1887
No metrics data to plot.
The attempt to load metrics for this article has failed.
The attempt to plot a graph for these metrics has failed.

Anti-TNF Therapy

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.
  • XML
    98.33 Kb
  • HTML
    113.44 Kb
  • PDF
    252.44 Kb
  • Authors: Irina Udalova1, Claudia Monaco2, Jagdeep Nanchahal3, Marc Feldmann4
  • Editor: Siamon Gordon5
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Botnar Research Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom; 2: Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Botnar Research Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom; 3: Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Botnar Research Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom; 4: Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Botnar Research Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom; 5: Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
    • Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0022-2015
  • Received 09 September 2015 Accepted 26 October 2015 Published 12 August 2016
  • Marc Feldmann, [email protected]
image of Anti-TNF Therapy
    Preview this microbiology spectrum article:
    Preview Magnify
    Zoom in
    Zoomout

    Anti-TNF Therapy, Page 1 of 2

    | /docserver/preview/fulltext/microbiolspec/4/4/MCHD-0022-2015-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/microbiolspec/4/4/MCHD-0022-2015-2.gif

  • Abstract:

    Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the most important cytokines produced by macrophages. TNF is a very important component of host defense, released very rapidly after all types of injuries and stimuli. The kinetics of TNF release are short, and so it is perhaps not surprising that prolonged TNF production is associated with pathology. This was first elucidated in rheumatoid arthritis but extends to other chronic inflammatory diseases such as Crohn’s disease and psoriasis. In this chapter, the discovery of anti-TNF therapy is reviewed, with its benefit but also its limitations. The potential of anti-TNF therapy in other diseases, e.g., cardiovascular and fibrosis, is discussed, as is the opportunity to define ways of blocking TNF synthesis.

  • Citation: Udalova I, Monaco C, Nanchahal J, Feldmann M. 2016. Anti-TNF Therapy. Microbiol Spectrum 4(4):MCHD-0022-2015. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0022-2015.

Key Concept Ranking

Tumor Necrosis Factor
0.58249307
Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha
0.515291
Transforming Growth Factor beta
0.4696068
0.58249307

