1887
No metrics data to plot.
The attempt to load metrics for this article has failed.
The attempt to plot a graph for these metrics has failed.

Paleomicrobiology of Leprosy

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.
  • HTML
    78.54 Kb
  • XML
    71.13 Kb
  • PDF
    1.53 MB
  • Authors: Mark Spigelman1,2,3, Mauro Rubini4,5
  • Editors: Michel Drancourt6, Didier Raoult7
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, UK; 2: Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; 3: The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Ancient DNA, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; 4: Department of Archaeology Foggia University, Foggia, Italy; 5: Anthropological Service of Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Lazio (Ministry of Culture), Rome, Italy; 6: Aix Marseille Université Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France; 7: Aix Marseille Université Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
    • Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015
  • Received 20 April 2015 Accepted 05 August 2015 Published 12 August 2016
  • Mark Spigelman, [email protected]
image of Paleomicrobiology of Leprosy
    Preview this microbiology spectrum article:
    Preview Magnify
    Zoom in
    Zoomout

    Paleomicrobiology of Leprosy, Page 1 of 2

    | /docserver/preview/fulltext/microbiolspec/4/4/PoH-0009-2015-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/microbiolspec/4/4/PoH-0009-2015-2.gif

  • Abstract:

    The use of paleomicrobiological techniques in leprosy has the potential to assist paleopathologists in many important aspects of their studies on the bones of victims, solving at times diagnostic problems. With , because of the unique nature of the organism, these techniques can help solve problems of differential diagnosis. In cases of co-infection with , they can also suggest a cause of death and possibly even trace the migratory patterns of people in antiquity, as well as explain changes in the rates and level of infection within populations in antiquity.

  • Citation: Spigelman M, Rubini M. 2016. Paleomicrobiology of Leprosy. Microbiol Spectrum 4(4):PoH-0009-2015. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015.

