Bacterial Metabolism Shapes the Host–Pathogen Interface
- Authors: Karla D. Passalacqua1, Marie-Eve Charbonneau2, Mary X.D. O’Riordan3
- Editors: Indira T. Kudva4, Nancy A. Cornick5
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VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONSAffiliations: 1: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; 2: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; 3: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; 4: National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA; 5: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Received 03 September 2015 Accepted 12 January 2016 Published 13 May 2016
- Correspondence: Mary X.D. O’Riordan, [email protected]

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Abstract:
Bacterial pathogens have evolved to exploit humans as a rich source of nutrients to support survival and replication. The pathways of bacterial metabolism that permit successful colonization are surprisingly varied and highlight remarkable metabolic flexibility. The constraints and immune pressures of distinct niches within the human body set the stage for understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria acquire critical nutrients. In this article we discuss how different bacterial pathogens carry out carbon and energy metabolism in the host and how they obtain or use key nutrients for replication and immune evasion.
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Citation: Passalacqua K, Charbonneau M, O’Riordan M. 2016. Bacterial Metabolism Shapes the Host–Pathogen Interface. Microbiol Spectrum 4(3):VMBF-0027-2015. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0027-2015.




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Abstract:
Bacterial pathogens have evolved to exploit humans as a rich source of nutrients to support survival and replication. The pathways of bacterial metabolism that permit successful colonization are surprisingly varied and highlight remarkable metabolic flexibility. The constraints and immune pressures of distinct niches within the human body set the stage for understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria acquire critical nutrients. In this article we discuss how different bacterial pathogens carry out carbon and energy metabolism in the host and how they obtain or use key nutrients for replication and immune evasion.

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Figures
A simplified view of catabolic energy-yielding pathways in bacteria and points of relevance for the indicated bacterial pathogens. The figure shows a simplified outline of some of the different pathways for utilizing carbohydrates or fatty acids for the generation of ATP. These catabolic pathways and the anabolic pathways that they feed are under extremely complex levels of control, which have been studied mainly in noninfectious organisms ( 126 ). However, the unique metabolic strategies employed by infectious bacteria are becoming more appreciated as important aspects of bacterial pathogenesis ( 1 ). *ATP generated by substrate level phosphorylation; **ATP generated by oxidative phosphorylation; solid lines, metabolic pathway; dashed lines, substrates that feed into catabolic pathways and products generated by bacteria as a result of metabolism or required for metabolism; dotted lines, main energy-yielding metabolites generated from pathways. Blue letters indicate specific points of importance for the energy-yielding metabolism of select pathogens listed as follows (see Table 1 for summary): (A) Pathogenic streptococci (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae); (B) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium; (C) Brucella abortus; (D) Mycobacterium tuberculosis; (E) Clostridium difficile; (F) Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli; (G) Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; (H) Listeria monocytogenes.

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FIGURE 1
A simplified view of catabolic energy-yielding pathways in bacteria and points of relevance for the indicated bacterial pathogens. The figure shows a simplified outline of some of the different pathways for utilizing carbohydrates or fatty acids for the generation of ATP. These catabolic pathways and the anabolic pathways that they feed are under extremely complex levels of control, which have been studied mainly in noninfectious organisms ( 126 ). However, the unique metabolic strategies employed by infectious bacteria are becoming more appreciated as important aspects of bacterial pathogenesis ( 1 ). *ATP generated by substrate level phosphorylation; **ATP generated by oxidative phosphorylation; solid lines, metabolic pathway; dashed lines, substrates that feed into catabolic pathways and products generated by bacteria as a result of metabolism or required for metabolism; dotted lines, main energy-yielding metabolites generated from pathways. Blue letters indicate specific points of importance for the energy-yielding metabolism of select pathogens listed as follows (see Table 1 for summary): (A) Pathogenic streptococci (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae); (B) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium; (C) Brucella abortus; (D) Mycobacterium tuberculosis; (E) Clostridium difficile; (F) Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli; (G) Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; (H) Listeria monocytogenes.
Graphical summary of bacterial mechanisms used to release intracellular host nutrients. Pathogenic bacteria perturb host cell functions to provide resources for survival and replication. Abbreviations: GSH, glutathione; GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; LCV, Legionella-containing vacuole; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; AA, amino acids; CERT, ceramide transfer protein; SM, sphingomyelin.

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FIGURE 2
Graphical summary of bacterial mechanisms used to release intracellular host nutrients. Pathogenic bacteria perturb host cell functions to provide resources for survival and replication. Abbreviations: GSH, glutathione; GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; LCV, Legionella-containing vacuole; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; AA, amino acids; CERT, ceramide transfer protein; SM, sphingomyelin.
Tables
Summary points of energy-yielding metabolism for select pathogenic bacteria

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TABLE 1
Summary points of energy-yielding metabolism for select pathogenic bacteria
Summary of bacterial mechanisms for metal ion acquisition

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TABLE 2
Summary of bacterial mechanisms for metal ion acquisition
Supplemental Material
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