References

1. Thomson AW, Lotze MT (ed). 2003. The Cytokine Handbook, 4th ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
2. Feldmann M, Maini RN. 2003. Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award. TNF defined as a therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. Nat Med 9:1245–1250. [PubMed][CrossRef]
3. Klareskog L, Catrina AI, Paget S. 2009. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 373:659–672. [PubMed][CrossRef]
4. Wegner N, Lundberg K, Kinloch A, Fisher B, Malmström V, Feldmann M, Venables PJ. 2010. Autoimmunity to specific citrullinated proteins gives the first clues to the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Rev 233:34–54. [PubMed][CrossRef]
5. Harre U, Georgess D, Bang H, Bozec A, Axmann R, Ossipova E, Jakobsson PJ, Baum W, Nimmerjahn F, Szarka E, Sarmay G, Krumbholz G, Neumann E, Toes R, Scherer HU, Catrina AI, Klareskog L, Jurdic P, Schett G. 2012. Induction of osteoclastogenesis and bone loss by human autoantibodies against citrullinated vimentin. J Clin Invest 122:1791–1802. [PubMed][CrossRef]
6. Bell JI, Todd JA, McDevitt HO. 1989. The molecular basis of HLA-disease association. Adv Hum Genet 18:1–41. [PubMed][CrossRef]
7. Klareskog L, Forsum U, Scheynius A, Kabelitz D, Wigzell H. 1982. Evidence in support of a self-perpetuating HLA-DR-dependent delayed-type cell reaction in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 79:3632–3636. [PubMed][CrossRef]
8. Bottazzo GF, Pujol-Borrell R, Hanafusa T, Feldmann M. 1983. Role of aberrant HLA-DR expression and antigen presentation in induction of endocrine autoimmunity. Lancet 2:1115–1119. [PubMed][CrossRef]
9. Sztein MB, Steeg PS, Johnson HM, Oppenheim JJ. 1984. Regulation of human peripheral blood monocyte DR antigen expression in vitro by lymphokines and recombinant interferons. J Clin Invest 73:556–565. [PubMed][CrossRef]
10. Sarvetnick N, Shizuru J, Liggitt D, Martin L, McIntyre B, Gregory A, Parslow T, Stewart T. 1990. Loss of pancreatic islet tolerance induced by β-cell expression of interferon-γ. Nature 346:844–847. [PubMed][CrossRef]
11. Londei M, Lamb JR, Bottazzo GF, Feldmann M. 1984. Epithelial cells expressing aberrant MHC class II determinants can present antigen to cloned human T cells. Nature 312:639–641. [PubMed][CrossRef]
12. Londei M, Bottazzo GF, Feldmann M. 1985. Human T-cell clones from autoimmune thyroid glands: specific recognition of autologous thyroid cells. Science 228:85–89. [PubMed][CrossRef]
13. Erhardt CC, Mumford PA, Venables PJ, Maini RN. 1989. Factors predicting a poor life prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis: an eight year prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis 48:7–13. [PubMed][CrossRef]
14. Goeddel DV, Aggarwal BB, Gray PW, Leung DW, Nedwin GE, Palladino MA, Patton JS, Pennica D, Shepard HM, Sugarman BJ, Wong GH. 1986. Tumor necrosis factors: gene structure and biological activities. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 51:597–609. [PubMed][CrossRef]
15. Buchan G, Barrett K, Turner M, Chantry D, Maini RN, Feldmann M. 1988. Interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor mRNA expression in rheumatoid arthritis: prolonged production of IL-1α. Clin Exp Immunol 73:449–455. [PubMed]
16. Brennan FM, Chantry D, Jackson A, Maini R, Feldmann M. 1989. Inhibitory effect of TNFα antibodies on synovial cell interleukin-1 production in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2:244–247. [PubMed][CrossRef]
17. Wood NC, Dickens E, Symons JA, Duff GW. 1992. In situ hybridization of interleukin-1 in CD14-positive cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 62:295–300. [PubMed][CrossRef]
18. Poubelle P, Damon M, Blotman F, Dayer JM. 1985. Production of mononuclear cell factor by mononuclear phagocytes from rheumatoid synovial fluid. J Rheumatol 12:412–417. [PubMed]
