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Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection

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  • Authors: Alfred A. Lardizabal1, Lee B. Reichman2
  • Editor: David Schlossberg3
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: New Jersey Medical School Global Tuberculosis Institute, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103; 2: New Jersey Medical School Global Tuberculosis Institute, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103; 3: Philadelphia Health Department, Philadelphia, PA
    • Source: microbiolspec February 2017 vol. 5 no. 1 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0019-2016
  • Received 03 October 2016 Accepted 13 October 2016 Published 10 February 2017
  • Alfred A. Lardizabal, [email protected]
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  • Abstract:

    For 2015, tuberculosis (TB) incidence in the United States has plateaued at 3.0 per 100,000. This remains the lowest case rate since recording started. On the global level, although the TB epidemic is larger than previously estimated, TB deaths and incidence rate continue to fall. For both low and high incidence countries, accelerating the decline in TB incidence towards elimination goals requires that more emphasis be placed on strengthening systems for detection and treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI) in addition to improving TB care globally. Here, we review the tuberculin skin test and gamma interferon release assays currently available for the detection of LTBI.

  • Citation: Lardizabal A, Reichman L. 2017. Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Microbiol Spectrum 5(1):TNMI7-0019-2016. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0019-2016.

References

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20. Mazurek GH, LoBue PA, Daley CL, Bernardo J, Lardizabal AA, Bishai WR, Iademarco MF, Rothel JS. 2001. Comparison of a whole-blood interferon gamma assay with tuberculin skin testing for detecting latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. JAMA 286:1740–1747. [PubMed]
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24. Lalvani A, Pathan AA, Durkan H, Wilkinson KA, Whelan A, Deeks JJ, Reece WHH, Latif M, Pasvol G, Hill AV. 2001. Enhanced contact tracing and spatial tracking of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by enumeration of antigen-specific T cells. Lancet 357:2017–2021.
25. Richeldi L, Ewer K, Losi M, Bergamini BM, Roversi P, Deeks J, Fabbri LM, Lalvani A. 2004. T cell-based tracking of multidrug resistant tuberculosis infection after brief exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170:288–295. [PubMed]
26. Pai M, Zwerling A, Menzies D. 2008. Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an update. Ann Intern Med 149:177–184. [PubMed]
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28. Diel R, Loddenkemper R, Meywald-Walter K, Niemann S, Nienhaus A. 2008. Predictive value of a whole blood IFN-gamma assay for the development of active tuberculosis disease after recent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177:1164–1170. [PubMed]
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2017-02-10
2021-04-22

Abstract:

For 2015, tuberculosis (TB) incidence in the United States has plateaued at 3.0 per 100,000. This remains the lowest case rate since recording started. On the global level, although the TB epidemic is larger than previously estimated, TB deaths and incidence rate continue to fall. For both low and high incidence countries, accelerating the decline in TB incidence towards elimination goals requires that more emphasis be placed on strengthening systems for detection and treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI) in addition to improving TB care globally. Here, we review the tuberculin skin test and gamma interferon release assays currently available for the detection of LTBI.

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Figures

Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection
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Citation: Lardizabal A, Reichman L. 2017. Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection. microbiolspec 5(1): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0019-2016
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0019-2016.fig1
FIGURE 1
Distribution of reactions to 5 TU of PPD among Alaskans tested in 1962. Reprinted with permission from ( 6 ).
microbiolspec/5/1/TNMI7-0019-2016-fig1_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/5/1/TNMI7-0019-2016-fig1.gif
Image of FIGURE 1

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FIGURE 1

Distribution of reactions to 5 TU of PPD among Alaskans tested in 1962. Reprinted with permission from ( 6 ).

Source: microbiolspec February 2017 vol. 5 no. 1 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0019-2016
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/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0019-2016.fig2
FIGURE 2
Distribution of reactions to 5 TU of PPD among white Navy recruits from the state of Georgia, with estimate of proportion infected with . Reprinted with permission from ( 7 ).
microbiolspec/5/1/TNMI7-0019-2016-fig2_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/5/1/TNMI7-0019-2016-fig2.gif
Image of FIGURE 2

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FIGURE 2

Distribution of reactions to 5 TU of PPD among white Navy recruits from the state of Georgia, with estimate of proportion infected with . Reprinted with permission from ( 7 ).

Source: microbiolspec February 2017 vol. 5 no. 1 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0019-2016
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/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0019-2016.fig3
FIGURE 3
Schema of probable distribution of reactors to 5 TU of PPD in the New York City metropolitan area.
microbiolspec/5/1/TNMI7-0019-2016-fig3_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/5/1/TNMI7-0019-2016-fig3.gif
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FIGURE 3

Schema of probable distribution of reactors to 5 TU of PPD in the New York City metropolitan area.

Source: microbiolspec February 2017 vol. 5 no. 1 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0019-2016
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/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0019-2016.fig4
FIGURE 4
Schematic representation of three booster effect possibilities. (See text for discussion.)
microbiolspec/5/1/TNMI7-0019-2016-fig4_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/5/1/TNMI7-0019-2016-fig4.gif
Image of FIGURE 4

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FIGURE 4

Schematic representation of three booster effect possibilities. (See text for discussion.)

Source: microbiolspec February 2017 vol. 5 no. 1 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0019-2016
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Tables

Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection
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Citation: Lardizabal A, Reichman L. 2017. Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection. microbiolspec 5(1): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0019-2016
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0019-2016.T1
TABLE 1
Criteria for tuberculin positivity, by risk group
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TABLE 1

Criteria for tuberculin positivity, by risk group

Source: microbiolspec February 2017 vol. 5 no. 1 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0019-2016

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