1887
No metrics data to plot.
The attempt to load metrics for this article has failed.
The attempt to plot a graph for these metrics has failed.

Introduction to Preharvest Food Safety

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.
  • Author: Mary E. Torrence1
  • Editors: Kalmia Kniel2, Siddhartha Thakur3
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708; 2: Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE; 3: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC
    • Source: microbiolspec October 2016 vol. 4 no. 5 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0009-2015
  • Received 21 January 2015 Accepted 04 September 2015 Published 14 October 2016
  • Mary E. Torrence, [email protected]
image of Introduction to Preharvest Food Safety
    Preview this microbiology spectrum article:
    Preview Magnify
    Zoom in
    Zoomout

    Introduction to Preharvest Food Safety, Page 1 of 2

    | /docserver/preview/fulltext/microbiolspec/4/5/PFS-0009-2015-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/microbiolspec/4/5/PFS-0009-2015-2.gif

  • Abstract:

    This introductory article provides an overview of preharvest food safety activities and initiatives for the past 15 years. The section on traditional areas of preharvest food safety focuses on significant scientific advancements that are a culmination of collaborative efforts (both public health and agriculture) and significant research results. The highlighted advancements provide the foundation for exploring future preharvest areas and for improving and focusing on more specific intervention/control/prevention strategies. Examples include and cattle, and in poultry, and interventions and prevention and control programs. The section on “nontraditional” preharvest food safety areas brings attention to potential emerging food safety issues and to future food safety research directions. These include organic production, the FDA’s Produce Rule (water and manure), genomic sequencing, antimicrobial resistance, and performance metrics. The concluding section emphasizes important themes such as strategic planning, coordination, epidemiology, and the need for understanding food safety production as a continuum. Food safety research, whether at the pre- or postharvest level, will continue to be a fascinating complex web of foodborne pathogens, risk factors, and scientific and policy interactions. Food safety priorities and research must continue to evolve with emerging global issues, emerging technologies, and methods but remain grounded in a multidisciplinary, collaborative, and systematic approach.

  • Citation: Torrence M. 2016. Introduction to Preharvest Food Safety. Microbiol Spectrum 4(5):PFS-0009-2015. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0009-2015.

Key Concept Ranking

Food Safety
0.5560577
Microbial Ecology
0.50222224
Good Agricultural Practices
0.46937954
Food Safety Regulations
0.42947814
Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
0.42675993
Antimicrobial Resistance Testing
0.4213235
0.5560577