19. Xu WD, Firestein GS, Taetle R, Kaushansky K, Zvaifler NJ. 1989. Cytokines in chronic inflammatory arthritis. II. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in rheumatoid synovial effusions. J Clin Invest 83:876–882. [PubMed][CrossRef]
20. Feldmann M, Brennan FM, Maini RN. 1996. Role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annu Rev Immunol 14:397–440. [PubMed][CrossRef]
21. Feldmann M, Easten A. 1971. The relationship between antigenic structure and the requirement for thymus-derived cells in the immune response. J Exp Med 134:103–119. [PubMed][CrossRef]
22. Fong Y, Tracey KJ, Moldawer LL, Hesse DG, Manogue KB, Kenney JS, Lee AT, Kuo GC, Allison AC, Lowry SF, Cerami A. 1989. Antibodies to cachectin/tumor necrosis factor reduce interleukin 1β and interleukin 6 appearance during lethal bacteremia. J Exp Med 170:1627–1633. [PubMed][CrossRef]
23. Haworth C, Brennan FM, Chantry D, Turner M, Maini RN, Feldmann M. 1991. Expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in rheumatoid arthritis: regulation by tumor necrosis factor-α. Eur J Immunol 21:2575–2579. [PubMed][CrossRef]
24. Butler DM, Maini RN, Feldmann M, Brennan FM. 1995. Modulation of proinflammatory cytokine release in rheumatoid synovial membrane cell cultures. Comparison of monoclonal anti TNF-α antibody with the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Eur Cytokine Netw 6:225–230. [PubMed]
25. Williams RO, Feldmann M, Maini RN. 1992. Anti-tumor necrosis factor ameliorates joint disease in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:9784–9788. [PubMed][CrossRef]
26. Beutler B, Cerami A. 1988. Cachectin, cachexia, and shock. Annu Rev Med 39:75–83. [PubMed][CrossRef]
27. Elliott MJ, Maini RN, Feldmann M, Long-Fox A, Charles P, Katsikis P, Brennan FM, Walker J, Bijl H, Ghrayeb J, Woody J. 1993. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with chimeric monoclonal antibodies to tumor necrosis factor α. Arthritis Rheum 36:1681–1690. [PubMed][CrossRef]
28. Elliott MJ, Maini RN, Feldmann M, Long-Fox A, Charles P, Bijl H, Woody JN. 1994. Repeated therapy with monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor α (cA2) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 344:1125–1127. [PubMed][CrossRef]
29. Elliott MJ, Maini RN, Feldmann M, Kalden JR, Antoni C, Smolen JS, Leeb B, Breedveld FC, Macfarlane JD, Bijl H, Woody JN. 1994. Randomised double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor α (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 344:1105–1110. [CrossRef]
30. Maini RN, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Smolen JS, Davis D, Macfarlane JD, Antoni C, Leeb B, Elliott MJ, Woody JN, Schaible TF, Feldmann M. 1998. Therapeutic efficacy of multiple intravenous infusions of anti-tumor necrosis factor α monoclonal antibody combined with low-dose weekly methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 41:1552–1563. [PubMed][CrossRef]
31. Weinblatt ME, Kremer JM, Bankhurst AD, Bulpitt KJ, Fleischmann RM, Fox RI, Jackson CG, Lange M, Burge DJ. 1999. A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. N Engl J Med 340:253–259. [PubMed][CrossRef]
32. Weisman MH, Moreland LW, Furst DE, Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Paulus HE, Teoh LS, Velagapudi RB, Noertersheuser PA, Granneman GR, Fischkoff SA, Chartash EK. 2003. Efficacy, pharmacokinetic, and safety assessment of adalimumab, a fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody, in adults with rheumatoid arthritis receiving concomitant methotrexate: a pilot study. Clin Ther 25:1700–1721. [PubMed][CrossRef]
33. Charles P, Elliott MJ, Davis D, Potter A, Kalden JR, Antoni C, Breedveld FC, Smolen JS, Eberl G, Woody JN, Feldmann M, Maini RN. 1999. Regulation of cytokines, cytokine inhibitors, and acute phase-proteins following anti-TNF-α therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol 163:1521–1528. [PubMed]