References

1. Monot M, Honoré N, Garnier T, Araoz R, Coppée J-Y, Lacroix C, Sow S, Spencer JS, Truman RW, Williams D DL, Gelber R, Virmond M, Flageul B, Cho SN, Ji B, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Convit J, Young S, Fine PE, Rasolofo V, Brennan PJ, Cole ST. 2005. On the origin of leprosy. Science 308:1040–1042. [PubMed][CrossRef]
2. Monot M, Honoré N, Garnier T, Zidane N, Sherafi D, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Matsuoka M, Taylor GM, Donoghue HD, Bouwman A, Mays S, Watson C, Lockwood D, Khamispour A, Dowlati Y, Jianping S, Rea TH, Vera-Cabrera L, Stefani MM, Banu S, Macdonald M, Sapkota BR, Spencer JS, Thomas J, Harshman K, Singh P, Busso P, Gattiker A, Rougemont J, Brennan PJ, Cole ST. 2009. Comparative genomic and phylogeographic analysis of Mycobacterium leprae. Nat Genet 41:1282–1288. [PubMed][CrossRef]
3. Robbins SL, Cotran RS. 2002. Pathologic Basis of Disease. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA. [PubMed]
4. Jopling WH. 2004. Handbook of Leprosy, 5th ed. Sheridan Medical Books, New York. NY. [PubMed][CrossRef]
5. Maiden MCJ. 2009. Putting leprosy on the map. Nat Genet 41:12:1264.
6. Rubini M, Zaio P, Roberts AC. 2014. Tuberculosis and leprosy in Italy. New skeletal evidence. HOMO - J Comp Hum Biol 65:13– 32. [PubMed][CrossRef]
7. WHO. 2016. Leprosy fact sheet. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs101/en.
8. Thappa DM, Sharma VK, Kaur S, Suri S. 1992. Radiological changes in hands and feet in disabled leprosy patients: a clinical-radiological correlation. Lepr India 64:58–66.
9. Kulkarni VN, Mehta JM. 1983. Tarsal disintegration (T.D.) in leprosy. Lepr India 55:338–370. [PubMed]
10. Ortner DJ. 2003. Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
11. Roberts CA, Manchester K. 2005. The archaeology of disease, 3rd ed. Sutton Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK.
12. Geluk A, Ottenhoff THM. 2006. HLA and leprosy in the pre- and postgenomic eras. Hum Immunol 67:439–445. [PubMed][CrossRef]
13. Kumarasinghe SPW, Kumarasinghe MP, Amarasinghe UTP. 2005. “Tap sign” in tubercoloid and borderline tubercoloid leprosy. Int J Lepr 72:291–295. [PubMed]
14. Ridley DS, Jopling WH. 1966. Classification of leprosy according to immunity, a five-group system. Int J Lepr 34:255–273. [PubMed]
15. Kampirapap K. 2008. Assessment of subclinical leprosy infection through the measurement of PGL-1 antibody levels in residents of a former leprosy colony in Thailand. Lepr Rev 79:315–319. [PubMed]
16. Manchester K. 1984. Tuberculosis and leprosy in antiquity: an interpretation. Med Hist 28:162–173. [PubMed][CrossRef]
17. Rubini M, Zaio P. 2009. Lepromatous leprosy in an early mediaeval cemetery in Central Italy (Morrione, Campochiaro, Molise, 6th–7th century AD). J Archeol Sci 36:2771–2779. [CrossRef]
18. Robbins G, Mushrif Tipathy V, Misra VN, Mohanty RK, Shinde VS, Gray KM, Schug MD. 2009. Ancient skeletal evidence for leprosy in India (2000 B.C.). Plos One 4:1–8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005669. [PubMed][CrossRef]
19. Kerr-Pontes LR, Dorta Montenegro AC, Lima Barreto M, Werneck GL, Feldmeier H. 2004. Inequality and leprosy in Northeast Brazil: an ecological study. Int J Ecol 33:262–269. [PubMed][CrossRef]
20. Anonymous. 2002. Bones raise leprosy doubts. BBC News, November 5. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/2406001.stm.
21. Mariotti V, Dutour O, Belcastro MG, Facchini F, Brasili P. 2005. Probable early presence of leprosy in Europe in a Celtic skeleton of the 4th-3rd century BC (Casalecchio di Reno, Bologna, Italy). Int J Osteoarchaeol 15:311–325. [CrossRef]
22. Andersen JG. 1969. Studies on the Medieval Diagnosis of Leprosy in Denmark. An Ostearchaeological, Historical and Clinical Study. Costers Bogtrykkeri, Copenhagen, Denmark.
23. Arcini C. 1999. Health and disease in early Lund: osteopathological studies of 3,305 individuals buried in the first cemetery area of Lund 990-1536. Archaeologica Lundensia VIII. Department of Community Health Sciences, Lund.
24. Boldsen JL. 2001. Epidemiological approach to the paleopathological diagnosis of leprosy. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:380–387. [PubMed][CrossRef]
