycolytic flux during the enzootic cycle.
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FIGURE 3

The glycolytic pathway and control of glycolytic flux during the enzootic cycle.

Source: microbiolspec June 2015 vol. 3 no. 3 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MBP-0011-2014
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FIGURE 4
Schematic diagram depicting reported regulatory circuits controlling glycerol and chitobiose utilization. Solid lines indicate interactions confirmed by studies; dashed lines indicate interactions observed only. Diagram is a summary of data from references 43 , 47 , 50 , 54 , 60 , 71 , 72 , 78 , 111 , and 112 .
microbiolspec/3/3/MBP-0011-2014-fig4_thmb.gif
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FIGURE 4

Schematic diagram depicting reported regulatory circuits controlling glycerol and chitobiose utilization. Solid lines indicate interactions confirmed by studies; dashed lines indicate interactions observed only. Diagram is a summary of data from references 43 , 47 , 50 , 54 , 60 , 71 , 72 , 78 , 111 , and 112 .

Source: microbiolspec June 2015 vol. 3 no. 3 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MBP-0011-2014
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Tables

: Carbon Metabolism and the Tick-Mammal Enzootic Cycle
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Citation: Corona A, Schwartz I. 2015. : carbon metabolism and the tick-mammal enzootic cycle. microbiolspec 3(3): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MBP-0011-2014
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.MBP-0011-2014.T1
TABLE 1
genes encoding proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism
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TABLE 1

genes encoding proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism

Source: microbiolspec June 2015 vol. 3 no. 3 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MBP-0011-2014

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