34. Feldmann M, Maini RN. 2001. Anti-TNFα therapy of rheumatoid arthritis: what have we learned? Annu Rev Immunol 19:163–196. [PubMed][CrossRef]
35. Paleolog EM. 2002. Angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res 4(Suppl 3) :S81–S90. [PubMed][CrossRef]
36. Rodkey LS. 1974. Studies of idiotypic antibodies. Production and characterization of autoantiidiotypic antisera. J Exp Med 139:712–720. [PubMed][CrossRef]
37. Oudin J, Michel M. 1969. Idiotypy of rabbit antibodies. II. Comparison of idiotypy of various kinds of antibodies formed in the same rabbits against Salmonella Typhi. J Exp Med 130:619–642. [PubMed][CrossRef]
38. Mitchison NA. 1964. Induction of immunological paralysis in two zones of dosage. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 161:275–292. [PubMed][CrossRef]
39. Golub ES, Weigle WO. 1969. Studies on the induction of immunologic unresponsiveness. 3. Antigen form and mouse strain variation. J Immunol 102:389–396. [PubMed]
40. Feldmann M, Maini RN. 2001. Anti-TNFα therapy of rheumatoid arthritis: what have we learned? Annu Rev Immunol 19:163–196. [PubMed][CrossRef]
41. Pascual-Salcedo D, Plasencia C, Ramiro S, Nuño L, Bonilla G, Nagore D, Ruiz Del Agua A, Martínez A, Aarden L, Martín-Mola E, Balsa A. 2011. Influence of immunogenicity on the efficacy of long-term treatment with infliximab in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 50:1445–1452. [PubMed][CrossRef]
42. Askling J, Fored CM, Brandt L, Baecklund E, Bertilsson L, Cöster L, Geborek P, Jacobsson LT, Lindblad S, Lysholm J, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Saxne T, Romanus V, Klareskog L, Feltelius N. 2005. Risk and case characteristics of tuberculosis in rheumatoid arthritis associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Sweden. Arthritis Rheum 52:1986–1992. [PubMed][CrossRef]
43. Hashimoto A, Matsui T. 2015. Risk of serious infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi 38:109–115. (In Japanese.) [PubMed][CrossRef]
44. Listing J, Gerhold K, Zink A. 2013. The risk of infections associated with rheumatoid arthritis, with its comorbidity and treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford) 52:53–61. [PubMed][CrossRef]
45. Smolen JS, Aletaha D. 2013. Forget personalised medicine and focus on abating disease activity. Ann Rheum Dis 72:3–6. [PubMed][CrossRef]
46. Feldmann M, Maini RN. 2015. Can we get closer to a cure for rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Rheumatol 67:2283–2291. [PubMed][CrossRef]
47. Sabin CA. 2013. Do people with HIV infection have a normal life expectancy in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy? BMC Med 11:251–257. [PubMed][CrossRef]
48. Genovese MC, Cohen S, Moreland L, Lium D, Robbins S, Newmark R, Bekker P, 20000223 Study Group. 2004. Combination therapy with etanercept and anakinra in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have been treated unsuccessfully with methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 50:1412–1419. [PubMed][CrossRef]
49. Weinblatt M, Schiff M, Goldman A, Kremer J, Luggen M, Li T, Chen D, Becker JC. 2007. Selective costimulation modulation using abatacept in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis while receiving etanercept: a randomised clinical trial. Ann Rheum Dis 66:228–234. [PubMed][CrossRef]
50. Aletaha D, Funovits J, Smolen JS. 2011. Physical disability in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with cartilage damage rather than bone destruction. Ann Rheum Dis 70:733–739. [PubMed][CrossRef]
51. Kaneko K, Williams RO, Dransfield DT, Nixon AE, Sandison A, Itoh Y. 2016. Selective inhibition of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase abrogates progression of experimental inflammatory arthritis: synergy with tumor necrosis factor blockade. Arthritis Rheumatol 68:521–531. [PubMed][CrossRef]
