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Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Its Inducible Proteins

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  • Authors: Takashi Satoh1,2, Shizuo Akira3,4
  • Editor: Siamon Gordon5
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; 2: Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; 3: Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; 4: Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; 5: Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
    • Source: microbiolspec December 2016 vol. 4 no. 6 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0040-2016
  • Received 19 June 2016 Accepted 31 October 2016 Published 23 December 2016
  • Shizuo Akira, [email protected]
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  • Abstract:

    Studies that bridge innate immunity and various diseases are making rapid advances. Macrophages and dendritic cells play a leading role in innate immunity, using pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense both pathogen invasion and danger signals. Among these PRRs, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in the immune response by recognizing not only pathogen-associated molecular patterns from bacteria and viruses but also damage-associated molecular patterns from dying or injured cells. These TLR family molecules facilitate not only the elimination of pathogens but also the development of various disorders, including arteriosclerosis, cancer, and metabolic syndrome. TLRs activate signaling pathways that result in the production of cytokines, chemokines, and various inducible molecules associated with the immune response. Although most components of the innate immune signaling pathways, such as the TLR family and its downstream signaling, have been identified, the physiological roles of many TLR signal-inducible proteins remain unclear. Recent studies have shown that some TLR-inducible proteins are critical in the immune response and the development of various disorders. In this review, we focus on the TLR signaling pathways and the roles of some TLR-inducible proteins.

  • Citation: Satoh T, Akira S. 2016. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Its Inducible Proteins. Microbiol Spectrum 4(6):MCHD-0040-2016. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0040-2016.

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2016-12-23
2021-04-17

Abstract:

Studies that bridge innate immunity and various diseases are making rapid advances. Macrophages and dendritic cells play a leading role in innate immunity, using pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense both pathogen invasion and danger signals. Among these PRRs, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in the immune response by recognizing not only pathogen-associated molecular patterns from bacteria and viruses but also damage-associated molecular patterns from dying or injured cells. These TLR family molecules facilitate not only the elimination of pathogens but also the development of various disorders, including arteriosclerosis, cancer, and metabolic syndrome. TLRs activate signaling pathways that result in the production of cytokines, chemokines, and various inducible molecules associated with the immune response. Although most components of the innate immune signaling pathways, such as the TLR family and its downstream signaling, have been identified, the physiological roles of many TLR signal-inducible proteins remain unclear. Recent studies have shown that some TLR-inducible proteins are critical in the immune response and the development of various disorders. In this review, we focus on the TLR signaling pathways and the roles of some TLR-inducible proteins.

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