References

1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Department of Agriculture, Environmental Protection Agency, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1997. Food safety from farm to table: a national food safety initiative. A report to the president.
2. Institute of Medicine, National Research Council. 1998. p 20055. In Ensuring Safe Food: From Production to Consumption. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
3. Institute of Medicine, National Research Council. 2003. Scientific Criteria to Ensure Safe Food. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
4. Isaacson RE, Torrence M, Buckley MR. 2004. Pre-harvest food safety and security. AAM, Washington DC. http://asmscience.org/content/report/colloquia/colloquia.34.
5. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2014. Food Safety Modernization Act. http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/FSMA/default.htm.
6. Boucher HW, Corey GR. 2008. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 46(Suppl 5) :S344–S349. [PubMed][CrossRef]
7. Cox LA, Jr, Popken DA. 2014. Quantitative assessment of human MRSA risks from swine. Risk Anal 34:1639–1650. [PubMed][CrossRef]
8. Osadebe LU, Hanson B, Smith TC, Heimer R. 2013. Prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in Connecticut swine and swine farmers. Zoonoses Public Health 60:234–243. [PubMed][CrossRef]
9. Weese JS, Zwambag A, Rosendal T, Reid-Smith R, Friendship R. 2011. Longitudinal investigation of methiciliin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in piglets. Zoonoses Public Health 58:238–243. [PubMed][CrossRef]
10. Verhegghe M, Pletinckx LJ, Crombé F, Vandersmissen T, Haesebrouck F, Butaye P, Heyndrickx M, and Rasschaert G. 2013. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 in pig farms and multiple species farms. Zoonoses Public Health 60:366–374. [PubMed][CrossRef]
11. Torrence ME. 2003. U.S. federal activities, initiatives and research in food safety, p 3–10. In Torrence ME, Isaacson RE (ed), Microbial Food Safety in Animal Agriculture. Iowa State Press, Ames, IA. [CrossRef]
12. Berghaus RD, Thayer SG, Law BF, Mild RM, Hofacre CL, Singer RS. 2013. Enumeration of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. in environmental farm samples and processing plant carcass rinses from commercial broiler chicken flocks. Appl Environ Microbiol 79:4106–4114. [PubMed][CrossRef]
13. LeJeune JT, Besser TE, Hancock DD. 2001. Cattle water troughs as reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:3053–3057. [PubMed][CrossRef]
14. Callaway TR, Edrington TS. 2012. On-Farm Strategies to Control Foodborne Pathogens. Nova Science Publishers, New York, NY.
15. Bier RC, Pillai SD, Phillips TD, Ziprin RL (ed) 2004. Pre-Harvest and Postharvest Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA.
16. Torrence ME, Isaacson RE. 2003. Microbial Food Safety in Animal Agriculture: Current Topics. Iowa State Press, Ames, IA. [CrossRef]
17. Bell BP, Goldoft M, Griffin PM, Davis MA, Gordon DC, Tarr PI, Bartleson CA, Lewis JH, Barrett TJ, Wells JG, Baron R, Kobayashi J. 1994. A multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7-associated bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome from hamburgers. The Washington experience. JAMA 272:1349–1353. [PubMed][CrossRef]
18. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. 1996. Pathogen reduction: hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) systems; final rule. Part II, 9 CFR Part 304 et al. Fed Regist 61:38805–38956.
19. Rasko DA, Webster DR, Sahl JW, Bashir A, Boisen N, Scheutz F, Paxinos EE, Sebra R, Chin CS, Iliopoulos D, Klammer A, Peluso P, Lee L, Kislyuk AO, Bullard J, Kasarskis A, Wang S, Eid J, Rank D, Redman JC, Steyert SR, Frimodt-Møller J, Struve C, Petersen AM, Krogfelt KA, Nataro JP, Schadt EE, Waldor MK. 2011. Origins of the E. coli strain causing an outbreak of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Germany. N Engl J Med 365:709–717. [PubMed][CrossRef]
20. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2009. Prevention of Salmonella enteritidis in shell eggs during production, storage, and transportation. Fed Regist 74:33029–33101. [PubMed]
21. Jackson BR, Griffin PM, Cole D, Walsh KA, Chai SJ. 2013. Outbreak-associated Salmonella enterica serotypes and food commodities, United States, 1998-2008. Emerg Infect Dis 19:1239–1244. [PubMed][CrossRef]
22. Gragg SE, Loneragan GH, Brashears MM, Arthur TM, Bosilevac JM, Kalchayanand N, Wang R, Schmidt JW, Brooks JC, Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL, Brown TR, Edrington TS, Brichta-Harhay DM. 2013. Cross-sectional study examining Salmonella enterica carriage in subiliac lymph nodes of cull and feedlot cattle at harvest. Foodborne Pathog Dis 10:368–374. [PubMed][CrossRef]
23. Fox JT, Thomson DU, Drouillard JS, Thornton AB, Burkhardt DT, Emery DA, Nagaraja TG. 2009. Efficacy of Escherichia coli O157:H7 siderophore receptor/porin proteins-based vaccine in feedlot cattle naturally shedding E. coli O157. Foodborne Pathog Dis 6:893–899. [PubMed][CrossRef]
24. Vogstad AR, Moxley RA, Erickson GE, Klopfenstein TJ, Smith DR. 2013. Assessment of heterogeneity of efficacy of a three-dose regimen of a type III secreted protein vaccine for reducing STEC O157 in feces of feedlot cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 10:678–683. [PubMed][CrossRef]