52. Grivennikov SI, Tumanov AV, Liepinsh DJ, Kruglov AA, Marakusha BI, Shakhov AN, Murakami T, Drutskaya LN, Förster I, Clausen BE, Tessarollo L, Ryffel B, Kuprash DV, Nedospasov SA. 2005. Distinct and nonredundant in vivo functions of TNF produced by T cells and macrophages/neutrophils: protective and deleterious effects. Immunity 22:93–104. [CrossRef]
53. Tak PP, Bresnihan B. 2000. The pathogenesis and prevention of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis: advances from synovial biopsy and tissue analysis. Arthritis Rheum 43:2619–2633. [PubMed][CrossRef]
54. Smeets TJ, Kraan MC, Galjaard S, Youssef PP, Smith MD, Tak PP. 2001. Analysis of the cell infiltrate and expression of matrix metalloproteinases and granzyme B in paired synovial biopsy specimens from the cartilage-pannus junction in patients with RA. Ann Rheum Dis 60:561–565. [PubMed][CrossRef]
55. Mulherin D, Fitzgerald O, Bresnihan B. 1996. Synovial tissue macrophage populations and articular damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 39:115–124. [PubMed][CrossRef]
56. Barrera P, Blom A, van Lent PL, van Bloois L, Beijnen JH, van Rooijen N, de Waal Malefijt MC, van de Putte LB, Storm G, van den Berg WB. 2000. Synovial macrophage depletion with clodronate-containing liposomes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 43:1951–1959. [PubMed][CrossRef]
57. Haringman JJ, Gerlag DM, Zwinderman AH, Smeets TJ, Kraan MC, Baeten D, McInnes IB, Bresnihan B, Tak PP. 2005. Synovial tissue macrophages: a sensitive biomarker for response to treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 64:834–838. [PubMed][CrossRef]
58. Hamilton JA. 2008. Colony-stimulating factors in inflammation and autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 8:533–544. [PubMed][CrossRef]
59. Gordon S, Taylor PR. 2005. Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity. Nat Rev Immunol 5:953–964. [PubMed][CrossRef]
60. Cook AD, Braine EL, Campbell IK, Rich MJ, Hamilton JA. 2001. Blockade of collagen-induced arthritis post-onset by antibody to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF): requirement for GM-CSF in the effector phase of disease. Arthritis Res 3:293–298. [PubMed][CrossRef]
61. Krausgruber T, Blazek K, Smallie T, Alzabin S, Lockstone H, Sahgal N, Hussell T, Feldmann M, Udalova IA. 2011. IRF5 promotes inflammatory macrophage polarization and T H1-T H17 responses. Nat Immunol 12:231–238. [PubMed][CrossRef]
62. Krausgruber T, Saliba D, Ryzhakov G, Lanfrancotti A, Blazek K, Udalova IA. 2010. IRF5 is required for late-phase TNF secretion by human dendritic cells. Blood 115:4421–4430. [PubMed][CrossRef]
63. Saliba DG, Heger A, Eames HL, Oikonomopoulos S, Teixeira A, Blazek K, Androulidaki A, Wong D, Goh FG, Weiss M, Byrne A, Pasparakis M, Ragoussis J, Udalova IA. 2014. IRF5:RelA interaction targets inflammatory genes in macrophages. Cell Rep 8:1308–1317. [PubMed][CrossRef]
64. Tamura T, Yanai H, Savitsky D, Taniguchi T. 2008. The IRF family transcription factors in immunity and oncogenesis. Annu Rev Immunol 26:535–584. [PubMed][CrossRef]
65. Weiss M, Blazek K, Byrne AJ, Perocheau DP, Udalova IA. 2013. IRF5 is a specific marker of inflammatory macrophages in vivo. Mediators Inflamm 2013:245804. doi:10.1155/2013/245804. [CrossRef]
66. Stahl EA, Raychaudhuri S, Remmers EF, Xie G, Eyre S, Thomson BP, Li Y, Kurreeman FA, Zhernakova A, Hinks A, Guiducci C, Chen R, Alfredsson L, Amos CI, Ardlie KG; BIRAC Consortium, Barton A, Bowes J, Brouwer E, Burtt NP, Catanese JJ, Coblyn J, Coenen MJ, Costenbader KH, Criswell LA, Crusius JB, Cui J, de Bakker PI, De Jager PL, Ding B, Emery P, Flynn E, Harrison P, Hocking LJ, Huizinga TW, Kastner DL, Ke X, Lee AT, Liu X, Martin P, Morgan AW, Padyukov L, Posthumus MD, Radstake TR, Reid DM, Seielstad M, Seldin MF, Shadick NA, Steer S, Tak PP, et al. 2010. Genome-wide association study meta-analysis identifies seven new rheumatoid arthritis risk loci. Nat Genet 42:508–514. [PubMed][CrossRef]