25. Boldsen JL. 2005. Leprosy and mortality in the medieval Danish village of Tirup. Am J Phys Anthropol 126:159–168. [PubMed][CrossRef]
26. Bennike P, Lewis ME, Schultkowski H, Valentin F. 2005. Comparison of child morbidity in two contrasting Medieval cemeteries from Denmark. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:734–746. [PubMed][CrossRef]
27. Haas CJ, Zink A, Szeimies U, Nerlich G. 2002. Molecular evidence of Mycobacterium leprae in historical bone samples from South Germany, p 287–292. In Roberts CA, Lewis ME, Manchester K (ed.), The Past and Present of Leprosy. Archaeological, Historical, Palaeopathological and Clinical Approaches. British Archaeological Reports International Series (Book 1054). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, UK.
28. Roberts CA. 2000. Infectious disease in biocultural perspective: past, present and future work in Britain, p 145–162. In Cox M, Mays S (ed), Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science. Greenwich Medical Media, London, UK. [PubMed]
29. Schultz M, Roberts C. 2002. Diagnosis of leprosy in skeletons from an English late Medieval hospital using histological analysis, p 89–105. In Roberts CA, Lewis ME, Manchester K (ed), The Past and Present of Leprosy. Archaeological, Historical, Palaeopathological and Clinical Approaches. British Archaeological Reports International Series (Book 1054). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, UK.
30. Murphy E, Manchester K. 2002. Evidence for leprosy in Medieval Ireland, p 193–199. In Roberts CA, Lewis ME, Manchester K (ed), The Past and Present of Leprosy. Archaeological, Historical, Palaeopathological and Clinical Approaches. British Archaeological Reports International Series (Book 1054). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, UK. [PubMed]
31. Belcastro MG, Mariotti V, Facchini F, Dutour O. 2005. Leprosy in a skeleton from the 7th century Necropolis of Vicenne-Campochiaro (Molise, Italy). Int J Osteoarchaeol 15:431–448. [CrossRef]
32. Rubini M. 2008. Disfiguring diseases and society in the fourth - fifth centuries A.D.: the case of Palombara Sabina (Rome, Central Italy). In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting Archaeological Institute of America, Chicago, IL.
33. Rubini M, Dell’Anno V, Giuliani R, Favia P, Zaio P. 2012. The first probable case of leprosy in Southeast Italy (13th -14th centuries AD, Montecorvino, Puglia). J Anthropol. doi:10.1155/2012/262790. [CrossRef]
34. Rubini M, Cerroni V, Zaio P. 2015. The Origin and Spread of Mycobacterium leprae in Human Evolution. Konrad Lorenz Institute, Vienna, Austria.
35. Strouhal E, Ladislava H, Likovsky J, Vargova L, Danes J. 2002. Traces of leprosy from the Czech Kingdom, p 223–232. In Roberts CA, Lewis ME, Manchester K (ed), The Past and Present of Leprosy. Archaeological, Historical, Palaeopathological and Clinical Approaches. British Archaeological Reports International Series (Book 1054). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, UK.
36. Palfi G. 1991. The first osteoarchaeological evidence of leprosy in Hungary. Int J Osteoarchaeol 1:99–102. [CrossRef]
37. Blau S, Yagodin V. 2005. Osteoarchaeological evidence for leprosy from Western Central Asia. Am J Phys Anthropol 126:150–158. [PubMed][CrossRef]
38. Andersen JG, Manchester K. 1992. The rhinomaxillary syndrome in leprosy: a clinical, radiological and paleopathological study. Int J Osteoarchaeol 2:121–129. [CrossRef]
39. Bullock WE. 1990. Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy), p 1906–1914. In Mandell GL, Douglas RG, Bennett JE (ed), Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Churchill Livingston, New York, NY.
40. Job CK, Sushil M, Chandi SM. 2001. Differential Diagnosis of Leprosy: a Guide Book for Histopathologists. Sasakawa Memorial Health Foundation, Tokyo, Japan.
41. Mullis K, Faloona F. 1987. Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase catalysed chain reaction. Methods Enzymol 155:335–350. [PubMed][CrossRef]
42. Spigelman M, Lemma E. 1992. The use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in ancient skeletons. Int J Osteoarchaeol 3:137–143. [CrossRef]