25. Diez-Gonzalez F, Callaway TR, Kizoulis MG, Russell JB. 1998. Grain feeding and the dissemination of acid-resistant Escherichia coli from cattle. Science 281:1666–1668. [PubMed][CrossRef]
26. Jacob ME, Paddock ZD, Renter DG, Lechtenberg KF, Nagaraja TG. 2010. Inclusion of dried or wet distillers’ grains at different levels in diets of feedlot cattle affects fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:7238–7242. [PubMed][CrossRef]
27. Jacob ME, Parsons GL, Shelor MK, Fox JT, Drouillard JS, Thomson DU, Renter DG, Nagaraja TG. 2008. Feeding supplemental dried distiller’s grains increases faecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157 in experimentally inoculated calves. Zoonoses Public Health 55:125–132. [PubMed][CrossRef]
28. Borie C, Sánchez ML, Navarro C, Ramírez S, Morales MA, Retamales J, Robeson J. 2009. Aerosol spray treatment with bacteriophages and competitive exclusion reduces Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens. Avian Dis 53:250–254. [PubMed][CrossRef]
29. Davies RH, Wray C. 1996. Studies of contamination of three broiler breeder houses with Salmonella enteritidis before and after cleansing and disinfection. Avian Dis 40:626–633. [PubMed][CrossRef]
30. Fox JT, Reinstein S, Jacob ME, Nagaraja TG. 2008. Niche marketing production practices for beef cattle in the United States and prevalence of foodborne pathogens. Foodborne Pathog Dis 5:559–569. [PubMed][CrossRef]
31. Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Anderson KE. 2014. Contamination of eggs by Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens housed in conventional or enriched cages. Poult Sci 93:728–733. [PubMed][CrossRef]
32. Jones DR, Anderson KE, Guard JY. 2012. Prevalence of coliforms, Salmonella, Listeria, and Campylobacter associated with eggs and the environment of conventional cage and free-range egg production. Poult Sci 91:1195–1202. [PubMed][CrossRef]
33. Tadesse DA, Bahnson PB, Funk JA, Thakur S, Morrow WE, Wittum T, DeGraves F, Rajala-Schultz P, Gebreyes WA. 2011. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Campylobacter spp. isolated from conventional and antimicrobial-free swine production systems from different U.S. regions. Foodborne Pathog Dis 8:367–374. [PubMed][CrossRef]
34. Dubey JP, Hill DE, Rozeboom DW, Rajendran C, Choudhary S, Ferreira LR, Kwok OC, Su C. 2012. High prevalence and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from organic pigs in northern USA. Vet Parasitol 188:14–18. [PubMed][CrossRef]
35. Vojdani JD, Beuchat LR, Tauxe RV. 2008. Juice-associated outbreaks of human illness in the United States, 1995 through 2005. J Food Prot 71:356–364. [PubMed]
36. Kendall ME, Mody RK, Mahon BE, Doyle MP, Herman KM, Tauxe RV. 2013. Emergence of salsa and guacamole as frequent vehicles of foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1973-2008. Foodborne Pathog Dis 10:316–322. [PubMed][CrossRef]
37. Kozak GK, MacDonald D, Landry L, Farber JM. 2013. Foodborne outbreaks in Canada linked to produce: 2001 through 2009. J Food Prot 76:173–183. [PubMed][CrossRef]
38. Jay MT, Cooley M, Carychao D, Wiscomb GW, Sweitzer RA, Crawford-Miksza L, Farrar JA, Lau DK, O’Connell J, Millington A, Asmundson RV, Atwill ER, Mandrell RE. 2007. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feral swine near spinach fields and cattle, central California coast. Emerg Infect Dis 13:1908–1911. [PubMed][CrossRef]
39. Berry ED, Woodbury BL, Nienaber JA, Eigenberg RA, Thurston JA, Wells JE. 2007. Incidence and persistence of zoonotic bacterial and protozoan pathogens in a beef cattle feedlot runoff control vegetative treatment system. J Environ Qual 36:1873–1882. [PubMed][CrossRef]
40. Hutchison ML, Walters LD, Avery SM, Munro F, Moore A. 2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:1231–1236. [PubMed][CrossRef]
41. Islam M, Doyle MP, Phatak SC, Millner P, Jiang X. 2004. Persistence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil and on leaf lettuce and parsley grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water. J Food Prot 67:1365–1370. [PubMed]
42. Gerba CP, Smith JE, Jr. 2005. Sources of pathogenic microorganisms and their fate during land application of wastes. J Environ Qual 34:42–48. [PubMed]
43. Harris LJ, Bender J, Bihn EA, Blessington T, Danyluk MD, Delaquis P, Goodridge L, Ibekwe AM, Ilic S, Kniel K, Lejeune JT, Schaffner DW, Stoeckel D, Suslow TV. 2012. A framework for developing research protocols for evaluation of microbial hazards and controls during production that pertain to the quality of agricultural water contacting fresh produce that may be consumed raw. J Food Prot 75:2251–2273. [PubMed][CrossRef]
44. Harris LJ, Berry ED, Blessington T, Erickson M, Jay-Russell M, Jiang X, Killinger K, Michel FC, Millner P, Schneider K, Sharma M, Suslow TV, Wang L, Worobo RW. 2013. A framework for developing research protocols for evaluation of microbial hazards and controls during production that pertain to the application of untreated soil amendments of animal origin on land used to grow produce that may be consumed raw. J Food Prot 76:1062–1084. [PubMed][CrossRef]
45. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards. 2014. Scientific opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of animal origin. Part 2. Salmonella in melons. EFSA J 12:3831. [CrossRef]
46. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards. 2014. Scientific opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non-animal origin. Part 2. Salmonella and Norovirus in tomatoes. EFSA J 12:3832. [CrossRef]
47. Jung WK, Bono JL, Clawson ML, Leopold SR, Shringi S, Besser TE. 2013. Lineage and genogroup-defining single nucleotide polymorphisms of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Appl Environ Microbiol 79:7036–7041. [PubMed][CrossRef]
48. Hoffmann M, Zhao S, Pettengill J, Luo Y, Monday SR, Abbott J, Ayers SL, Cinar HN, Muruvanda T, Li C, Allard MW, Whichard J, Meng J, Brown EW, and McDermott PF. 2014. Comparative genomic analysis and virulence differences in closely related salmonella enterica serotype heidelberg isolates from humans, retail meats, and animals. Genome Biol Evol 6:1046–1068. [PubMed][CrossRef]
49. Grave K, Jensen VF, Odensvik K, Wierup M, Bangen M. 2006. Usage of veterinary therapeutic antimicrobials in Denmark, Norway and Sweden following termination of antimicrobial growth promoter use. Prev Vet Med 17:123–132. [PubMed][CrossRef]
50. Wierup M. 2001. The Swedish experience of the 1986 year ban of antimicrobial growth promoters, with special reference to animal health, disease prevention, productivity, and usage of antimicrobials. Microb Drug Resist 7:183–190. [PubMed][CrossRef]
51. Sargeant JM, Torrence ME, Rajić A, O’Connor AM, Williams J. 2006. Methodological quality assessment of review articles evaluating interventions to improve microbial food safety. Foodborne Pathog Dis 3:447–456. [PubMed][CrossRef]
52. Torrence ME. 2012. Pre-harvest food safety: the past and the future, p 5–15. In Callaway TR, Edrington TS (ed), On-Farm Strategies to Control Foodborne Pathogens. Nova Science Publishers, New York, NY.
53. Sargeant JM, O’Connor AM, Gardner IA, Dickson JS, Torrence ME, Consensus Meeting Participants. 2010. The REFLECT statement: reporting guidelines for randomized controlled trials in livestock and food safety: explanation and elaboration. Zoonoses Public Health 57:105–136. [PubMed][CrossRef]
54. O’Connor AM, Sargeant JM, Gardner IA, Dickson JS, Torrence ME; Consensus Meeting Participants, Dewey CE, Dohoo IR, Evans RB, Gray JT, Greiner M, Keefe G, Lefebvre SL, Morley PS, Ramirez A, Sischo W, Smith DR, Snedeker K, Sofos J, Ward MP, Wills R. 2010. The REFLECT statement: methods and processes of creating reporting guidelines for randomized controlled trials for livestock and food safety by modifying the CONSORT statement. Zoonoses Public Health 57:95–104. [PubMed][CrossRef]
55. Sargeant JM, Amezcua MR, Rajic A, Waddell L. 2007. Pre-harvest interventions to reduce the shedding of E. coli O157 in the faeces of weaned domestic ruminants: a systematic review. Zoonoses Public Health 54:260–277. [PubMed][CrossRef]
56. Sargeant JM, O’Connor AM. 2014. ‘One-stop shopping’ for information on conducting systematic reviews and meta-analysis in animal agriculture and veterinary medicine. Zoonoses Public Health 61(Suppl 1) :2. [PubMed][CrossRef]
57. Wisener LV, Sargeant JM, O’Connor AM, Faires MC, Glass-Kaastra SK. 2014. The use of direct-fed microbials to reduce shedding of Escherichia coli O157 in beef cattle: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Zoonoses Public Health 62:75–89. [PubMed][CrossRef]
58. Young I, Rajić A, Wilhelm BJ, Waddell L, Parker S, McEwen SA. 2009. Comparison of the prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens, potentially zoonotic bacteria and bacterial resistance to antimicrobials in organic and conventional poultry, swine and beef production: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect 137:1217–1232. [PubMed][CrossRef]
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PFS-0009-2015
2016-10-14
2019-09-21

Abstract:

This introductory article provides an overview of preharvest food safety activities and initiatives for the past 15 years. The section on traditional areas of preharvest food safety focuses on significant scientific advancements that are a culmination of collaborative efforts (both public health and agriculture) and significant research results. The highlighted advancements provide the foundation for exploring future preharvest areas and for improving and focusing on more specific intervention/control/prevention strategies. Examples include and cattle, and in poultry, and interventions and prevention and control programs. The section on “nontraditional” preharvest food safety areas brings attention to potential emerging food safety issues and to future food safety research directions. These include organic production, the FDA’s Produce Rule (water and manure), genomic sequencing, antimicrobial resistance, and performance metrics. The concluding section emphasizes important themes such as strategic planning, coordination, epidemiology, and the need for understanding food safety production as a continuum. Food safety research, whether at the pre- or postharvest level, will continue to be a fascinating complex web of foodborne pathogens, risk factors, and scientific and policy interactions. Food safety priorities and research must continue to evolve with emerging global issues, emerging technologies, and methods but remain grounded in a multidisciplinary, collaborative, and systematic approach.

Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

Supplemental Material

No supplementary material available for this content.

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error