67. Dawidowicz K, Allanore Y, Guedj M, Pierlot C, Bombardieri S, Balsa A, Westhovens R, Barrera P, Alves H, Teixeira VH, Petit-Teixeira E, van de Putte L, van Riel P, Prum B, Bardin T, Meyer O, Cornélis F, Dieudé P, ECRAF. 2011. The interferon regulatory factor 5 gene confers susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis and influences its erosive phenotype. Ann Rheum Dis 70:117–121. [PubMed][CrossRef]
68. Courties G, Heidt T, Sebas M, Iwamoto Y, Jeon D, Truelove J, Tricot B, Wojtkiewicz G, Dutta P, Sager HB, Borodovsky A, Novobrantseva T, Klebanov B, Fitzgerald K, Anderson DG, Libby P, Swirski FK, Weissleder R, Nahrendorf M. 2014. In vivo silencing of the transcription factor IRF5 reprograms the macrophage phenotype and improves infarct healing. J Am Coll Cardiol 63:1556–1566. [PubMed][CrossRef]
69. Hansson GK, Jonasson L, Holm J, Claesson-Welsh L. 1986. Class II MHC antigen expression in the atherosclerotic plaque: smooth muscle cells express HLA-DR, HLA-DQ and the invariant gamma chain. Clin Exp Immunol 64:261–268. [PubMed]
70. Barath P, Fishbein MC, Cao J, Berenson J, Helfant RH, Forrester JS. 1990. Detection and localization of tumor necrosis factor in human atheroma. Am J Cardiol 65:297–302. [PubMed][CrossRef]
71. Bevilacqua MP, Pober JS, Majeau GR, Fiers W, Cotran RS, Gimbrone MA Jr. 1986. Recombinant tumor necrosis factor induces procoagulant activity in cultured human vascular endothelium: characterization and comparison with the actions of interleukin 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83:4533–4537. [PubMed][CrossRef]
72. Elhage R, Maret A, Pieraggi MT, Thiers JC, Arnal JF, Bayard F. 1998. Differential effects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor binding protein on fatty-streak formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 97:242–244. [PubMed][CrossRef]
73. Brånén L, Hovgaard L, Nitulescu M, Bengtsson E, Nilsson J, Jovinge S. 2004. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:2137–2142. [PubMed][CrossRef]
74. Ohta H, Wada H, Niwa T, Kirii H, Iwamoto N, Fujii H, Saito K, Sekikawa K, Seishima M. 2005. Disruption of tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene diminishes the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 180:11–17. [PubMed][CrossRef]
75. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer M, Sacks F, Lepage S, Braunwald E. 2000. Elevation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and increased risk of recurrent coronary events after myocardial infarction. Circulation 101:2149–2153. [PubMed][CrossRef]
76. Monaco C, Andreakos E, Kiriakidis S, Mauri C, Bicknell C, Foxwell B, Cheshire N, Paleolog E, Feldmann M. 2004. Canonical pathway of nuclear factor kappa B activation selectively regulates proinflammatory and prothrombotic responses in human atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:5634–5639. [PubMed][CrossRef]
77. Anker SD, Coats AJ. 2002. How to RECOVER from RENAISSANCE? The significance of the results of RECOVER, RENAISSANCE, RENEWAL and ATTACH. Int J Cardiol 86:123–130. [PubMed][CrossRef]
78. Coletta AP, Clark AL, Banarjee P, Cleland JG. 2002. Clinical trials update: RENEWAL (RENAISSANCE and RECOVER) and ATTACH. Eur J Heart Fail 4:559–561. [PubMed][CrossRef]
79. Chung ES, Packer M, Lo KH, Fasanmade AA, Willerson JT, Anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure Investigators. 2003. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation 107:3133–3140. [PubMed][CrossRef]
80. Raggatt LJ, Wullschleger ME, Alexander KA, Wu AC, Millard SM, Kaur S, Maugham ML, Gregory LS, Steck R, Pettit AR. 2014. Fracture healing via periosteal callus formation requires macrophages for both initiation and progression of early endochondral ossification. Am J Pathol 184:3192–3204. [PubMed][CrossRef]