43. Salo W, Aufterheide A, Buikstra J, Holcomb T. 1994. Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in a pre-Columbian Peruvian mummy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:2091–2094. [PubMed][CrossRef]
44. Eisenach KD, Cave MD, Bates JH, Crawford JT. 1990. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of a repetitive DNA sequence specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 161:977–981. [PubMed][CrossRef]
45. Gill M. 1992. A History of Palestine 634-1099. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
46. Rafi A, Spigelman M, Stanford J, Lemma E, Donoghue H, Zias J. 1994. Mycobacterium leprae from ancient bones detected by PCR. Lancet 343:1360–1361. [PubMed][CrossRef]
47. Rafi A, Spigelman M, Stanford J, Lemma E, Donoghue H, Zias J. 1994. DNA of Mycobacterium leprae detected by PCR in ancient bone. Int J Osteoarchaeol 4:287–290. [CrossRef]
48. Hartskeerl RA, De Wit M, Yand Klaster PR. 1989. Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Mycobacterium leprae. J Gen Microbiol 135:2355–2364. [PubMed][CrossRef]
49. Donoghue HD, Gladykowska-Rzeczycka J, Marcsik A, Holton J, Spigelman M. 2002. Mycobacterium leprae in archaeological samples, p 271–285. In Roberts CA, Lewis ME, Manchester K (ed), The Past and Present of Leprosy: Archaeological, Historical, Palaeopathological and Clinical Approaches. British Archaeological Reports Series. Archaeopress, Oxford, UK.
50. Spigelman M, Donoghue HD. 2002. The study of ancient DNA answers a palaeopathological question, p 287–296. In Roberts CA, Lewis ME, Manchester K (ed), The Past and Present of Leprosy: Archaeological, Historical, Palaeopathological and Clinical Approaches. British Archaeological Reports Series. Archaeopress, Oxford, UK.
51. Donoghue HD, Holton J, Spigelman M. 2001. PCR primers that can detect low levels of Mycobacterium leprae DNA. J Med Microbiol 50:177–182. [PubMed][CrossRef]
52. Hershkovitz I, Spiers M, Katznelson A, Arensburg B. 1992. Unusual pathological condition in the lower extremities of a skeleton from ancient Israel. Am J Phys Anthropol 88:23–26. [PubMed][CrossRef]
53. Hershkovitz I, Spiers M, Arensburg B. 1993. Leprosy or Madura foot? The ambiguous nature of infectious disease in paleopathology: reply to Dr Manchester. Am J Phys Anthropol 91:251–253. [CrossRef]
54. Manchester K. 1993. Unusual pathological condition in the lower extremities of a skeleton from ancient Israel. Am J Phys Anthropol 91:249–250. [PubMed][CrossRef]
55. Spigelman M, Donoghue HD. 2001. Brief communication: unusual pathological condition in the lower extremities of a skeleton from ancient Israel. Am J Phys Anthropol 114:92–93. [CrossRef]
56. Cooper A, Poinar HN. 2000. Ancient DNA: do it right or not at all. Science 289:1139. [PubMed][CrossRef]
57. Lee OY-C, Bull ID, Molnár E, Marcsik A, Pálfi G, Donoghue HD, Besra GS, Minnikin DE. 2012. Integrated strategies for the use of lipid biomarkers in the diagnosis of ancient mycobacterial disease, p 63–69. In Mitchell PD, Buckberry J (ed), Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge 2010. British Arachaeological Reports International Series (Book 2380). Archaeopress, Oxford, UK.
58. Minnikin DE, Besra GS, Lee O-YC, Spigelman M, Donoghue HD. 2011. The interplay of NA and lipid biomarkers in the detection of tuberculosis and leprosy in mummies and other skeletal remains, p 109–114. In Gill-Frerking H, Rosendahl W, Zink A, Piombini-Mascali D. Yearbook of Mummy Studies, vol. 1. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Münich, Germany.
59. Watson CL, Popescu E, Boldsen J, Slaus M, Lockwood DNJ. 2010. Correction: single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of European archaeological M. leprae DNA. PLoS One 5(1). doi:10.1371/annotation/1b400b6e-8883-436c-b3c4-00e1ec2db101.
60. Economou C, Kjellström A, Lidén K, Panagopoulos I. 2013. Ancient DNA reveals an Asian type of Mycobacterium leprae in medieval Scandinavia. J Archaeol Sci 40:465–470. [CrossRef]