81. Lucas T, Waisman A, Ranjan R, Roes J, Krieg T, Müller W, Roers A, Eming SA. 2010. Differential roles of macrophages in diverse phases of skin repair. J Immunol 184:3964–3977. [PubMed][CrossRef]
82. Sindrilaru A, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. 2013. Disclosure of the Culprits: Macrophages-Versatile Regulators of Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2:357–368. [PubMed][CrossRef]
83. Novak ML, Koh TJ. 2013. Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair. J Leukoc Biol 93:875–881. [PubMed][CrossRef]
84. Murray PJ, Wynn TA. 2011. Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets. Nat Rev Immunol 11:723–737. [PubMed][CrossRef]
85. Varga J, Pasche B. 2009. Transforming growth factor beta as a therapeutic target in systemic sclerosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 5:200–206. [PubMed][CrossRef]
86. Hawinkels LJ, Ten Dijke P. 2011. Exploring anti-TGF-β therapies in cancer and fibrosis. Growth Factors 29:140–152. [PubMed][CrossRef]
87. Dolmans GH, Werker PM, Hennies HC, Furniss D, Festen EA, Franke L, Becker K, van der Vlies P, Wolffenbuttel BH, Tinschert S, Toliat MR, Nothnagel M, Franke A, Klopp N, Wichmann HE, Nürnberg P, Giele H, Ophoff RA, Wijmenga C, Dutch Dupuytren Study Group, German Dupuytren Study Group, LifeLines Cohort Study, BSSH-GODD Consortium. 2011. Wnt signaling and Dupuytren’s disease. N Engl J Med 365:307–317. [PubMed][CrossRef]
88. Verjee LS, Verhoekx JS, Chan JK, Krausgruber T, Nicolaidou V, Izadi D, Davidson D, Feldmann M, Midwood KS, Nanchahal J. 2013. Unraveling the signaling pathways promoting fibrosis in Dupuytren’s disease reveals TNF as a therapeutic target. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:E928–E937. [PubMed][CrossRef]
89. Wick G, Grundtman C, Mayerl C, Wimpissinger TF, Feichtinger J, Zelger B, Sgonc R, Wolfram D. 2013. The immunology of fibrosis. Annu Rev Immunol 31:107–135. [PubMed][CrossRef]
90. Edwards AM, et al, SGC Open Source Target-Discovery Partnership. 2015. Preclinical target validation using patient-derived cells. Nat Rev Drug Discov 14:149–150. [PubMed][CrossRef]
91. Glass GE, Chan JK, Freidin A, Feldmann M, Horwood NJ, Nanchahal J. 2011. TNF-alpha promotes fracture repair by augmenting the recruitment and differentiation of muscle-derived stromal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:1585–1590. [PubMed][CrossRef]
92. Chan JK, Glass GE, Ersek A, Freidin A, Williams GA, Gowers K, Espirito Santo AI, Jeffery R, Otto WR, Poulsom R, Feldmann M, Rankin SM, Horwood NJ, Nanchahal J. 2015. Low-dose TNF augments fracture healing in normal and osteoporotic bone by up-regulating the innate immune response. EMBO Mol Med 7:547–561. [PubMed][CrossRef]
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0022-2015
2016-08-12
2019-10-15

Abstract:

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the most important cytokines produced by macrophages. TNF is a very important component of host defense, released very rapidly after all types of injuries and stimuli. The kinetics of TNF release are short, and so it is perhaps not surprising that prolonged TNF production is associated with pathology. This was first elucidated in rheumatoid arthritis but extends to other chronic inflammatory diseases such as Crohn’s disease and psoriasis. In this chapter, the discovery of anti-TNF therapy is reviewed, with its benefit but also its limitations. The potential of anti-TNF therapy in other diseases, e.g., cardiovascular and fibrosis, is discussed, as is the opportunity to define ways of blocking TNF synthesis.

Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/microbiolspec/4/4/MCHD-0022-2015.html?itemId=/content/journal/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0022-2015&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Supplemental Material

No supplementary material available for this content.

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error