61. Shuenemann VJ, Singh P, Mendum TA, Krause-Kyora B, Jäger G, Bos KI, Herbig A, Economou C, Benjak A, Busso P. 2013. Genome-wide comparison of medieval and modern Mycobacterium leprae. Science 341:179–183. [PubMed][CrossRef]
62. Taylor GM, Tucker K, Butler R, Pike AWG, Lewis J, Roffey PM, Lee OY-C, Wu HHT, Minnikin DE, Besra GS, Singh P, Cole ST, Stewart GR. 2013. Detection and strain typing of ancient Mycobacterium leprae from a medieval leprosy hospital. PLoS One 8:e62406. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062406. [PubMed]
63. Donoghue HD. 2013. Insights into ancient leprosy and tuberculosis using metagenomics. Trends Microbiol 21:448–450. [PubMed][CrossRef]
64. Matheson CD, Vernon KK, Lahti A, Fratpietro R, Spigelman M, Gibson S, Greenblatt CL, Donoghue HD. 2010. Correction: Molecular exploration of the First-Century Tomb of the Shroud in Akeldama, Jerusalem. PLoS One 5(4). doi:10.1371/annotation/32ada7b9-3772-4c08-9135-b5c0933f0b5e. Zissu, Boaz [added]. [CrossRef]
65. Molto JE. 2002. p 179–192. In Roberts CA, Lewes ME, Manchester K (ed), The Past and Present of Leprosy. Archaeological, Historical, Palaeopathological and Clinical Approaches. British Archaeological Research International Series (Book 1054). Archaeopress, Oxford, UK.
66. Rubini M, Erdal YS, Spigelman M, Zaio P, Donoghue HD. 2014. Paleopathological and molecular study on two cases of ancient childhood leprosy from the Roman and Byzantine empires. Int J Osteoarchaeol 24:570–582. [CrossRef]
67. Rawcliffe C. 2006. Leprosy in Medieval England. Boydell Press, Woodbridge, UK. [PubMed]
68. Lowe J, McNulty F. 1953. Tuberculosis and leprosy: immunological studies in healthy persons. Br Med J ii:579–584. [PubMed][CrossRef]
69. Chaussinand R. 1948. Tubercolose et lèpre, maladies antagoniques. Eviction de la lèpre parl la tubercolose. Int J Lepr 16:431–438.
70. Merle CSC, Cunha SS, Rodrigues LC. 2010. BCG vaccination and leprosy protection: review of current evidence and status of BCG in leprosy control. Expert Rev Vaccines 9:209–222. [PubMed][CrossRef]
71. Shinnick TM, Sweetser D, Thole J. 1987. The etiologic agents of leprosy and tuberculosis share an immunoreactive protein antigen with the vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Infect Immun 55:1932–1935. [PubMed]
72. Prasad R, Verma S K, Singh R. 2010. Concomittant pulmonary tuberculosis and borderline leprosy with type-II lepra reaction in single patient. Lung India 27:19–23. [PubMed][CrossRef]
73. Ravindra K, Sugareddy M, Ramachander T. 2010. Coexistence of borderline tuberculoid Hansen’s disease with tuberculosis verrucosa cutis in a child – a rare case. Lepr India 82:91–93. [PubMed]
74. Donoghue HD, Marcsik A, Matheson C, Vernon K, Nuorala E, Molto JE, Greenblatt CL, Spigelman M. 2005. Co-infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae in human archaeological samples: a possible explanation for the historical decline of leprosy. Proc R Socy of Lond B Biol Sci 272:389–394. [PubMed][CrossRef]
75. Kumar B, Kaur S, Kataria S, Roy SN. 1982. Concomitant occurrence of leprosy and tuberculosis – a clinical, bacteriological and radiological evaluation. Lepr India 54:71–76. [PubMed]
76. Gartner EMS, Glatthaar E, Imkamp FMJH, Kok SH. 1980. Association of tuberculosis and leprosy in South Africa. Lepr Rev 51:5–10. [PubMed]
77. Lietman T, Porco T, Blower S. 1997. Leprosy and tuberculosis: the epidemiological consequences of cross-immunity. Am J Public Health 87:1923–1927. [PubMed][CrossRef]
78. Hohmann H, Voss-Böhme A. 2013. The epidemiological consequences of leprosy-tuberculosis co-infection. Math Biosci 241:225–237. [PubMed][CrossRef]
79. Manchester K, Roberts C. 1989. The palaeopathology of leprosy in Britain: a review. World Archaeol 21:265–272. [PubMed][CrossRef]
80. Donoghue G, Taylor M, Marcsik A, Molnár E, Pálfi G, Pap I, Teschler-Nicola M, Pinhasi R, Erdal YS, Velemínsky P, Likovsky J, Belcastro MG, Mariotti V, Riga A, Rubini M, Zaio P, Besra GS, Lee OYC, Wu HHT, Minnikin DE, Bull ID, O’Grady J, Spigelman M. 2015. A migration-driven model for the historical spread of leprosy in medieval eastern and Central Europe. Infect Genet Evol 31:250–256. [PubMed][CrossRef]
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015
2016-08-12
2019-10-17

Abstract:

The use of paleomicrobiological techniques in leprosy has the potential to assist paleopathologists in many important aspects of their studies on the bones of victims, solving at times diagnostic problems. With , because of the unique nature of the organism, these techniques can help solve problems of differential diagnosis. In cases of co-infection with , they can also suggest a cause of death and possibly even trace the migratory patterns of people in antiquity, as well as explain changes in the rates and level of infection within populations in antiquity.

Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/microbiolspec/4/4/PoH-0009-2015.html?itemId=/content/journal/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Figures

Paleomicrobiology of Leprosy
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015-1,webId=/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Mark, foaf_name=Mark Spigelman, foaf_surname=Spigelman, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015-aff3],com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015-aff2],com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015-2,webId=/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Mauro, foaf_name=Mauro Rubini, foaf_surname=Rubini, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015-aff5],com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015-aff4]]}]]
Citation: Spigelman M, Rubini M. 2016. Paleomicrobiology of leprosy. microbiolspec 4(4): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015.fig1
FIGURE 1
Stages of bone infiltration.
microbiolspec/4/4/PoH-0009-2015-fig1_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/4/4/PoH-0009-2015-fig1.gif
Image of FIGURE 1

Click to view

FIGURE 1

Stages of bone infiltration.

Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015.fig2
FIGURE 2
Facial appearance of a victim.
microbiolspec/4/4/PoH-0009-2015-fig2_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/4/4/PoH-0009-2015-fig2.gif
Image of FIGURE 2

Click to view

FIGURE 2

Facial appearance of a victim.

Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015.fig3
FIGURE 3
Rhinomaxillary syndrome.
microbiolspec/4/4/PoH-0009-2015-fig3_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/4/4/PoH-0009-2015-fig3.gif
Image of FIGURE 3

Click to view

FIGURE 3

Rhinomaxillary syndrome.

Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015.fig4
FIGURE 4
Nasal changes in leprosy.
microbiolspec/4/4/PoH-0009-2015-fig4_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/4/4/PoH-0009-2015-fig4.gif
Image of FIGURE 4

Click to view

FIGURE 4

Nasal changes in leprosy.

Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015.fig5
FIGURE 5
Characteristic pencil shape of the tubular (metatarsal) bones of the foot.
microbiolspec/4/4/PoH-0009-2015-fig5_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/4/4/PoH-0009-2015-fig5.gif
Image of FIGURE 5

Click to view

FIGURE 5

Characteristic pencil shape of the tubular (metatarsal) bones of the foot.

Source: microbiolspec August 2016 vol. 4 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint

Supplemental Material

No supplementary material available for this content.

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error